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{{for|the database developed by DEC|Oracle Rdb}}
{{short description|Proprietary database management system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
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'''Oracle Database''' (commonly referred to as '''Oracle DBMS''', '''Oracle Autonomous Database''', or simply as '''Oracle''') is a proprietary [[multi-model database|multi-model]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Oracle |url= http://download.oracle.com/otndocs/products/spatial/pdf/12c/Multimodel_Database_with_Oracle_Database_12c_Release_2.pdf |title= Multimodel Database with Oracle Database 12c Release 2 |access-date= 1 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170414083210/http://download.oracle.com/otndocs/products/spatial/pdf/12c/Multimodel_Database_with_Oracle_Database_12c_Release_2.pdf |archive-date= 14 April 2017 |url-status= live }}</ref> [[database management system]] produced and marketed by [[Oracle Corporation]].
It is a database commonly used for running [[online transaction processing]] (OLTP), [[data warehouse|data warehousing]] (DW) and mixed (OLTP & DW) database workloads. Oracle Database is available by several service providers [[On-premises software|on-
Oracle Database uses [[SQL
== History ==
[[Larry Ellison]] and his two friends and former co-workers, [[Bob Miner]] and [[Ed Oates]], started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977, later [[Oracle Corporation]]. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name ''Oracle'' comes from the code-name of a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-funded project Ellison had worked on while formerly employed by [[Ampex]]
Ellison wanted his database to be compatible with [[IBM System R]], but that company's [[Don Chamberlin]] declined to release its error codes.{{r|rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612}} By 1985 Oracle advertised, however, that "Programs written for [[SQL/DS]] or [[DB2]] will run unmodified" on the many non-IBM mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers its database supported "Because all versions of ORACLE ''are'' identical".<ref name="oracle19850520">{{Cite magazine |date=1985-05-20 |title=Oracle announces portable version of IBM SQL/DS and DB2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygHfUXZWXlcC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=true |access-date=2025-06-07 |magazine=Computerworld |page=47 |type=Advertisement |volume=XIX |issue=20}}</ref>
=== Releases and versions ===
Oracle products follow a custom release-numbering and -naming convention. The "
| title= Larry Ellison Is A Billionaire Today Thanks to the CIA
| author= Julie Bort
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| archive-date= 16 January 2017
| url-status= live
}}</ref><ref name="rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary 1: Early Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702562-05-01-acc.pdf |pages=33,35 |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> For
Oracle Database release numbering has used the following codes:
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="6" | <small>{{Version |l |show=111100}} '''LTR''' = ''Long-Term Release'', '''IR''' = ''Innovation Release''</small>
|-
! Oracle <br /> Database <br /> Version
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! Marquee <br /> Features
|-
|{{Version |c |Oracle Database
|23.
|
Oracle Database 23c (23.2 and 23.3) was released in 2023:
April 2023 (Linux) Oracle Database Free - Developer Release<ref>{{cite web|title=Oracle Database 23c Free - Developer Release|url=https://www.oracle.com/database/free|access-date=2023-04-03|website=Oracle Corporation|language=en}}</ref>
September 2023 Oracle Database on Base Database Service<ref>{{cite web|title=Oracle Database 23c on OCI Base Database Service|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-database-23c-the-next-long-term-support-release|access-date=2023-09-19|website=Oracle Corporation|language=en}}</ref>
|
|AI Vector Search<ref>{{cite web|title=Oracle Announces General Availability of AI Vector Search in Oracle Database 23ai|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-announces-general-availability-of-ai-vector-search-in-oracle-database-23ai|access-date=2024-05-02|website=Oracle Corporation|language=en}}</ref> (includes new Vector data type, Vector indexes, and Vector SQL operators/functions), JSON Relational Duality,<ref>{{cite web|title=Oracle Announces General Availability of JSON Relational Duality in Oracle Database 23ai|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-announces-general-availability-of-json-relational-duality-in-oracle-database-23ai|access-date=2024-05-02|website=Oracle Corporation|language=en}}</ref> JSON Schema Validation, Transactional Microservices Support, OKafka, Operational Property Graphs, Support for [[SQL/PGQ]], Schema Privileges, Developer Role, In-database SQL Firewall, TLS 1.3 Support, Integration with Azure Active Directory OAuth2, True Cache for mid-tier caching, Readable Per-PDB Standby,
|-
|{{Version |co |Oracle Database 21c (IR)}}
|21.1.0
|December 2020 (cloud)<ref>{{cite web|title=Oracle Database 21c|url=https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/21/index.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Oracle Help Center|language=en}}</ref>
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|Blockchain Tables, Multilingual Engine - JavaScript Execution in the Database, Binary JSON Data Type, Per-PDB Data Guard Physical Standby (aka Multitenant Data Guard), Per-PDB GoldenGate Change Capture, Self-Managing In-Memory, In-Memory Hybrid Columnar Scan, In-Memory Vector Joins with SIMD, Sharding Advisor Tool, Property Graph Visualization Studio, Automatic Materialized Views, Automatic Zone Maps, SQL Macros, Gradual Password Rollover
|-
| {{Version |co |Oracle Database 19c (LTR)}}
| 19.1.0 // 12.2.0.3
| February 2019 (Exadata)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-19c-now-available-on-oracle-exadata |access-date=2021-04-27 |title=Oracle Database 19c Now Available on Oracle Exadata|date=2019-02-13|first1=Dominic|last1=Giles|website=Oracle Database Insider }}</ref>
April 2019 (Linux)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-19c-now-available-on-linux |access-date=2021-04-27|date=2019-04-25|title=Oracle Database 19c Now Available on Linux|first1=William|last1=Hardie|website=Oracle Database Insider |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.
<br />June 2019 (cloud)
|
| Active Data Guard DML Redirection, Automatic Index Creation, Real-Time Statistics Maintenance, SQL Queries on Object Stores, In-Memory for IoT Data Streams, Hybrid Partitioned Tables, Automatic SQL Plan Management, SQL Quarantine, Zero-Downtime Grid Infrastructure Patching, Finer-Granularity Supplemental Logging, Automated PDB Relocation
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle Database 18c (IR)}}
| 18.1.0 // 12.2.0.2
| February 2018 (cloud, Exadata)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-18c-:-now-available-on-the-oracle-cloud-and-oracle-engineered-systems |access-date=2021-04-28 |date=2018-02-16 |title=Oracle Database 18c : Now available on the Oracle Cloud and Oracle Engineered Systems |website=Oracle Database Insider }}</ref>
July 2018 (other)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://community.oracle.com/community/support/support-blogs/database-support-blog/blog/2018/07/23/oracle-database-18c-now-available-for-on-premises |title=Oracle Database 18c Now Available For On-Premises |website=Oracle Community |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808182223/https://community.oracle.com/community/support/support-blogs/database-support-blog/blog/2018/07/23/oracle-database-18c-now-available-for-on-premises |url-status=dead |date=2018-07-23|first1=Adriana |last1=Zagar}}</ref>
| 18.17.0<br />January 2022
| Polymorphic Table Functions, Active Directory Integration, Transparent Application Continuity, Approximate Top-N Query Processing, PDB Snapshot Carousel, Online Merging of Partitions and Subpartitions
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle Database 12''c'' Release 2}}
| 12.2.0.1<br />March 2017
| August 2016 (cloud)
March 2017 (on-
| 12.2.0.1<br />March 2017
| Native Sharding, Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance, Exadata Cloud Service, Cloud at Customer
|-
| {{Version |
| 12.1.0.1
| July 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1967380 |title=Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle Database 12c, the First Database Designed for the Cloud |website=Oracle |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909145438/http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1967380 |archive-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=dead| date=2013-07-01}}</ref>
| 12.1.0.2<br />July 2014
| Multitenant architecture, In-Memory [[Column-oriented DBMS|Column Store]], Native [[JSON]], SQL Pattern Matching, Database Cloud Service
|-
| {{Version |
| 11.2.0.1
| September 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/032365 |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405030158/http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/032365 |website=Oracle |archive-date=5 April 2018 |url-status=dead |title=Oracle® Database 11g Release 2 is Now Available|date=2009-09-01 }}</ref>
| 11.2.0.4<br />August 2013
| Edition-Based Redefinition, Data Redaction, Hybrid Columnar Compression, Cluster File System, Golden Gate Replication, [[Oracle Database Appliance|Database Appliance]]
|-
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| 11.1.0.6
| September 2007
| 11.1.0.7<br />September 2008
| [[Active Data Guard]], Secure Files, [[Oracle Exadata|Exadata]]
|-
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| 10.2.0.1
| July 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/017324_EN |title=Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle® Database 10g Release 2 |website=Oracle |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025608/http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/017324_EN |archive-date=5 April 2018 |url-status=dead |date=2005-07-11}}</ref>
| 10.2.0.5<br />April 2010
| Real Application Testing, Database Vault, Online Indexing, Advanced Compression, Data Guard Fast-Start Failover, Transparent Data Encryption
|-
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| 10.1.0.2
| 2003
| 10.1.0.5<br />February 2006
| Automated Database Management, Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor, Grid infrastructure, Oracle ASM, Flashback Database
|-
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| 9.2.0.1
| 2002
| 9.2.0.8<br />April 2007
|
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle9''i'' Database}}
| 9.0.1.0
| 2001
| 9.0.1.5<br />December 2003
| [[Oracle RAC|Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC)]], Oracle XML DB
|-
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| 8.1.5.0
| 1998
| 8.1.7.4<br />August 2000
| Native internet protocols and Java, [[Virtual private database|Virtual Private Database]]
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle8 Database}}
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| June 1992
|
| Distributed 2-phase commit,{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} PL/SQL stored procedures,
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle 6.2}}
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| 1988
| 6.0.37
| Row-level locking, [[symmetric multiprocessor|SMP]] scalability / performance, storing of undo in database,{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} online backup and recovery, B*Tree indexes, [[PL/SQL]] executed from compiled programs (C etc.). First version available for [[NetWare#NetWare 3.x|Novell Netware 386]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=O'Brien |first=Timothy |date=1991-04-29 |title=Oracle8 on Linux shows promise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA2 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |access-date=2019-09-07 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle v5}}
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| 1985
| 5.1.22
| C2 security certification. Support for [[
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle v4}}
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| 1984
| 4.1.4.4
| Multiversion read consistency. [[Halloween Problem]] solved. Improved concurrency.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} First version available for [[MS-DOS]]
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle v3}}
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| 1983
|
| [[Concurrency control]], data distribution, and [[scalability]]. Re-written in C for portability to other operating systems, including [[UNIX]].<ref>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=Data Processing Digest Volumes 29-30 |url=https://
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle v2}}
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| 1979
|
| First commercially available SQL [[Relational database|RDBMS]]. Basic SQL queries, simple joins<ref name="VEI-Kuni-OraR2">{{cite web|url=http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=403|title=Oracle V2|website=Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics|publisher=University of Klagenfurt|author=Departments of Informatics|access-date=30 September 2019|url-status=live|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930122821/http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=403}}</ref> and <code>CONNECT BY</code> joins. Atomic role-level SQL statements. Rudimentary [[concurrency control]] and [[database integrity]]. No [[query optimizer]]. Written in [[assembly language]] for the [[PDP-11]]{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} to run in 128KB of [[Random-access memory|RAM]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Maheshwari |first=Sharad |date=2007 |title=Introduction to SQL and PL/SQL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1eMhnTq2BYC&pg=PA12 |publisher=Firewall Media |page=12 |isbn=9788131800386}}</ref> Ran on PDP-11 and [[VAX]]/VMS in PDP-11 compatibility mode.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}
|-
| colspan="6" | <small>{{Version |l |show=111100}} '''LTR''' = ''Long-Term Release'', '''IR''' = ''Innovation Release''</small>
|}
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Starting with Oracle Database 18c, Oracle Corporation releases Release Updates (RUs) and Release Update Revisions (RURs).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/12.2/dbptc/patch-delivery-methods-for-oracle-database-12c-release-2-12-2-0-1-and-later-versions-243888991.html |title=Patch Delivery Methods for Oracle Database 12c Release 2 (12.2.0.1) and Later Versions |publisher=Docs.oracle.com |date= |accessdate=2022-03-16}}</ref> RUs usually contain security, regression (bug), optimizer, and functional fixes which may include feature extensions as well. RURs include all fixes from their corresponding RU but only add new security and regression fixes. However, no new optimizer or functional fixes are included.
=== Competition ===
In the market for relational databases, Oracle Database competes against commercial products such as [[IBM Db2]] and [[Microsoft SQL Server]].<ref name="rdbmslateryears20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary Session: The Later Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102701921-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> Oracle and IBM tend to battle for the mid-range database market on Unix and Linux platforms, while Microsoft dominates the mid-range database market on [[Microsoft Windows]] platforms. However, since they share many of the same customers, Oracle and IBM tend to support each other's products in many middleware and application categories (for example: [[WebSphere]], [[PeopleSoft]], and [[Siebel Systems]] [[Customer relationship management|CRM]]), and IBM's hardware divisions work closely{{Citation needed|date= February 2010}} with Oracle on performance-optimizing server-technologies (for example, [[Linux on IBM Z]]). Niche commercial competitors include [[Teradata]] (in data warehousing and business intelligence), Software AG's [[ADABAS]], [[Sybase]], and IBM's [[Informix]], among many others.
In the cloud, Oracle Database competes against the database services of AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.
Increasingly, the Oracle database products compete against [[open-source software]] relational and non-relational database systems such as [[PostgreSQL]], [[MongoDB]], [[Couchbase]], [[Neo4j]], [[ArangoDB]] and others. Oracle acquired [[Innobase]], supplier of the [[InnoDB]] codebase to [[MySQL]], in part to compete better against open source alternatives, and acquired [[Sun Microsystems]], owner of MySQL, in 2010. Database products licensed as open-source are, by the legal terms of the [[Open Source Definition]], free to distribute and free of royalty or other licensing fees.
==Reception==
The ''[[Rosen Electronics Letter]]'' in February 1983 stated that Oracle was "the most comprehensive offering we've seen" among databases, with good marketing and substantial installed base encouraging developers to write software for it. The newsletter especially approved of the user interface, noting the "simplicity of setting up 'programs'—queries, data manipulation, updates—without actually programming".<ref name="rosen19830222">{{Cite news |date=1983-02-22 |title=DBMS and the workstation: Oracle gets close |url=https://cdn.oreillystatic.com/radar/r1/02-83.pdf |access-date=2025-06-05 |work=[[The Rosen Electronics Letter]] |pages=3-5}}</ref>
== See also ==
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* [[List of databases using MVCC]]
* [[Oracle SQL Developer]]
* [[Oracle Real Application Testing]]
== References ==
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{{wikibooks|Oracle database}}
{{Wikiversity|Oracle Database}}
* [https://docs.oracle.com/
{{Databases}}
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[[Category:Cloud infrastructure]]
[[Category:Oracle Cloud Services]]
[[Category:Database management systems]]
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