Plains Apache language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 21:13, 17 May 2022

Latest revision as of 09:09, 9 June 2025

(12 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)

Line 2:

{{distinguish|Kiowa language}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Plains Apache

| altname = Kiowa Apache

| states = [[United States]]

| region = [[Caddo County]], [[Oklahoma]]

| ethnicity = [[Plains Apache]]

| extinct = 2008, with the death of Alfred Chalepah Jr.

| familycolor = Dené-Yeniseian

| fam2 = [[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene]]

| fam3 = [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]]

| fam4 = [[Southern Athabaskan languages|Southern Athabaskan]]

| map = Southern_Athabaskan_languages.svg

| mapcaption = Historical distribution of Southern Athabaskan languages. Plains Apache (labeled Kiowa Apache) is located in northwestern Oklahoma.

| iso3 = apk

| glotto = kiow1264

| glottorefname = Kiowa Apache

| notice = IPA

}}

The '''Plains Apache''' language (or '''Kiowa Apache''' language) wasis a [[Southern Athabaskan languages|Southern Athabaskan language]] formerly spoken by the [[Plains Apache]], organized as the [[Apache Tribe of Oklahoma]], living primarily around [[Anadarko, Oklahoma|Anadarko]] in southwest [[Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Everett |first1=Dianna |title=Apache Tribe of Oklahoma |url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=AP002 |website=The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> The language is [[extinct language|extinct]] as of 2008, when Alfred Chalepah, Jr., the last native speaker, died.<ref>Morgan, J. L. (2012). ''Classificatory Verbs in Plains Apache'' (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma).</ref>

Plains Apache is the most divergent member of the Southern Athabaskan languages, a family which also includes [[Navajo language|Navajo]], [[Chiricahua language|Chiricahua Apache]], [[Mescalero language|Mescalero Apache]], [[Lipan Apache language|Lipan Apache]], [[Western Apache language|Western Apache]], and [[Jicarilla Apache language|Jicarilla Apache]]. As a member of the broader Athabaskan family, it has an extremely complex system of verbal morphology, often enabling entire sentences to be constructed with only a verb.

Line 34:

! colspan="3" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

! rowspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br/>alveolar]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

Line 42 ⟶ 41:

! [[affricate consonant|fricated]]

|-

! rowspan="34" | [[Stop consonant|StopPlosive]]

! <small>[[tenuis consonant|unaspiratedtenuis]]</small>

| {{IPAlink|p}} {{angbr|b}}

| {{IPAlink|t}} {{angbr|d}}

Line 49 ⟶ 48:

| {{IPAlink|ts}} {{angbr|dz}}

| {{IPAlink|tʃ}} {{angbr|dž}}

|

| {{IPAlink|k}} {{angbr|g}}

| rowspan="3" | {{IPAlink|ʔ}}

|

|-

! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>

|

|

| {{IPAIPAlink|tɬʰ}} {{angbr|tł}}

| {{IPAIPAlink|tsʰ}} {{angbr|ts}}

| {{IPAIPAlink|tʃʰ}} {{angbr|tš}}

| {{IPAIPAlink|kʰ}} {{angbr|k}}

|

| {{IPA|kʰ}} {{angbr|k}}

|

|-

! <small>[[Glottalized consonant|glottalized]]</small>

Line 69 ⟶ 65:

| {{IPAlink|tsʼ}}

| {{IPAlink|tʃʼ}} {{angbr|tšʼ}}

|

| {{IPAlink|kʼ}}

| {{IPAlink|ʔ}}

|-

!<small>[[StopPrenasalized consonant|stopprenasalised]]</small>

! rowspan="2" | [[Continuant]]

|

| {{IPAlink|lⁿd}}

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|PalatalFricative]]

! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>

|

Line 80 ⟶ 83:

| {{IPAlink|s}}

| {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|š}}

|

| {{IPAlink|x}}

| {{IPAlink|h}}

Line 87 ⟶ 89:

|

|

|

| {{IPAlink|l}}

| {{IPAlink|z}}

| {{IPAlink|ʒ}} {{angbr|ž}}

|

| {{IPAlink|ɣ}}

|

|-

! rowspancolspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|NasalSonorant]]

!<small>[[Stop consonant|stop]]</small>

|

| {{IPA|ⁿd}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

!<small>[[continuant]]</small>

| {{IPAlink|m}}

| {{IPAlink|n}}

| {{IPAlink|l}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Glide]]

|

|

|

|

|

| {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|y}}

Line 162 ⟶ 141:

=== Nouns ===

Almost every noun in Plains Apache can optionally take a pronominal prefix to indicate its possessor. These prefixes are as follows (some of the prefixes have multiple forms in free variation; in these cases, the more common variant is listed first).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" |

! Singular

! [[Plural]]

|-

! colspan="2" | 1st person

| ší-

| rowspan="2" | dàxí- ~ dá-

|-

! colspan="2" | 2nd person

| dí-

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Continuant]]3rd person

!

| colspan="2" | bí- ~ mí-

! [[Grammatical person|First<br/>person]]

! [[Grammatical person|Second<br/>person]]

! [[Grammatical person|Third<br/>person]]

! Third person<br/>[[indefinite pronoun|indefinite]]

! [[Fourth person|Fourth<br/>person]]

|-

! [[Singularindefinite numberpronoun|Singularindefinite]]

| langcolspan=apk"2" | šíʔí-

| lang=apk | dí-

| rowspan="2" lang=apk | bí-

~ mí-

| rowspan="2" lang=apk | ʔí-

| rowspan="2" lang=apk | góó-

~ gó-

|-

! colspan="2" | [[ApproximantFourth consonantperson|Glide4th person]]

! [[Plural]]

| colspan="2" lang=apk | dàxígóó- ~ dágó-

|}

Some of these forms require further explanation. The indefinite third person may be used when the possessor is unknown, and is similar in meaning to 'someone's' (e.g. {{lang|apk|ʔí-bą̀ą̀s}}, 'a hoop owned by some unknown person'). The fourth person is reserved for possessors who are deemed to be in some way remote from the speaker, usually socially; compare {{lang|apk|bí-bą̀ą̀s}}, which would refer to a hoop belonging to someone who the speaker is familiar with and interacts with frequently and informally, and {{lang|apk|góó-bą̀ą̀s}}, used for someone who the speaker has a purely formal relationship with and does not know well.

Line 330 ⟶ 313:

==References==

{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{Citation |last=Bittle, |first=William E. (n.d.). |title=Plains Apache field notes |date=n.d. (|type=Unpublished manuscript).}}

* {{Cite thesis |last=Bittle, |first=William E. (1956). ''|title=The position of Kiowa-Apache in the Apachean group''. (Doctoral dissertation,|degree=PhD |publisher=University of California, |year=1956 |___location=Los Angeles).}}

* {{Cite book |last=Bittle, |first=William E. (1963).|title=Studies Kiowa-Apache.in the InAthapaskan H.languages Hoijer|publisher=University (Ed.),of ''StudiesCalifornia inPress the|year=1963 Athapaskan|editor-last=Hoijer languages'' (pp.&nbsp;76–101)|editor-first=H. |series=University of California publications in linguistics (No. |volume=29). |___location=Berkeley: University|pages=76–101 of|chapter=Kiowa-Apache California Press.|oclc=574743}}

* {{Cite book |last=Bittle, |first=William E. (1967). Kiowa-Apache. In H. Hoijer (Ed.), ''|title=Studies in Southwestern ethnolinguistics: meaning and history in the languages of the American Southwest.'' Berkeley: |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967 |editor-last=Hoijer |editor-first=H. |___location=Berkeley |chapter=Kiowa-Apache}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Bittle, |first=William E. (|year=1971). |title=A brief history of the Kiowa-Apache. |journal=Oklahoma Papers in Anthropology |volume=12( |issue=1): 1-34.|pages=1–34}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Bittle, |first=William E. (|year=1979). |title=Kiowa Apache Raiding Behavior. |journal=Oklahoma Papers in Anthropology |volume=20( |issue=2): 33-47.|pages=33–47}}

* {{Cite thesis |last=Collins, |first=Melanie Ruth. (1983). |title=Plains Apache: Strength Relations Among the Phonological Elements in a Dying Language. |degree=MA thesis, |publisher=University of Oklahoma. |year=1983}}

* Gatschet, Albert S. (1884). Na-isha Band, Apache (Kiowa Apache). Vocabulary and brief texts with interlinear translation November - December, 1884. Manuscript 62, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Washington, DC.

* Goddard, Pliny Earle. (1911). Field notes in California Athabascan languages. American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American Languages, American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, PA.

* {{Cite book |last=Hoijer, |first=Harry. (1971). The Position of the Apachean Languages in the Athapaskan Stock. |title=Apachean Culture History and Ethnology, ed.|year=1971 by|editor-last=Basso |editor-first=Keith H. Basso and Morris E. Opler. |series=Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona |volume=21.3 |pages=3–6 |chapter=The Position of the Apachean Languages in the Athapaskan Stock |editor-6last2=Opler |editor-first2=Morris E.}}

* {{Cite thesis |last=Morgan, |first=J. L. (2012). ''|title=Classificatory Verbs in Plains Apache'' (Doctoral dissertation,|degree=PhD |publisher=University of Oklahoma). |year=2012}}

{{Refend}}

Line 353 ⟶ 336:

[[Category:Extinct languages of North America]]

[[Category:Languages extinct in the 2000s]]

[[Category:Plains Apache]]

{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}