Cognitive computing: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Concept of "brainlike" computing}}

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{{Short description|Concept of "brainlike" computing}}

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'''Cognitive computing''' ('''CC''') refers to [[Computing platform|technology platforms]] that, broadly speaking, are based on the scientific disciplines of [[artificial intelligence]] and [[signal processing]]. These platforms encompass [[machine learning]], [[Automated reasoning|reasoning]], [[natural language processing]], [[speech recognition]] and [[Computer vision|vision]] ([[object recognition]]), [[human–computer interaction]], [[Dialog system|dialog]] and [[story generator|narrative generation]], among other technologies.<ref name=":02"/><ref>Augmented intelligence, helping humans make smarter decisions. Hewlett Packard Enterprise. http://h20195.www2.hpe.com/V2/GetPDF.aspx/4AA6-4478ENW.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427065042/http://h20195.www2.hpe.com/V2/GetPDF.aspx/4AA6-4478ENW.pdf |date=April 27, 2016 }}</ref>

== Definition ==

At present, there is no widely agreed upon definition for cognitive computing in either [[academia]] or industry.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/software/IBMResearch/multimedia/Computing_Cognition_WhitePaper.pdf|title=Computing, cognition and the future of knowing|last=Kelly III|first=Dr. John|date=2015|website=IBM Research: Cognitive Computing|publisher=IBM Corporation|access-date=February 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://synthexis.com/cognitive-computing/|title=Cognitive Computing|date=April 27, 2014|access-date=April 18, 2016|archive-date=July 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711035549/https://synthexis.com/cognitive-computing/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journalbook |last1=Gutierrez-Garcia |first1=J. Octavio |last2=López-Neri |first2=Emmanuel |s2cid=15229045 |title=Cognitive Computing: A Brief Survey and Open Research Challenges |journal=2015 3rd International Conference on Applied Computing and Information Technology/2nd International Conference on Computational Science and Intelligence |chapter=Cognitive Computing: A Brief Survey and Open Research Challenges |s2cid=15229045 |pages=328–333 |date=30 November 2015 |doi=10.1109/ACIT-CSI.2015.64 |isbn=978-1-4673-9642-4 }}</ref>

In general, the term cognitive computing has been used to refer to new hardware and/or software that [[Neuromorphic computing|mimics the functioning]] of the [[human brain]]<ref>Terdiman, Daniel (2014) .IBM's TrueNorth processor mimics the human brain.http://www.cnet.com/news/ibms-truenorth-processor-mimics-the-human-brain/</ref><ref>Knight, Shawn (2011). ''[http://www.techspot.com/news/45138-ibm-unveils-cognitive-computing-chips-that-mimic-human-brain.html IBM unveils cognitive computing chips that mimic human brain]'' TechSpot: August 18, 2011, 12:00 PM</ref><ref>Hamill, Jasper (2013). ''[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/08/ibm_unveils_computer_architecture_based_upon_your_brain/ Cognitive computing: IBM unveils software for its brain-like SyNAPSE chips]'' The Register: August 8, 2013</ref><ref name="Denning">{{cite journal|year=2014|title=Surfing Toward the Future|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=3|pages=26–29|doi=10.1145/2566967|author=Denning. P.J.|s2cid=20681733}}</ref><ref>{{cite documentthesis

| author = Dr. Lars Ludwig

| title = Extended Artificial Memory. Toward an integral cognitive theory of memory and technology.

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| url = https://kluedo.ub.uni-kl.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3662

| format = pdf

| access-date = 2017-02-07}}</ref> (2004) and helps to improve human decision-making.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thesiliconreview.com/magazines/automate-complex-workflows-using-tactical-cognitive-computing-coseer/|title=Automate Complex Workflows Using Tactical Cognitive Computing: Coseer|website=thesiliconreview.com|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref> In this sense, CCcognitive computing is a new type of computing with the goal of more accurate models of how the human brain/[[mind]] senses, [[Reasoning|reasons]], and responds to stimulus. CCCognitive computing applications link [[data analysis]] and adaptive page displays ([[Adaptive user interface|AUI]]) to adjust content for a particular type of audience. As such, CCcognitive computing hardware and applications strive to be more [[Affect (psychology)|affective]] and more influential by design.

[[File:Cognitive.System.Scheme.png|thumb|right|Basic scheme of a cognitive system. With sensors, such as [[Keyboard technology|keyboards]], [[Touchscreen|touchscreenstouchscreen]]s, [[Camera|camerascamera]]s, [[Microphone|microphonesmicrophone]]s or [[Thermometer|temperature sensors]], signals from the real world environment can be detected. For [[Perception|perception]], these signals are recognised by the [[Cognition|cognition]] of the cognitive system and converted into digital information. This information can be [[Documentation|documented]] and is processed. The result of [[Deliberation|deliberation]] can also be documented and is used to control and execute an action in the real world environment with the help of [[Actuator|actuatorsactuator]]s, such as [[Engine|enginesengine]]s, [[Loudspeaker|loudspeakersloudspeaker]]s, [[Electronic visual display|displays]] or [[Air conditioning|air conditioners]] for example.]]

The term "cognitive system" also applies to any artificial construct able to perform a cognitive process where a cognitive process is the transformation of data, information, knowledge, or wisdom to a new level in the [[DIKW Pyramid]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fulbright |first1=Ron |title=Democratization of Expertise: How Cognitive Systems Will Revolutionize Your Life |date=2020 |publisher=CRC Press |___location=Boca Raton, FL |isbn=978-0367859459 |edition=1st}}</ref> While many cognitive systems employ techniques having their origination in [[artificial intelligence]] research, cognitive systems, themselves, may not be artificially intelligent. For example, a [[neural network]] trained to recognize cancer on an [[MRI]] scan may achieve a higher success rate than a human doctor. This system is certainly a cognitive system but is not artificially intelligent.

If there is feedback between the actuators and the sensors, the cognitive system can form a digital control loop.

;[[Adaptive system|Adaptive]]: They may learn as information changes, and as goals and requirements evolve. They may resolve ambiguity and tolerate unpredictability.Cognitive Theysystems may be engineered to feed on dynamic data in real -time, or near real -time.,<ref name="Ferrucci">{{cite journal |last1=Ferrucci |first1=David |last2=Brown |first2=Eric |last3=Chu-Carroll |first3=Jennifer |last4=Fan |first4=James |last5=Gondek |first5=David |last6=Kalyanpur |first6=Aditya A. |last7=Lally |first7=Adam |last8=Murdock |first8=J. William |last9=Nyberg |first9=Eric |last10=Prager |first10=John |last11=Schlaefer |first11=Nico |last12=Welty |first12=Chris |s2cid=1831060 |title=Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project |journal=AI Magazine |date=28 July 2010 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=59–79 |doi=10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2303 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee73/acc524082819c0fcdae11c1bf12234d87fec.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228154008/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee73/acc524082819c0fcdae11c1bf12234d87fec.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2020 }}</ref> and may draw on multiple sources of information, including both structured and [[Unstructured information|unstructured]] digital information, as well as sensory inputs (visual, gestural, auditory, or sensor-provided).<ref>Deanfelis, Stephen (2014). ''[https://www.wired.com/insights/2014/04/will-2014-year-fall-love-cognitive-computing/ Will 2014 Be the Year You Fall in Love With cognitive computing?]'' Wired: 2014-04-21</ref>

Typically, cognitive systems communicate with other systems to exchange, verify or validate data. With appropriate cooperation, multiple systems can operate simultaneously in the digital and real worlds. Humans can interact with cognitive systems via human-machine interfaces.

Some features that cognitive systems may express are:

;[[Adaptive system|Adaptive]]: They may learn as information changes, and as goals and requirements evolve. They may resolve ambiguity and tolerate unpredictability. They may be engineered to feed on dynamic data in real time, or near real time.<ref name="Ferrucci">{{cite journal |last1=Ferrucci |first1=David |last2=Brown |first2=Eric |last3=Chu-Carroll |first3=Jennifer |last4=Fan |first4=James |last5=Gondek |first5=David |last6=Kalyanpur |first6=Aditya A. |last7=Lally |first7=Adam |last8=Murdock |first8=J. William |last9=Nyberg |first9=Eric |last10=Prager |first10=John |last11=Schlaefer |first11=Nico |last12=Welty |first12=Chris |s2cid=1831060 |title=Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project |journal=AI Magazine |date=28 July 2010 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=59–79 |doi=10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2303 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee73/acc524082819c0fcdae11c1bf12234d87fec.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228154008/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee73/acc524082819c0fcdae11c1bf12234d87fec.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2020 }}</ref>

;[[Interactive]]: They may interact easily with users so that those users can define their needs comfortably. They may also interact with other processors, devices, and [[Cloud computing|cloud services]], as well as with people.

;Iterative and [[stateful]]: They may aid in defining a problem by asking questions or finding additional source input if a problem statement is ambiguous or incomplete. They may "remember" previous interactions in a process and return information that is suitable for the specific application at that point in time.

;[[Context awareness|Contextual]]: They may understand, identify, and extract contextual elements such as [[Meaning (linguistics)|meaning]], [[syntax]], time, ___location, appropriate ___domain, regulations, user’s profile, process, task and goal. They may draw on multiple sources of information, including both structured and [[Unstructured information|unstructured]] digital information, as well as sensory inputs (visual, gestural, auditory, or sensor-provided).<ref>Deanfelis, Stephen (2014). ''[https://www.wired.com/insights/2014/04/will-2014-year-fall-love-cognitive-computing/ Will 2014 Be the Year You Fall in Love With cognitive computing?]'' Wired: 2014-04-21</ref>

== Cognitive analytics ==

Cognitive computing-branded technology platforms typically specialize in the processing and analysis of large, [[Unstructuredunstructured data|unstructured datasets]]sets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://public.deloitte.com/media/analytics/pdfs/us_da_3min_guide_cognitive_analytics.pdf|title=Cognitive analytics - The three-minute guide|date=2014|access-date=2017-08-18}}</ref>

== Applications ==

Word processing documents, emails, videos, images, audio files, presentations, webpages, social media and many other data formats often need to be manually [[Tag (metadata)|tagged with metadata]] before they can be fed to a computer for analysis and insight generation. The principal benefit of utilizing cognitive analytics over traditional big data analytics is that such datasets do not need to be pre-tagged.

;Education: Even if cognitive computing can not take the place of teachers, it can still be a heavy driving force in the education of students. Cognitive computing being used in the classroom is applied by essentially having an assistant that is personalized for each individual student. This cognitive assistant can relieve the stress that teachers face while teaching students, while also enhancing the student’sstudent's learning experience over all.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elearningindustry.com/artificial-intelligence-in-the-classroom-role|title=The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In The Classroom|last=Sears|first=Alec|date=April 14, 2018|website=ElearningIndustry|access-date=April 11, 2019}}</ref> Teachers may not be able to pay each and every student individual attention, this being the place that cognitive computers fill the gap. Some students may need a little more help with a particular subject. For many students, Human interaction between student and teacher can cause [[anxiety]] and can be uncomfortable. With the help of Cognitive Computer [[Tutor|tutorstutor]]s, students will not have to face their uneasiness and can gain the confidence to learn and do well in the classroom.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coccoli |first1=Mauro |last2=Maresca |first2=Paolo |last3=Stanganelli |first3=Lidia |title=Cognitive computing in education |journal=Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society |date=21 May 2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |url=https://www.learntechlib.org/p/173468/ }}</ref> While a student is in class with their personalized assistant, this assistant can develop various techniques, like creating lesson plans, to tailor and aid the student and their needs.

;Healthcare: Numerous tech companies are in the process of developing technology that involves cognitive computing that can be used in the medical field. The ability to classify and identify is one of the main goals of these cognitive devices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dobrescu |first1=Edith Mihaela |last2=Dobrescu |first2=Emilian M. |title=Artificial Intelligence (Ai) - The Technology That Shapes The World |journal=Global Economic Observer |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2018 |pages=71–81 |id={{ProQuest|2176184267}} |url=http://www.globeco.ro/wp-content/uploads/vol/split/vol_6_no_2/geo_2018_vol6_no2_art_006.pdf }}</ref> This trait can be very helpful in the study of identifying [[Carcinogen|carcinogenscarcinogen]]s. This cognitive system that can detect would be able to assist the examiner in interpreting countless numbers of documents in a lesser amount of time than if they did not use Cognitive Computer technology. This technology can also evaluate information about the patient, looking through every medical record in depth, searching for indications that can be the source of their problems.

;Commerce: Together with Artificial Intelligence, it has been used in warehouse management systems  to collect, store, organize and analyze all related supplier data. All these aims at improving efficiency, enabling faster decision-making, monitoring inventory and fraud detection<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Procurement Technologies for the Construction Sector |url=https://publication.sipmm.edu.sg/smart-procurement-technologies-construction-sector/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=publication.sipmm.edu.sg |date=October 25, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

;Human Cognitive Augmentation: In situations where humans are using or working collaboratively with cognitive systems, called a human/cog ensemble, results achieved by the ensemble are superior to results obtainable by the human working alone. Therefore, the human is cognitively augmented.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fulbright |first1=Ron |title=Democratization of Expertise: How Cognitive Systems Will Revolutionize Your Life |date=2020 |publisher=CRC Press |___location=Boca Raton, FL |isbn=978-0367859459}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fulbright |first1=Ron |title=Augmented Cognition |chapter=Calculating Cognitive Augmentation – A Case Study |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2019 |volume=11580 |pages=533–545 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-22419-6_38 |arxiv=2211.06479 |isbn=978-3-030-22418-9 |s2cid=195891648 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22419-6_38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fulbright |first1=Ron |title=Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information in Applications and Services |chapter=On Measuring Cognition and Cognitive Augmentation |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2018 |volume=10905 |pages=494–507 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92046-7_41 |arxiv=2211.06477 |isbn=978-3-319-92045-0 |s2cid=51603737 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92046-7_41}}</ref> In cases where the human/cog ensemble achieves results at, or superior to, the level of a human expert then the ensemble has achieved synthetic expertise.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fulbright |first1=Ron |title=Augmented Cognition. Human Cognition and Behavior |chapter=Synthetic Expertise |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2020 |volume=12197 |pages=27–48 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7_3 |arxiv=2212.03244 |isbn=978-3-030-50438-0 |s2cid=220519330 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7_3}}</ref> In a human/cog ensemble, the "cog" is a cognitive system employing virtually any kind of cognitive computing technology.

Other characteristics of a cognitive analytics system include:

* '''Adaptability:''' cognitive analytics systems can use machine learning to adapt to different contexts with minimal human supervision

* '''Natural language interaction:''' cognitive analytics systems can be equipped with a chatbot or search assistant that understands queries, explains data insights and interacts with humans in natural language.

== Applications ==

;Education: Even if cognitive computing can not take the place of teachers, it can still be a heavy driving force in the education of students. Cognitive computing being used in the classroom is applied by essentially having an assistant that is personalized for each individual student. This cognitive assistant can relieve the stress that teachers face while teaching students, while also enhancing the student’s learning experience over all.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elearningindustry.com/artificial-intelligence-in-the-classroom-role|title=The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In The Classroom|last=Sears|first=Alec|date=April 14, 2018|website=ElearningIndustry|access-date=April 11, 2019}}</ref> Teachers may not be able to pay each and every student individual attention, this being the place that cognitive computers fill the gap. Some students may need a little more help with a particular subject. For many students, Human interaction between student and teacher can cause [[anxiety]] and can be uncomfortable. With the help of Cognitive Computer [[Tutor|tutors]], students will not have to face their uneasiness and can gain the confidence to learn and do well in the classroom.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coccoli |first1=Mauro |last2=Maresca |first2=Paolo |last3=Stanganelli |first3=Lidia |title=Cognitive computing in education |journal=Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society |date=21 May 2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |url=https://www.learntechlib.org/p/173468/ }}</ref> While a student is in class with their personalized assistant, this assistant can develop various techniques, like creating lesson plans, to tailor and aid the student and their needs.

;Healthcare: Numerous tech companies are in the process of developing technology that involves cognitive computing that can be used in the medical field. The ability to classify and identify is one of the main goals of these cognitive devices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dobrescu |first1=Edith Mihaela |last2=Dobrescu |first2=Emilian M. |title=Artificial Intelligence (Ai) - The Technology That Shapes The World |journal=Global Economic Observer |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2018 |pages=71–81 |id={{ProQuest|2176184267}} |url=http://www.globeco.ro/wp-content/uploads/vol/split/vol_6_no_2/geo_2018_vol6_no2_art_006.pdf }}</ref> This trait can be very helpful in the study of identifying [[Carcinogen|carcinogens]]. This cognitive system that can detect would be able to assist the examiner in interpreting countless numbers of documents in a lesser amount of time than if they did not use Cognitive Computer technology. This technology can also evaluate information about the patient, looking through every medical record in depth, searching for indications that can be the source of their problems.

;Commerce: Together with Artificial Intelligence, it has been used in warehouse management systems  to collect, store, organize and analyze all related supplier data. All these aims at improving efficiency, enabling faster decision-making, monitoring inventory and fraud detection<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Procurement Technologies for the Construction Sector |url=https://publication.sipmm.edu.sg/smart-procurement-technologies-construction-sector/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=publication.sipmm.edu.sg |language=en-US}}</ref>

;Other use cases

* [[Speech recognition]]

* [[Sentiment analysis]]

* [[Face detection]]

* [[Risk assessment]]

* [[Fraud detection]]

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Cognitive computing in conjunction with [[big data]] and [[algorithm]]s that comprehend [[customer needs]], can be a major advantage in economic [[decision making]].

The powers of cognitive computing and [[artificial intelligence]] hold the potential to affect almost every task that humans are capable of performing. This can negatively affect employment for humans, as there would be no such need for human labor anymore. It would also increase the [[inequality of wealth]]; the people at the head of the cognitive computing industry would grow significantly richer, while workers without ongoing, reliable employment would become less well off.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Makridakis |first1=Spyros |title=The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms |journal=Futures |date=June 2017 |volume=90 |pages=46–60 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2017.03.006 |s2cid=152199271 }}</ref>

The more industries start to utilizeuse cognitive computing, the more difficult it will be for humans to compete.<ref name=":0" /> Increased use of the technology will also increase the amount of work that AI-driven [[robot]]s and machines can perform. Only extraordinarily talented, capable and motivated humans would be able to keep up with the machines. The influence of competitive individuals in conjunction with AIartificial intelligence/CCcognitive computing with has the potential to change the course of humankind.<ref>{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Darrell M. |title=The Future of Work: Robots, AI, and Automation |date=2018 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |jstor=10.7864/j.ctt1vjqp2g |isbn=978-0-8157-3293-8 }}{{pnpage needed|date=August 2020}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Automation]]

* [[Affective computing]]

* [[Analytics]]

* [[Artificial intelligence]]

* [[Artificial neural network]]

* [[Brain computer interface]]

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{{Reflist|40em}}

==Further reading ==

* {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpcwire.com/2016/02/25/25170/|title=Mapping Out a New Role for Cognitive Computing in Science|last=Russell|first=John|date=2016-02-15|website=HPCwire|access-date=2016-04-21}}

[[Category:Cognitive science]]

[[Category:Artificial intelligence]]

[[Category:CognitiveBranches of cognitive science]]