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'''Communication in Distributed Software Development''' is an area of study that considers communication processes and their effects when applied to [[software development]] in a globally [[distributed development]] process. The importance of communication and coordination in software development is widely studied <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Kraut|firstfirst1=Robert E.|last2=Streeter|first2=Lynn A.|date=1995-03-01|title=Coordination in software development|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA16764439&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=fulltext&issn=00010782&p=AONE&sw=w&authCount=1&isAnonymousEntry=true|journal=Communications of the ACM|language=Englishen|volume=38|issue=3|pages=69–81|doi=10.1145/203330.203345|s2cid=18155214|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Organizational Communication|organizational communication]] studies these implications at an organizational level. This also applies to a setting where teams and team members work in separate physical locations. The imposed distance introduces new challenges in communication, which is no longer a face to face process, and may also be subjected to other constraints such as teams in opposing time zones with a small overlap in working hours.
There are several reasons that force elements from the same project to work in geographically separated areas, ranging from different teams in the same company to [[outsourcing]] and [[offshoring]], to which different constraints and necessities in communication apply. The added communication challenges result in the adoption of a wide range of different communication methods usually used in combination. They can either be in real time as in the case of a video conference, or in an asynchronous way such as [[email]]. While a video conference might allow the developers to be more efficient with regards to their time spent communicating, it is more difficult to accomplish when teams work in different time zones, in which case using an email or a messaging service might be more useful.
The history of communication in distributed software development is tied to the historical setting of distributed development itself. Communication tools helped in advancing the distributed development process, since communication was the principal missing component in early attempts for distributed software development {{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}. One of the main factors in the creation of new tools and making distributed development a viable methodology is the introduction of the [[Internet]] as an accessible platform for developers and researchers, facilitating the exchange of both code and information in a team.
One of the first manifestations of distributed development is the open-source community, where developers are joined together not by an enterprise and its resources but by voluntarily participating in the same project, resulting in diverse teams from different geographical locations. In these projects there is a surging need for communication and collaboration tools. The [[history of free and open-source software]] shows that as time progressed, the complexity of the projects and the number of involved people increased. Better communication and collaboration tools had an important role on this increase. Initially the available methods were mostly asynchronous forms of communication such as the [[email]] and [[Electronic mailing list|mailing lists]] or even relying on periodical written publications to spread information. Synchronous and efficient communication would be mostly limited to [[telephone]] calls {{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}.
In this early stage there aren't many accounts of this kind of distributed development on an enterprise setting {{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}. However, the developments and tools of previous years pioneered the necessary means for companies to start investigating and adopting these practices when advantages could be obtained. More tools such as [[Audio conferencing]] and [[Instant messaging]] appeared mostly for other purposes but were quickly adopted, and continued to push forward the idea of distributed development. This new movement created an interest in the area of study that is Communication in Distributed Software Development to further improve the effectiveness and quality of the development process.
== Importance ==
Software development, in general, requires a great deal of information exchange <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Perry|firstfirst1=D. E.|last2=Staudenmayer|first2=N. A.|last3=Votta|first3=L. G.|date=July 1994|title=People, organizations, and process improvement|journal=IEEE Software|volume=11|issue=4|pages=36–45|doi=10.1109/52.300082|s2cid=9469646|issn=0740-7459}}</ref> and studies show that a great percentage of a developer's time is spent on collaborative/communication activities.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Robillard|firstfirst1=Pierre N|last2=Robillard|first2=Martin P|date=2000-09-15|title=Types of collaborative work in software engineering|journal=Journal of Systems and Software|volume=53|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.1016/S0164-1212(00)00013-3}}</ref> While [[Formal Communication|formal communication]] is used for essential tasks such as updating a project status or determining who has responsibility for any particular work, [[informal communication]] is also crucial for the development process.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Herbsleb|firstfirst1=J. D.|last2=Moitra|first2=D.|date=March 2001|title=Global software development|journal=IEEE Software|volume=18|issue=2|pages=16–20|doi=10.1109/52.914732|issn=0740-7459}}</ref> [[Informal Communication|Informal communication]], or "corridor talk”talk", helps developers stay aware of what is going on around them, what other employees are working on, who has expertise in what area, and many other essential pieces of background information that enables them to work together efficiently and create the "spirit of a team".<ref name=":4" /> Studies also show that the more uncertain a project is, the more important is this kind of communication.<ref name=":2" />
In a [[Distributed development|Global Software engineering]] (GSE) environment, [[informal communication]] is hard to recreate. The lack of this type of communication can lead to surprises, resulting in misalignment and rework.<ref name=":4" /> For this reason, Communication in Distributed Software Development is important for any company that is applying GSE. This area of study, among other things, tries to recreate [[informal communication]] in a GSE environment, in order to develop software without the loss of development speed that is characteristic to this environment.<ref name=":1" />
== Challenges ==
Communication can be hindered by several barriers, such as socio-cultural, linguistic, knowledge, geographical and temporal barriers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=ICGSE 2010 : Fifth International Conference on Global Software Engineering : proceedings : 23-26 August 2010, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.|last=Engineers.|first=Institute of Electrical and Electronics|last2=Society.|first2=IEEE Computer|date=2010|publisher=IEEE Computer Society|isbn=9780769541228|oclc=709739809}}</ref>
Socio-cultural barriers can manifest themselves as the means of communication. In fact, a study shows that U.S. and Japanese clients have distinct preferences with regards to them. U.S. clients prefer to communicate frequently via informal telephone and email contacts, while Japanese clients prefer verbal communication and less frequent but formal use of electronic media.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Krishna|firstfirst1=S.|last2=Sahay|first2=Sundeep|last3=Walsham|first3=Geoff|date=April 2004|title=Managing Cross-cultural Issues in Global Software Outsourcing|journal=Commun. ACM|volume=47|issue=4|pages=62–66|doi=10.1145/975817.975818|s2cid=207691252|issn=0001-0782}}</ref>
Linguistic barriers typically manifest themselves when at least one of the actors in a conversation is not speaking its native language. Aside from the fact that one should be able to express himself better in his native language, there are other obstacles. [[Idiomatic expression]]s and [[slang]] are an examples of such obstacles that difficult [[Informal Communication|informal communication]].
According to [[Allen curve|Allen's Curve]], the frequency of communication between engineers drops at an exponential rate as the distance between them increases. In case of coworkers in a company, communication is often triggered by random encounters between coworkers. When there is a significant distance between the latter, their communication decreases. In fact, an empirical study was conducted that compared the frequency of communication between coworkers from local and remote sites. Most of the inquired answered that they speak to the majority of their local colleagues at least once a day, while speaking less than once a week with their remote ones.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Herbsleb|firstfirst1=J. D.|last2=Mockus|first2=A.|date=June 2003|title=An empirical study of speed and communication in globally distributed software development|journal=IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering|volume=29|issue=6|pages=481–494|doi=10.1109/tse.2003.1205177|issn=0098-5589|citeseerx=10.1.1.110.4806|s2cid=6006584 }}</ref>
Temporal barriers are closely related to geographical barriers. Temporal barriers are typically present on a scenario where two or more coworkers are in different time zones and often timesoftentimes in different geographic locations. Developers mostly communicate during work hours, and while they can use asynchronous communication which doesn't require overlapping work hours, it inherently delays the communication process.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Šmite|first=Darja|date=2006-01-01|title=Global software development projects in one of the biggest companies in Latvia: is geographical distribution a problem?|journal=Software Process: Improvement and Practice|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=61–76|doi=10.1002/spip.252|issn=1099-1670}}</ref> As an alternative they can use synchronous communication if they need to communicate in real time, however it introduces the complication of finding overlapping work hours. [[Follow-the-sun]] is a common approach taken by software companies to mitigate the latter issue.
== Research ==
Research on Communication in Distributed Software Development is conducted in order to improve the understanding of the implications of different communication methods on the success of the development process and the final product.
Communication is an essential process in coordinating a software development project and sharing knowledge between the team members. Previous studies <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hendriks|first=Paul|date=1999-06-01|title=Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledge sharing|url= |journal=Knowledge and Process Management|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi= 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1441(199906)6:2<91::AID-KPM54>3.0.CO;2-M|s2cid=14864213 |hdl=2066/141653|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Goodman|firstfirst1=Paul S.|last2=Darr|first2=Eric D.|date=1998|title=Computer-Aided Systems and Communities: Mechanisms for Organizational Learning in Distributed Environments|jstor=249550|journal=MIS Quarterly|volume=22|issue=4|pages=417–440|doi=10.2307/249550|url=http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1817&context=tepper}}</ref> claim that sharing knowledge is important to building trust and even improving the performance of the whole team, which also applies in a distributed software development process.
It can also bring challenges, as referred in the section above, that when improperly dealt with can delay a team project or even cost money to the company. A great deal of studies tries to find ways to mitigate these problems and avoid miscommunication.<ref name=":7" />
The tools used for communication are within the scope of some studies. They show the advantages and disadvantages of some different types of tools, and also which kind of tools the developers like to use for certain situations.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":8" />
The interest of researchers in how a globally distributed development influences the success of the project is noted in publications such as <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|lastlast1=Mockus|firstfirst1=A.|last2=Herbsleb|first2=J.|datetitle=2001Proceedings Seventh International Software Metrics Symposium |titlechapter=Challenges of global software development |journaldate=Proceedings Seventh International Software Metrics Symposium2001|pages=182–184|doi=10.1109/METRIC.2001.915526|isbn=978-0-7695-1043-9|s2cid=7332197}}</ref> where the author mentions the need for more empirical studies on the subject. Another study <ref>{{Cite book|lastlast1=Yu|firstfirst1=Liguo|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Srini|last3=Mishra|first3=Alok|last4=Mishra|first4=Deepti|datetitle=On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2011-10-17 Workshops |titlechapter=Communications in Global Software Development: An Empirical Study Using GTK+ OSS Repository |journaldate=On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2011 Workshops-10-17|volume=7046|language=en|pages=218–227|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-25126-9_32|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|isbn=978-3-642-25125-2}}</ref> tried to find more direct relations between time zones and language barriers without significant results, which as suggested by the author, might be due to low sample size. However it was shown <ref name=":1" /> that there is indeed a relationship between distributed development and longer response times between collaborators. There are also studies that correlate the frequency of communication and the geographical distance, such as [[Allen curve]].
The research done so far points to the need of improving the methodologies and tools used by companies and that communication is a big factor in the success of a company. {{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
== Forms of communication ==
[[Communication]] in a collaboration setting can be achieved either synchronously or asynchronously, differing in how agents interact with each other. The different communication forms create analogous communication systems and tools depending on the type of communication supported, which serve different purposes in a distributed development setting. Even inside a company, the tasks and responsibilities of different members reflect in their usage in the tools used in the work environment.<ref>{{Cite book|lastlast1=Sundaravej|firstfirst1=T.|last2=Mirchandani|first2=D.|last3=Lederer|first3=A.|datetitle=January 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |titlechapter=Synchronous Collaboration Technology Use in Teamwork |journaldate=2015January 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences2015|pages=216–225|doi=10.1109/hicss.2015.35|isbn=978-1-4799-7367-5|s2cid=6954728}}</ref>
=== Synchronous systems ===
=== Asynchronous systems ===
[[Asynchronous conferencing|Asynchronous systems]] provide a mechanism for submission and retrieval of messages, where the sender can send information whenever he likes and the recipient will only retrieve it and reply when he is available. This form of communication can be used to have a discussion or convey information about less urgent matters, since no answer is guaranteed promptly. It is useful in a distributed development process speciallyespecially because most of the timestime the different teams working on a project don't do so simultaneously, and matters that are not urgent can be discussed asynchronously.
=== Hybrid systems ===
[[Email]] is a method of exchanging digital messages between people using digital devices such as computers, mobile phones and other electronics. Unlike the most [[instant messaging]] tools, on email neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously. The cost of using email in company varies, since, for example, the company might have its own email server.
Empirical studies demonstrated that all team members on a software development team used this tool effectively. Unlike [[instant messaging]], email messages are intended to be more stand-alone and less sensitive to the context of communication, and thus producing email messages requires more time than traditional IM messages.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Niinimaki|first=T.|datetitle=August2011 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Global Software Engineering Workshop 2011|titlechapter=Face-to-Face, Email and Instant Messaging in Distributed Agile Software Development Project |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6065582/|journaldate=August 2011 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Global Software Engineering Workshop|pages=78–84|doi=10.1109/icgse-w.2011.15|isbn=978-1-4577-1839-7|s2cid=14348571}}</ref>
Some email providers are [[Gmail]], [[Outlook.com]] and [[ProtonMail]].
====Audio and video conference====
[[Conference call|Audio]] and [[Videotelephony|video conference]] are the technologies for the reception and transmission of [[Audio signal|audio]]-[[video]] signals by users at different locations, for communication between people in real-time. These typetypes of tools attemptsattempt to replicate the rich interaction present in face-to-face meetings.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|lastlast1=Niinimaki|firstfirst1=T.|last2=Piri|first2=A.|last3=Lassenius|first3=C.|datetitle=July 2009 Fourth IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering |titlechapter=Factors Affecting Audio and Text-Based Communication Media Choice in Global Software Development Projects |journaldate=2009July Fourth IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering2009|pages=153–162|doi=10.1109/icgse.2009.23|isbn=978-0-7695-3710-8|s2cid=17514130}}</ref> Rich synchronous communication technology such as video-conferencing is appropriate for highly interactive discussions where body language and intonation can convey the degree of understanding or agreement among participants.<ref>{{Cite book|lastlast1=Dafoulas|firstfirst1=G. A.|last2=Swigger|first2=K.|last3=Brazile|first3=R.|last4=Alpaslan|first4=F. N.|last5=Cabrera|first5=V. L.|last6=Serce|first6=F. C.|datetitle=January 2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences |titlechapter=Global Teams: Futuristic Models of Collaborative Work for Today's Software Development Industry |journaldate=2009 42nd HawaiiJanuary International Conference on System Sciences2009|pages=1–10|doi=10.1109/hicss.2009.231|isbn=978-0-7695-3450-3|s2cid=2662830}}</ref>
[[Video conference]] is also a good way to develop trust among global software developers, since it allows team members to form personal relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Bhat|firstfirst1=J. M.|last2=Gupta|first2=M.|last3=Murthy|first3=S. N.|date=September 2006|title=Overcoming Requirements Engineering Challenges: Lessons from Offshore Outsourcing|journal=IEEE Software|volume=23|issue=5|pages=38–44|doi=10.1109/ms.2006.137|s2cid=9894497|issn=0740-7459}}</ref>
Investigators found out that team members who are not confident with their English language skills prefer to use [[email]] or [[instant messaging]] over [[Conference call|audio]] and [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]], as text-based media provide more time to comprehend and compose a response.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Noll|firstfirst1=John|last2=Beecham|first2=Sarah|last3=Richardson|first3=Ita|date=September 2011|title=Global Software Development and Collaboration: Barriers and Solutions|journal=ACM Inroads|volume=1|issue=3|pages=66–78|doi=10.1145/1835428.1835445|issn=2153-2184|hdl=10344/656|s2cid=11317369|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This becomes a problem, since text-based media doesn't use neither auditory nor visual features, which can hinder the process of understanding important information and lead to misunderstandings.
[[Zoom Video Communications|Zoom]], [[GoToMeeting]] and [[Highfive (company)|Highfive]] are examples of these typetypes of tools.
====Virtual Offices====
Virtual Offices recreate the personal proximity and functionality of a physical office needed by teams in a global distributed software engineering environment. Instead of having "channels" or "messages threads", virtual offices have rooms on a virtual office space.
Professor Thomas J. Allen in the late 1970's1970s discovered that the increase of distance between engineers reduces exponentially the frequency of communication between them.<ref name="Book12">{{cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/managing-flow-technology|title=Managing the Flow of Technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information Within the R&D Organization|last=Allen|first=Thomas J.|date=1984|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262510271|___location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|id=|authorlink=}}</ref> Virtual offices are a way to virtually reduce that distance, in order to increase the communication among them.
Furthermore, other studies <ref name="van Gamerenvan Solingen20132">{{cite book|last2=van Solingen|first2=Rini|last3=Dullemond|first3=Kevin|year=2013|pages=206–215|doi=10.1109/ICGSE.2013.34|last1=van Gameren|first1=Ben|title=2013 IEEE 8th International Conference on Global Software Engineering|isbn=978-0-7695-5057-2|s2cid=6555228}}</ref> show that virtual offices make work coordination easier and improve the performance in a team.
Some tools that belong to this subset are Sococo, [[8x8]] and [[Skype for Business]].
====Virtual Reality====
[[Virtual reality|Virtual Reality]] has gained increased interest over the years. It has grewgrown from an industry of 129 million [[United States dollar|USD]] in 2015 to over 1 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] by the end of 2016. It is estimated that the industry will reach 4.6 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] by the end of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thefarm51.com/ripress/VR_market_report_2015_The_Farm51.pdf|title=Report on the current state of the VR market|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
The content exchanged during the act of communication is merely the interpretations of the situations in which the actors are involved. The latter, in turn, depend on the context. The motivation for using virtual reality as a communication tool is based on the premise that one's perception of context is proportional to the sensorial information available.
====Instant Messaging====
[[Instant messaging]] (IM) allows the transmission of messages between two parties or more in case of a "chat room". It can be synchronous or asynchronous and it's considered to be the less intrusive communication type.<ref>{{Cite book|lastlast1=Thissen|firstfirst1=M. Rita|last2=Page|first2=Jean M.|last3=Bharathi|first3=Madhavi C.|last4=Austin|first4=Toyia L.|date=2007|title=Communication Tools for Distributed Software Development Teams|journal=Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMIS CPR Conferenceconference on Computer Personnelpersonnel Researchresearch: The Globalglobal Informationinformation Technologytechnology Workforceworkforce |chapter=Communication tools for distributed software development teams |date=2007|series=SIGMIS CPR '07|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=28–35|doi=10.1145/1235000.1235007|isbn=9781595936417|s2cid=2741073}}</ref> Researches show that developers like to use this type of tools to ask quick questions to their peers or superiors.<ref name=":03"/>
[[WhatsApp]], [[Facebook Messenger]] and [[HipChat]] are examples for this type of tool.
=== Agile ===
Mixing [[Agile software development]] and Distributed Software Development brings a lot of challenges to the team communication.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Ramesh|firstfirst1=Balasubramaniam|last2=Cao|first2=Lan|last3=Mohan|first3=Kannan|last4=Xu|first4=Peng|date=October 2006|title=Can Distributed Software Development Be Agile?|journal=Commun. ACM|volume=49|issue=10|pages=41–46|doi=10.1145/1164394.1164418|issn=0001-0782|citeseerx=10.1.1.477.201|s2cid=15032365}}</ref> On one hand, [[Agile software development]] demands an increase for informal communication and lacks formal communication, like [[documentation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Highsmith|firstfirst1=J.|last2=Cockburn|first2=A.|date=September 2001|title=Agile software development: the business of innovation|journal=Computer|volume=34|issue=9|pages=120–127|doi=10.1109/2.947100|issn=0018-9162}}</ref> On the other hand, Distributed Software Development makes it difficult to initiate communication, can lead to misunderstandings and increases the communication cost (time, money, etc.) as explained previously [[#Challenges]], which can lead to a decrease on the frequency of communication.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Ebert|firstfirst1=C.|last2=Neve|first2=P. De|date=March 2001|title=Surviving global software development|journal=IEEE Software|volume=18|issue=2|pages=62–69|doi=10.1109/52.914748|issn=0740-7459}}</ref> This makes the area of study presented of utter importance in Agile [[Distributed Agile Software Development]]. One of its core principles emphasizes the relationships between individuals and their interactions, entailing constant communication.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Agile software development : the cooperative game|last=Alistair.|first=Cockburn|date=2007|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=9780321482754|oclc=70867033}}</ref>
=== Extreme Programming ===
[[Extreme programming]] (XP) was designed for aan environment where all developers were co-located,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Extreme programming installed|lastlast1=1967-Anderson|firstfirst1=Anderson, Ann|last2first2=Chet.|first2last2=Hendrickson|date=2001|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0201708424|oclc=44518151|url=https://archive.org/details/extremeprogrammi00jeff}}</ref> which is not the case for Distributed Software Development. Furthermore, XP is heavily reliant on continuous communication between stakeholders and developers, which makes communication one of the five core values of XP.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8EL4H4vf7UC&pg=PR13&dq=K.+Beck,+Extreme+Programming+Explained:+Embrace+Change,+second+ed.+Addison-Wesley,+Reading,+MA,+2005#v=onepage&q&fpg=falsePR13|title=Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change|last=Beck|first=Kent|date=2000|publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional|isbn=9780201616415|language=en}}</ref> Consequently, communication on distributed environment is of utter importance for a XP development environment <ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Layman|firstfirst1=Lucas|last2=Williams|first2=Laurie|author2-link=Laurie Williams (software engineer)|last3=Damian|first3=Daniela|last4=Bures|first4=Hynek|date=September 2006|title=Essential communication practices for Extreme Programming in a global software development team|journal=Information and Software Technology|series=Special Issue Section: Distributed Software Development|volume=48|issue=9|pages=781–794|doi=10.1016/j.infsof.2006.01.004|citeseerx=10.1.1.463.7225}}</ref> and should be taken into account when applying this methodology on a distributed environment.
== References ==
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