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{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
▲{{short description|Form of informative media}}
[[File:Parable of the Polygons drag & drop.png|thumb|329x329px|Screenshot from ''[[Parable of the Polygons]]'' by [[Nicky Case]], an explorable explanation that simulates [[racial segregation]], which allows the audience to control how "shapist" the entities in the simulation are.]]
An '''explorable explanation''' (often shortened to ''explorable'') is a form of
== Definition ==
The term "explorable explanation" was first used in passing by [[Peter Brusilovsky]] in a 1994 paper,<ref>{{Citation|last=Brusilovsky|first=Peter|chapter=Explanatory visualization in an educational programming environment: Connecting examples with general knowledge |date=1994 |pages=202–212 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783540586487 |doi=10.1007/3-540-58648-2_38|title=Human-Computer Interaction|volume=876|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|citeseerx=10.1.1.160.9141}}</ref> but did not enter into common use until 2011, when [[Bret Victor]] published an eponymous essay<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://worrydream.com/ExplorableExplanations/|title=Explorable Explanations|website=worrydream.com|access-date=January 18, 2019}}</ref> (the essay included an explorable explanation of a [[digital filter]]). Victor distinguishes explorable explanations from isolated interactive widgets and visualizations by the fact that they deliberately guide the attention of their audience towards particular phenomena within the simulation. In characterizing the concept, Victor explains:<ref name=":0" />
Some of the ideas Victor espoused in the essay occurred to him while during work with [[Al Gore]] on the app version of the 2009 book [[Our Choice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1665397/after-trying-to-kill-math-an-ex-apple-designer-aims-to-kill-reading |title=After Trying To "Kill Math," An Ex-Apple Designer Aims To Kill Reading |last=Pavlus |first=John |date=November 9, 2011 |website=Fast Company |language=en-US |access-date=January 18, 2019}}</ref> He had proposed that the app should contain interactive models, but this idea was rejected on the basis that all numerical values proposed regarding climate change needed to have a citation, and the interactive models would generate un-cited numbers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worrydream.com/ClimateChange/#media-writing |title=What can a technologist do about climate change? A personal view.|website=worrydream.com|access-date=May 15, 2019}}</ref>
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A few video games may be considered explorable explanations. For example, [[Sim City]] uses a complex city simulation that is intended<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archinect.com/features/article/112824468/the-theory-of-everything-in-sandbox-city-will-wright-s-keynote-at-acadia-2014 |title=The theory of everything in sandbox city: Will Wright's keynote at ACADIA 2014 |website=Archinect |language=en |access-date=March 3, 2019}}</ref> to present issues that appear in real-world [[urban planning]]. Many other games in the [[Simulation video game|simulation]] genre have a similar intention, although with many it is not a necessity that the simulation be scientifically accurate. In the [[Puzzle video game|puzzle]] genre, games such as [[Incredipede]] also involve interacting with systems with the intention of learning. Video games may not involve explanatory text or narration.
[[Educational video game]]s have an overlap with explorable explanations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explorabl.es/|title=FAQ {{!}} Explorable Explanations |website=explorabl.es |access-date=March 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seskir|first1=Zeki C.|last2=Migdał|first2=Piotr|last3=Weidner|first3=Carrie|last4=Anupam|first4=Aditya|last5=Case|first5=Nicky|last6=Davis|first6=Noah|last7=Decaroli|first7=Chiara|last8=Ercan|first8=İlke|last9=Foti|first9=Caterina|last10=Gora|first10=Paweł|last11=Jankiewicz|first11=Klementyna|last12=La Cour|first12=Brian R.|last13=Malo|first13=Jorge Yago|last14=Maniscalco|first14=Sabrina|last15=Naeemi|first15=Azad|last16=Nita|first16=Laurentiu|last17=Parvin|first17=Nassim|last18=Scafirimuto|first18=Fabio|last19=Sherson|first19=Jacob F.|last20=Surer|first20=Elif|last21=Wootton|first21=James|last22=Yeh|first22=Lia|last23=Zabello|first23=Olga|last24=Chiofalo|first24=Marilù|title=Quantum games and interactive tools for quantum technologies outreach and education|journal=Optical Engineering|volume=61|issue=8|pages=081809|year=2022|arxiv=2202.07756|doi=10.1117/1.OE.61.8.081809}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> summarized as:
[[Educational video game]]s have an overlap with explorable explanations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explorabl.es/|title=FAQ {{!}} Explorable Explanations |website=explorabl.es |access-date=March 3, 2019}}</ref> They are similar in that both involve a computer simulation that is visualized, and both have the intended goal that the audience learns something. However, in an educational video game, the simulation is not necessarily a simulation of the game's intended learning content.<ref name=":3" /> Instead, learning content in educational video games is usually put in a non-interactive form such as text or voiceover; the educational game then usually has some schedule whereby the audience alternates between seeing the text and, separately, playing a game, usually a game with mechanics from a standard [[video game genre|genre]], such as a [[platformer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/papers/bruckman_gdc99.html |title=Can Educational Be Fun? |website=www.cc.gatech.edu |access-date=March 3, 2019}}</ref>▼
{{blockquote|Science-based games [...] primarily focus on creating an experience sparking intrinsic motivation, that is, students play for fun, but learn in the process, as their gaming experience requires learning concepts to proceed or provides an explorative pathway through the game that promotes learning. [...] Explorable explanations (or “explorables”) come at educational games from the opposite direction: instead of “games, but with science communication added,” they are “science communication, but with interactivity added”.}}
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Explorable explanations are also distinct from [[Gamification#Education and training|gamification]],<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://blog.ncase.me/explorable-explanations/|title=Explorable Explanations |date=September 8, 2014 |website=[[Nicky Case]]'s Blog|access-date=January 21, 2019}}</ref> which has the stated intention of improving the structure of [[Reward system|rewards]] in learning. An explorable explanation may or may not involve rewards, and most involve none.
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[[File:PLATO chem exp.jpg|thumb|The PLATO computer system, which predates the personal computer, was the first platform for what would now be called explorable explanations]]
Many explorable explanations predate the popular use of the phrase.<ref>{{Cite
The target audience for explorable explanations has historically been limited by available [[Software
Wikipedia has some examples of basic explorable explanations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Conic_section_interactive_visualisation.svg|title=conic section interactive visualisation |website=upload.wikimedia.org |access-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref>
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== Use in media ==
Explorable explanations are increasingly being created by journalists,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://killscreen.com/articles/your-brain-anxiety-interactive-explanation-nicky-case/|title=Your brain on anxiety: an interactive explanation with Nicky Case|last=Joho|first=Jess|date=September 2, 2015|website=Kill Screen|language=en-US|access-date=January 24, 2019}}</ref> sometimes by organisations that formerly focused on [[print news media]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https
Other newsrooms such as [[Bloomberg Businessweek]], [[The New York Times]], and [[The Guardian]] are also notable for their use of explorable explanations to tell stories, for example covering topics like climate change, drug overdoses, and economics.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https
==Structure==
[[File:PhETCCKScreenshot.pdf|thumb|Screenshot of a Phet simulation, intended for use in a classroom. Since they do not involve a physically
Explorable explanations can differ widely in the kind of "guidance" that they give regarding how to interact with and think about their simulations. In some cases, guidance is intended to come from teachers in a school setting; this is the approach advocated for using [[PhET Interactive Simulations]] created by [[Carl Wieman]], and they have been found to be an effective complement to traditional [[Chalk talk|chalk and talk]] lessons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phet.colorado.edu/en/research|title=PhET Interactive Simulations|website=PhET|language=en|access-date=March 3, 2019}}</ref>
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