Design methods: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 23:36, 17 December 2005

Latest revision as of 16:42, 5 June 2025

(854 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{Short description|Set of procedures, techniques, aids, or tools for designing}}

==Introduction==

'''Design methods''' are procedures, techniques, aids, or tools for designing. They offer a number of different kinds of activities that a designer might use within an overall design process. Conventional procedures of design, such as drawing, can be regarded as design methods, but since the 1950s new procedures have been developed that are more usually grouped under the name of "design methods". What design methods have in common is that they "are attempts to make public the hitherto private thinking of designers; to ''externalise'' the design process".<ref name="Jones Design Methods">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=J. Christopher |title=Design Methods |url=https://archive.org/details/ilmontanarodelg00castgoog |date=1980 |publisher=Wiley |___location=UK}}</ref>

Design Methods focuses on how design can explore possibilities/constraints, and then actively define and manage the specifications of design solutions.

The purpose of Design Methods is for designers to focus critical thinking skills to define problem spaces for existing products or services – or the creation of new categories. This can lead to better specifications for traditional design activities. The goal of design methods is to gain key insights, or unique essential truths that can create more holistic solutions to improve the lives of people who interact with the solution. Insight, in this case, is a clear or deep perception of a situation (through design methods) and grasping the inner nature of things intuitively.

''Design methodology'' is the broader study of method in design: the study of the principles, practices and procedures of designing.<ref name="Cross Methodology">{{cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Nigel |title=Developments in Design Methodology |date=1984 |publisher=Wiley |___location=UK |isbn=978-0471102489}}</ref>

==Background==

Design methods originated in new approaches to [[problem solving]] developed in the mid-20th Century, and also in response to industrialisation and mass-production, which changed the nature of designing.<ref>Cross, N. (1993) "A History Of Design Methodology", in de Vries, J., N. Cross and D. P. Grant (eds.), ''Design Methodology and Relationships with Science'', Kluwer Press, The Netherlands. 15–27.</ref> A "Conference on Systematic and Intuitive Methods in Engineering, Industrial Design, Architecture and Communications", held in London in 1962<ref>Jones, J. C. and D. G. Thornley, (eds) (1963) ''Conference on Design Methods'', Pergamon Press, UK.</ref> is regarded as a key event marking the beginning of what became known within design studies as the "design methods movement", leading to the founding of the [[Design Research Society]] and influencing design education and practice. Leading figures in this movement in the UK were [[John Christopher Jones|J. Christopher Jones]] at the [[University of Manchester]] and [[L. Bruce Archer]] at the [[Royal College of Art]].

===History===

====Design as Art, Design as Industry====

The concerns about design, its place in society and how design is practiced did not start with John Christopher Jones, or Christopher Alexander. [[William Morris]] of the arts and crafts movement in England voiced the role of the craftsman in an industrial age. He related design to [[values]], not just [[production]] and experimented with craftsman colonies where a nurturing environment was orchestrated for a convivial atmosphere that was fair for the craftsman and moved their goods to the market to receive a fair price.

In Germany, [[Peter Behrens]] was the first modern design director of the giant German industrial combine AEG (Allgemeine Elektrcitäts-Gesellschaft) in 1907. His single minded vision of creating a unified vision for a company (products, identity, architecture, etc.) was a precursor to the post-World War II development of corporations with a unified imagistic panorama by design.

[[World War I]], and its destruction of Europe, caused the art and intellectual community to search for meaning and reject the pre-war notions of stability and social rigidity and to create [[DaDa]], [[Futurism]], [[Surrealism]] and other movements that explored the [[unconscious mind]].

The [[Bauhaus]], originally a craft school, moved to integrating design education within modern industrial production systems and was instrumental in transforming what William Morris and Peter Beherns had started. [[Walter Gropius]], and other faculty created the notion of the "Bau" in the center with all associated applied design professions surrounding it to create an integrated environment.

[[World War II]], and its destruction of Europe caused the art and intellectual community to again search for meaning. With the rapid development of science and technology to rebuild Europe, there was a tension between "progress" and "quality of life." Specializations in all fields fragmented a larger understanding of integrated solutions. Design as a field was exploring how it could be part of the post-war reconstruction and reconstitution of society. Tomas Maldonado, an Argentinian architect and director of the post-war design school, Hochschule für Gestaltung in Ulm, strove to link design to improving the social dimension as well as designed products to improve it. Certain design programs were being developed not just in art schools, but schools of technology and engineering (like [http://www.id.iit.edu/ IIT in chicago]). He realized that design, as an applied art, was a synthetic discipline that borrrowed heavily from other disciplines. He wrote in The Education of Vision (Gyorgy Kepes, Editor):

"There is nothing less comfortable than being obliged to exercise an unlimited profession in a world of strictly limited professions: in other words to exercise a profession whose beginning and end, whose own territory and that of the neighboring profession is unknown . . . he cannot ever rid himself of the unconfessed feeling of illegitimate appropriation."

[[Architecture]], [[urban planning]], [[engineering]], and [[product design]] created unimaginative and impersonal forms that could have been interpreted as not improving the quality of life from a humanistic perspective. It is from this world that the 1962 Design Methods conference wanted to address.

====Directed Discontent, and an Opportunity====

John Christopher Jones first became involved with design methods while working as an industrial designer in the 1950s. Collaborating with engineers, Jones advocated ergonomics and user based issues that were not part of engineering skills - or attitudes at the time. He set to work redesigning the engineer's design process itself so that intuition and rationality could co-exist, rather than one excluding the other. When the results of his ergonomic studies of user behavior were not utilized by the firm's designers, Jones set about studying the design process being used by the engineers. Jones was also frustrated with the superficiality of industrial design at the time and and become involved with ergonomics. He stated that one of the reasons why he focused on design methods was "“. . . it’s not another way of doing design, you see, it’s a way of doing what designers don’t do at all.”

Design Methods was driven by:

* Inability to balance individual, group, societal, and ecological needs

* Lack of purpose, order, and human scale

* Aesthetic and functional failure in adapting to local physical and social environments

* Development of materials and standardized components that were ill suited for use in any specific application

* Creation of artifacts that people do not like

Jones wasn't actually addressing design as presently conceived. He set out an entirely original philosophy of design -- one that questions the aims, goals, and purposes of designing, as well as presenting new methods of design. He realized that designers needed to move out of focusing on expression and mode of production and address the definition of the problem to be solved. He commented that "the future job of a designer is to give substance to new ideas while taking away the physical and organizational foundations of old ones. In this situation, it is nonsense to think of designing as the satisfaction of existing requirements. New needs grow and old needs decay . . ."

====Formulation of Design Methods====

Design Methods originally drew from a 1962 conference (called The conference on systematic and intuitive methods in engineering, industrial design, architecture and communications, London, September 1962). This event was organized by John Christopher Jones, Christopher Alexander with invited participants from the fields of engineering, town planning, architecture and industrial design. They were bound by a dissatisfaction with the way their modern, industrialized world was being created.

<blockquote style="background: white; border: 0px solid black; padding: 1em;">

{| border="0" cellpadding="2"

!width="300"|Participants

!width="300"|

!width="300"|

|-

|Peter Slann – Lecturer in aeronautical design at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London;

D G Christopherson – Vice-chancellor of Durham University;

The movement developed through further conferences on new design methods in the UK and USA in the 1960s.<ref>Gregory, S. A. (ed.) ''The Design Method''. Butterworth, UK.</ref><ref>Broadbent, G. and A. Ward (eds) (1969) ''Design Methods in Architecture'', Lund Humphries, UK</ref><ref>Moore, G. T. (ed.) (1970) ''Emerging Methods in Environmental Design and Planning'', MIT Press, USA.</ref> The first books on rational design methods,<ref>Asimow, M. (1962) ''Introduction to Design'', Prentice-Hall, USA.</ref><ref>Alexander, C. (1964) ''Notes on the Synthesis of Form'', Harvard University Press, USA.</ref><ref>Archer, L. B. (1965) ''Systematic Method for Designers'', The Design Council, UK</ref> and on creative methods<ref>Gordon, W. J. (1961) ''Synectics'', Harper & Row, USA.</ref><ref>Osborn, A. F. (1963) ''Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Thinking'', Scribener's Sons, USA.</ref> also appeared in this period.

L S Jay – Planning officer, East Sussex County Council;

New approaches to design were developing at the same time in Germany, notably at the [[Ulm School of Design]] (Hochschule für Gestaltung–HfG Ulm) (1953–1968) under the leadership of [[Tomás Maldonado]]. Design teaching at Ulm integrated design with science (including social sciences) and introduced new fields of study such as [[cybernetics]], [[systems theory]] and [[semiotics]] into design education.<ref>Krampen, M. and G. Hörman (2003) ''The Ulm School of Design'', Ernst & Sohn, Germany. p.85</ref> [[L. Bruce Archer|Bruce Archer]] also taught at Ulm, and another influential teacher was [[Horst Rittel]].<ref>Rith, C. and Dubberly, H. (2007) "Why Horst W J Rittel Matters", ''Design Issues'', '''23''', 72–91</ref> In 1963 Rittel moved to the School of Architecture at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where he helped found the Design Methods Group, a society focused on developing and promoting new methods especially in architecture and planning.

William Gosling – System designer in the aircraft industry;

At the end of the 1960s two influential, but quite different works were published: [[Herbert A. Simon]]'s ''The Sciences of the Artificial'' and [[John Christopher Jones|J. Christopher Jones]]'s ''Design Methods''.<ref>Simon, H. A. (1969) ''The Sciences of the Artificial'', MIT Press, USA.</ref><ref>Jones, J. C. (1970) ''Design Methods: Seeds of Human Futures'', Wiley, UK</ref> Simon proposed the "science of design" as "a body of intellectually tough, analytic, partly formalizable, partly empirical, teachable doctrine about the design process", whereas Jones catalogued a variety of approaches to design, both rational and creative, within a context of a broad, futures creating, systems view of design.

G M E Williams – Head of the department of production technology and control engineering at Northampton College of Advanced Technology;

|D G Thornley – Senior lecturer in architecture at Manchester University;

The 1970s saw some reaction against the rationality of design methods, notably from two of its pioneers, [[Christopher Alexander]] and [[John Christopher Jones|J. Christopher Jones]].<ref>Cross, N. (1984) ''Developments in Design Methodology'', Wiley, UK.</ref> Fundamental issues were also raised by Rittel, who characterised design and planning problems as [[wicked problems]], un-amenable to the techniques of science and engineering, which deal with "tame" problems.<ref>Rittel, H. and M. Webber (1973) "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning", ''Policy Sciences'' '''4''', 155–169</ref> The criticisms turned some in the movement away from rationalised approaches to design problem solving and towards "argumentative", participatory processes in which designers worked in partnership with the problem stakeholders (clients, customers, users, the community). This led to [[participatory design]], [[user centered design]] and the role of [[design thinking]] as a creative process in problem solving and innovation.

Joseph Esherick – Professor of architecture at UCLA;

However, interest in systematic and rational design methods continued to develop strongly in engineering design during the 1980s; for example, through the Conference on Engineering Design series of The Design Society and the work of the [[Verein Deutscher Ingenieure]] association in Germany, and also in Japan, where the Japanese Society for the Science of Design had been established as early as 1954.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://iasdr.net/member-societies/ | title=IASDR}}</ref> Books on systematic engineering design methods were published in Germany and the UK.<ref>Hubka, V. (1982) ''Principles of Engineering Design'', Butterworth Scientific Press, UK.</ref><ref>Pahl, G. and W. Beitz (1984) ''Engineering Design: a systematic approach'', Springer/Design Council, UK.</ref><ref>Hubka, V., Andreasen, M. M. and Eder, W. E. (1988) ''Practical Studies in Systematic Design'', Butterworth, UK</ref><ref>Cross, N. (1989) ''Engineering Design Methods'', Wiley, UK.</ref> In the USA the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] Design Engineering Division began a stream on design theory and methodology within its annual conferences. The interest in systematic, rational approaches to design has led to [[design science]] and [[design science (methodology)]] in engineering and computer science.

Christopher Alexander – Architectural fellow at Harvard University;

==Methods and processes==

K W Norris – Director of Norris Brothers, consulting engineers;

The development of design methods has been closely associated with prescriptions for a systematic process of designing. These process models usually comprise a number of phases or stages, beginning with a statement or recognition of a problem or a need for a new design and culminating in a finalised solution proposal. In his 'Systematic Method for Designers' [[L. Bruce Archer]] produced a very elaborate, 229 step model of a systematic design process for industrial design,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dubberly.com/concept-maps/archers-design-process.html | title=Bruce Archer's Design Process Checklist}}</ref> but also a summary model consisting of three phases: Analytical phase (programming and data collection, analysis), Creative phase (synthesis, development), and Executive phase (communication). The UK's [[Design Council]] created the [[Double Diamond (design process model)]], which breaks the creative design process into four phases: Discover (insight into the problem), Define (the area to focus upon), Develop (potential solutions), and Deliver (solutions that work).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/design-process-what-double-diamond | title=The Design Process: What is the Double Diamond?| date=2015-03-17}}</ref> A systematic model for engineering design by Pahl and Beitz has phases of Clarification of the task, Conceptual design, Embodiment design, and Detail design.<ref>Pahl, G. and W. Beitz (1984) ''Engineering Design: a systematic approach'', Springer/Design Council, UK.</ref> A less prescriptive approach to designing a basic design process for oneself has been outlined by [[John Christopher Jones|J. Christopher Jones]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=J. Christopher|title=design methods for everyone |url=http://publicwriting.net/2.2/designmethodsforeveryone.html|website=publicwriting.net |access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

In the [[engineering design process]] systematic models tend to be linear, in sequential steps, but acknowledging the necessity of iteration. In architectural design, process models tend to be cyclical and spiral, with iteration as essential to progression towards a final design. In industrial and product design, process models tend to comprise a sequence of stages of divergent and convergent thinking. The Dubberly Design Office has compiled examples of more than 80 design process models,<ref>Dubberly, H. (2004) ''How do you design: a compendium of models''. Dubberly Design Office, San Francisco, USA. http://www.dubberly.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/ddo_designprocess.pdf</ref> but it is not an exhaustive list.

Gordon Pask – Director of System Research Ltd and known for original theories and experiments in cybernetics

Within these process models, numerous design methods can be applied. In his book of 'Design Methods' [[John Christopher Jones|J. C. Jones]] grouped 26 methods according to their purposes within a design process: Methods of exploring design situations (e.g. Stating Objectives, Investigating User Behaviour, Interviewing Users), Methods of searching for ideas (e.g. Brainstorming, Synectics, Morphological Charts), Methods of exploring problem structure (e.g. Interaction Matrix, Functional Innovation, Information Sorting), Methods of evaluation (e.g. Checklists, Ranking and Weighting).<ref>Jones, J. C. (1970) ''Design Methods: seeds of human futures''. Wiley, UK.</ref>

|B N Lewis – Psychologist working at System Research Ltd on adaptive teaching systems;

[[Nigel Cross]] outlined eight stages in a process of engineering product design, each with an associated method: Identifying Opportunities - User Scenarios; Clarifying Objectives - Objectives Tree; Establishing Functions - Function Analysis; Setting Requirements - Performance Specification; Determining Characteristics - Quality Function Deployment; Generating Alternatives - Morphological Chart; Evaluating Alternatives - Weighted Objectives; Improving Details - Value Engineering.<ref>Cross, N. (2008) ''Engineering Design Methods: Strategies for Product Design''. Wiley, UK.</ref>

Robyn Denny & Howard Hodgkin – Painters, and lecturers at Bath Academy;

Many design methods still currently in use originated in the design methods movement of the 1960s and 70s, adapted to modern design practices. Recent developments have seen the introduction of more qualitative techniques, including ethnographic methods such as [[cultural probe]]s and situated methods.<ref>Simonsen, J. et al. (2014) ''Situated Design Methods''. MIT Press, USA.</ref>

Roger Coleman – Art critic;

==Emergence of design research and design studies==

E F O'Doherty – Professor of logic and psychology at University College, Dublin;

The design methods movement had a profound influence on the development of academic interest in design and designing and the emergence of [[design research]] and [[design studies]].<ref>Bayazit, N. (2004) "Investigating Design: A Review of Forty Years of Design Research." ''Design Issues'' '''20''', 1, 16-29.</ref> Arising directly from the 1962 Conference on Design Methods, the [[Design Research Society]] (DRS) was founded in the UK in 1966. The purpose of the Society is to promote "the study of and research into the process of designing in all its many fields" and is an interdisciplinary group with many professions represented.

In the USA, a similar Design Methods Group (DMG) was also established in 1966 by [[Horst Rittel]] and others at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. The DMG held a conference at [[MIT]] in 1968<ref>Moore, G. T. (ed.) (1970) ''Emerging Methods in Environmental Design and Planning''. MIT Press, USA.</ref> with a focus on environmental design and planning, and that led to the foundation of the [[Environmental Design Research Association]] (EDRA), which held its first conference in 1969. A group interested in design methods and theory in architecture and engineering formed at MIT in the early 1980s, including [[Donald Schön]], who was studying the working practices of architects, engineers and other professionals and developing his theory of [[reflective practice]].<ref>Schön, D. A. (1983)''The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action''. New York: Basic Books. {{ISBN|0-465-06878-2}}.</ref> In 1984 the [[National Science Foundation]] created a Design Theory and Methodology Program to promote methods and process research in engineering design.

J K Page – Professor of building science;

Meanwhile in Europe, Vladimir Hubka established the ''Workshop Design-Konstruction'' (WDK),which led to a series of International Conferences on Engineering Design (ICED) beginning in 1981 and later became the Design Society.

Anthony Froshaug – Graphic artist and theorist

|-

|}

</blockquote>

Academic research journals in design also began publication. DRS initiated ''Design Studies''<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/design-studies | title=Design Studies}}</ref> in 1979, ''Design Issues''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/desi | title=MIT Press Journals}}</ref> appeared in 1984, and ''Research in Engineering Design''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://link.springer.com/journal/163|title = Research in Engineering Design}}</ref> in 1989.

The participants also recognized that the lone designer producing design products did not work with the complexity of post-industrial societies. Designers must work in cross-disciplinary teams where each participant brings their specific skills, language, experiences and biases to defining and solving problems. It would take the development of the Internet and the integration of design and technology for a critical mass of designers to embrace collaborating on solutions in which they were one skill of many skills. Throughout the book [http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471284963.html/ Design Methods], emphasis is on integrating creative and rational skills for a broader view of design.

==Influence on all professional design practice==

====Post 1962 Conference====

Several pioneers of design methods developed their work in association with industry. The [[Ulm School of Design|Ulm school]] established a significant partnership with the German consumer products company [[Braun (company)|Braun]] through their designer [[Dieter Rams]]. [[John Christopher Jones|J. Christopher Jones]] began his approach to systematic design as an ergonomist at the electrical engineering company [[Associated Electrical Industries|AEI]]. [[L. Bruce Archer]] developed his systematic approach in projects for medical equipment for the UK National Health Service.

The residual effect of this 1962 conference took many twists and turns, and other than some general attributes there is no one way to practice design methods. The focus has been on developing a series of relevant, sound, humanistic problem solving procedures and techniques to reduce avoidable errors and oversights that can adversely affect design solutions. The key benefit is to find a method that suits a particular design situation. The Conference on Design Methods: papers presented at the conference on systematic and intuitive methods in engineering, industrial design, architecture and communications, London, September 1962, Edited by J Christopher Jones and Denis Thornley, Pergamon Press, Oxford, London, New York and Paris, 1963 (have not been able to find a copy of this).

In the USA, designer [[Henry Dreyfuss]] had a profound impact on the practice of industrial design by developing systematic processes and promoting the use of [[anthropometrics]], [[ergonomics]] and [[human factors]] in design, including through his 1955 book 'Designing for People'.<ref>Dreyfuss, Henry. ''Designing for People''. Allworth Press; 2003. {{ISBN|1-58115-312-0}}</ref> Another successful designer, [[Jay Doblin]], was also influential on the theory and practice of design as a systematic process.<ref>https://www.doblin.com/dist/images/uploads/A-Short-Grandiose-Theory-of-Design-J.-Doblin.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818022033/https://doblin.com/dist/images/uploads/A-Short-Grandiose-Theory-of-Design-J.-Doblin.pdf |date=2022-08-18 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==Articulations of Design Methods==

===Foundation of Design Methods===

From the 1962 conference, the participants began to take their group discussions forward individually. Of note, Christopher Alexander went on to write his seminal books "[[A Pattern Language]]" [http://www.patternlanguage.com/ Pattern Language] and ''[[A Timeless Way of Building]]." Jones went on to articulate design methods as a way of doing, which was based on the following principles:

Much of current design practice has been influenced and guided by design methods. For example, the influential [[IDEO]] consultancy uses design methods extensively in its 'Design Kit' and 'Method Cards'.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.designkit.org//resources/1 | title=Design Kit | access-date=2018-12-20 | archive-date=2022-05-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523084621/https://www.designkit.org/resources/1 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ideo.com/post/method-cards | title=Method Cards}}</ref> Increasingly, the intersections of design methods with business and government through the application of [[design thinking]] have been championed by numerous consultancies within the design profession. Wide influence has also come through [[Christopher Alexander]]'s [[pattern language]] method,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alexander |display-authors=et al |first1=Christopher |title=A Pattern Language |date=1977 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-501919-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/patternlanguage00chri }}</ref> originally developed for architectural and urban design, which has been adopted in [[software design patterns|software design]], [[interaction design pattern|interaction design]], [[Pedagogical patterns|pedagogical design]] and other domains.

* It is exploratory;

* It provides a framework for exploring and categorizing (pattern);

* It takes the best ideas from a number of disciplines;

* It bridges direct observation with deeper fact finding;

* It is humanistic (qualitiative), yet integrates measurement;

* It is not proscriptive (outcome), it provides options (ingredient)

==See also==

===Expansion of Design Methods===

{{Div col}}

It seemed as if many different groups latched onto John Christopher Jones book [http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471284963.html/ Design Methods], with its alternative message of using design as a framework for exploration and improvement. Engineering, computer science, psychlology and and related fields began to embrace the principles of design methods – though not always as how either John Christopher Jones or [[Christopher Alexander]] expected. Three "camps" seemed to emerge to integrate the initial work in design methods:

*[[Design management]]

*[[Design rationale]]

*[[Design research]]

*[[Design science]]

*[[Design theory]]

*[[Design thinking]]

{{Div col end}}

==References==

* [[Behaviorism]] interpreted design methods as a way to describe human behavior. It's clinical approach tended to abstract design methods within the abstraction of behaviorism – analogus to [[taxonomic]] activities.

<references/>

* [[Reductivism]] interpreted design methods from a scientific approach, breaking design methods down into small constituent parts. It's scientific approach tended to abstract design methods within the abstraction of science – analogus to [[epistemological]] activities.

* [[Phenomenology]] interpreted design methods from an experiential approach, describing design methods as human experience. It's approach tended to abstract design methods within the world of [[perception]]

==Other sources (not cited above)==

All three camps built upon design methods in their own way in the late 1960's and 1970's. The Environmental Design and Research Association [http://www.edra.org/ EDRA] is one of the best known entities that continues to try to integrate designers and social science professionals for better built environments. There are many questions how effective EDRA has been since its founding by Henry Sanoff in 1969 and its ability to affect both policy and methods of collaborative design. Both John Christopher Jones and Christopher Alexander interacted with EDRA and other camps in an organic dialogue. However, both seemed to at a certain point reject these camps and their interpretation and application of design methods. Jones and Christopher also questioned their original thesis about design methods.

*Ko, A. J. ''Design Methods''. https://faculty.washington.edu/ajko/books/design-methods/index.html

*Koberg, D. and J. Bagnall. (1972) ''The Universal Traveler: A Soft-Systems Guide to Creativity, Problem-Solving, and the Process of Design''. Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann. 2nd edition (1981): ''The All New Universal Traveler: A Soft-Systems Guide to Creativity, Problem-Solving, and the Process of Reaching Goals''.

*Krippendorff, K. (2006). ''The Semantic Turn; A New Foundation for Design''. Taylor&Francis, CRC Press, USA. {{ISBN|978-0415779890}}

*Plowright, P. (2014) ''Revealing Architectural Design: Methods, Frameworks and Tools''. Routledge, UK. {{ISBN|978-0415639026}}

*Protzen, J-P. and D. J. Harris. (2010) ''The Universe of Design: Horst Rittel's Theories of Design and Planning''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0415779898}}

*Pugh, S. (1991), ''Total Design: Integrated Methods for Successful Product Engineering''. Addison-Wesley, UK.

*Roozenburg, N. and J. Eekels. (1991) ''Product Design: Fundamentals and Methods''. Wiley, UK. {{ISBN|0471943517}}

*Ulrich, K. and S. Eppinger. (2011) ''Product Design and Development''. McGraw Hill, USA. {{ISBN|978-0073404776}}

==ResourcesExternal links==

{{wikiquote|Design}}

In terms of online resources, they are diverse, home grown and can be somewhat opaque. There are many design methods references in engineering and computer software development references since many of the original participants were in aerospace and computer engineering.

* [http://www.smsys.com/pub/dsgnmeth.pdf Introductory Lecture on Design Methods by Rhodes Hileman]

* [http://degraaff.org/attic/design-methods.html Abstract: Design Methods]

* [http://issuu.com/nextd/docs/conv28 Rethinking Wicked Problems: Unpacking Paradigms, Bridging Universes, Part 1 of 2. J. Conklin, M. Basadur, GK VanPatter; NextDesign Leadership Institute Journal, 2007]

* [http://issuu.com/nextd/docs/conv30 Rethinking Wicked Problems: Unpacking Paradigms, Bridging Universes, Part 2 of 2. J. Conklin, M. Basadur, GK VanPatter; NextDesign Leadership Institute Journal, 2007]

* [http://issuu.com/nextd/docs/conv26 Double Consciousness: Back to the Future with John Chris Jones. GK VanPatter, John Chris Jones; NextDesign Leadership Institute Journal, 2006]

{{Design}}

====Books====

* Jones, John Christopher, Design Methods (John Wiley & Sons Inc, August 1, 1992), 2nd edition; (Van Nostrand Reinhold, August 1, 1992), 2nd edition

* Jones, John Christopher, Designing Designing (London : Architecture Design and Technology Press) 1991

{{DEFAULTSORT:Design Methods}}

====Websites====

[[Category:Design studies]]

* John Christoper Jones has a website that has a few original articles about the 1962 conference as well as his thoughts over the years about design methods at [http:www.softopia.demon.co.uk/ Softopia]

[[Category:Industrial design]]

* Tom Mitchell at Indiana University has an overview of John Christoper Jones life and writings at [http://www.indiana.edu/~iucdp/jonesbib.html/ John Chris Jones]

* Hans DeGraff has a good overview of John Chris Jones first book at [http://degraaff.org/attic/design-methods.html/ The Attic]

* The Journal of Design Research is an interdisciplinary journal, emphasizing human aspects as a central issue of design through integrative studies of social sciences and design disciplines. It is an electronic journal aiming to publish articles including multimedia applications and hence allowing visual knowledge transfer at [http://jdr.tudelft.nl/ JDR]