Sentence processing: Difference between revisions

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==== Garden path model ====

The garden path model {{Harv|Frazier |1987}} is a serial modular parsing model. It proposes that a single parse is constructed by a syntactic module. Contextual and semantic factors influence processing at a later stage and can induce re-analysis of the syntactic parse. Re-analysis is costly and leads to an observable slowdown in reading. When the parser encounters an ambiguity, it is guided by two principles: late closure and minimal attachment. The model has been supported with research on the [[early left anterior negativity]], an [[event-related potential]] often elicited as a response to [[Phrase structure rules|phrase structure violations]].

'''Late closure''' causes new words or phrases to be attached to the current clause. For example, "John said he would leave yesterday" would be parsed as ''John said (he would leave yesterday)'', and not as ''John said (he would leave) yesterday'' (i.e., he spoke yesterday).

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===Computational modeling===

Computational modeling is another means by which to explore language comprehension. Models, such as those instantiated in [[neural networks]], are particularly useful because they requires theorists to be explicit in their hypotheses and because they can be used to generate accurate predictions for theoretical models that are so complex that they render [[discursive psychology|discursive analysis]] unreliable. A classic example of computational modeling in language research is [[James McClelland (psychologist)|McClelland]] and [[Jeff Elman|Elman's]] [[Trace (psycholinguistics)|TRACE]] model of speech perception.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McClelland | first1 = J.L. | last2 = Elman | first2 = J.L. | year = 1986 | title = The TRACE model of speech perception | journal = Cognitive Psychology | volume = 18 | issue = 1| pages = 1–86 | doi = 10.1016/0010-0285(86)90015-0 | pmid = 3753912 | s2cid = 7428866 }}</ref> A model of sentence processing can be found in Hale (2011)'s 'rational' Generalized Left Corner parser.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01145.x| title=What a Rational Parser Would do| journal=Cognitive Science| volume=35| issue=3| pages=399–443| year=2011| last1=Hale| first1=John T.| doi-access=free}}</ref> This model derives garden path effects as well as local coherence phenomena. Computational modeling can also help to relate sentence processing to other functions of language. For example, one model of ERP effects in sentence processing (e.g., N400 and P600) argues that these phenomena arise out learning processes that support language acquisition and linguistic adaptation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fitz|first1=Hartmut|last2=Chang|first2=Franklin|date=2019-06-01|title=Language ERPs reflect learning through prediction error propagation|journal=Cognitive Psychology|volume=111|pages=15–52|doi=10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.03.002|pmid=30921626|hdl=21.11116/0000-0003-474D-8|s2cid=85501792|issn=0010-0285|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Language processing]]

* [[Neurolinguistics]]

* [[Parsing]]

* [[Prediction in language comprehension]]

* [[Psycholinguistics]]

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==References==

* Ferreira, F., Bailey, K. G., & Ferraro, V. (2002). ''[http://www2.psychology.uiowa.edu/faculty/hollingworth/prosem/Ferreira-2002-Good-enough%20represen.pdf Good-enough representations in language comprehension]'' [ftp://grey.colorado.edu/pub/oreilly/teach/prosem_lang/FerreiraBaileyFerraro02.pdf]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} in ''Current directions in psychological science'', 11(1), 11–15.

* Fernanda Ferreira, Paul E. Engelhardt, Manon W. Jones (Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh) (2009) ''[https://ferreiralab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/222/2015/05/Ferreira-et-al.-2009_GoodEnoughProcessing_Cog-Sci-Society.pdf Good enough language processing: A satisficing approach]'', in ''Proceedings of the 31st annual conference of the cognitive science society''. Austin: Cognitive Science Society.

==Further reading==

*Carroll, David, The Psychology of Language( Wadsworth Publishing, 2003))

* Ferreira, F., & Patson, N. D. (2007). ''[http://www.lib.csu.ru/ER/ER_Philosophy/fulltexts/FerreiraF.pdf The ‘good enough’approach to language comprehension]'' in ''Language and Linguistics Compass'', 1(1‐2), 71–83.

*{{Citation

| last = Frazier

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| url = https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-98557-025

}}

==Further reading==

*Carroll, David, The Psychology of Language( Wadsworth Publishing, 2003))

* Ferreira, F., & Patson, N. D. (2007). ''[http://www.lib.csu.ru/ER/ER_Philosophy/fulltexts/FerreiraF.pdf The ‘good enough’approach to language comprehension]'' in ''Language and Linguistics Compass'', 1(1‐2), 71–83.

*{{cite book | title=Sentence Comprehension: The Integration of Habits and Rules | last=Townsend | first=David J |author2=Thomas G. Bever | year=2001 | publisher=[[MIT Press]] | url=https://archive.org/details/sentencecomprehe0000town | url-access=registration | quote=early left anterior negativity. | page=[https://archive.org/details/sentencecomprehe0000town/page/382 382] | isbn=978-0-262-70080-1}}

*{{Citation