E and F-class destroyer: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox ship class overview

|Builders=

|Operators=*{{navy|UKUnited Kingdom}}

*{{navynaval|Canada|1911}}

*{{navy|Kingdom of Greece|1935-naval|name=Royal Hellenic Navy}}

*{{navy|Dominican Republic}}

|Class before={{sclass2-|C and D|destroyer|4}}

|Class after={{sclass2-|G and H|destroyer|4}}

|Subclasses=E, F

|Built range=1933–351933–1935

|In commission range=1934–681934–1968

|Total ships completed=18

|Total ships lost=10

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|Header caption=

|Ship type=[[Destroyer]]

|Ship displacement=*{{convert|1405|LT|t|lk=on}} ([[Standard displacement|standard]])

*{{convert|1940|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])

|Ship length={{convert|329|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} ([[Length overall|o/a]])

|Ship beam={{convert|33|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}

|Ship draught={{convert|12|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} (deep)

|Ship power=*{{convert|36000|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on|3 × [[Admiralty 3-2}}drum boiler]]s

*{{cvt|36000|shp|kW|lk=on}}

*3 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s

|Ship propulsion=2 × shafts; 2 × [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] geared [[steam turbine]]s

|Ship speed={{convert|35.5|kn|lk=in}}

|Ship range={{convert|6350|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}

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|Ship sensors=[[Sonar#History|ASDIC]]

|Ship armament=

*4 × 1 -single [[4.7 inch QF Mark IX|QF 4.7-inch in (120 mm) Mk IX guns]]

*2 × 4 -quadruple [[Vickers .50 machine gun|{{convertcvt|0.5|in|mm|adj=on|1}} machine guns]]

*2 × 4 -quadruple [[British 21-inch torpedo|21-inch in (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tubes]]

*201 × [[Depthdepth charge]]s rack, 12 rack× throwers and 220 throwers× depth charges

}}

{{Infobox ship characteristics

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|Ship displacement=*{{convert|1475|-|1495|LT|t}} (standard)

*{{convert|2010|-|2050|LT|t}} (deep load)

|Ship length={{convert|343|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} (o/a)

|Ship beam={{convert|33|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}}

|Ship speed={{convert|36|kn|abbr=on}}

|Ship power={{convert|38000|shp|abbr=on}}

|Ship complement= 175

|Ship armament=5 × 1single - [[4.7 inch QF Mark IX|QF 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mk IXin guns]]

}}

|}

The '''E and F-class destroyers''' were a group of 18 [[destroyer]]s built for the [[Royal Navy]] during the 1930s. The ships were initially assigned to the [[Home Fleet]], although they reinforced the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] during the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|Italian invasion of Abyssinia]] of 1935–36 and enforced the [[Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War|Non-Intervention Agreement]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]] of 1936–391936–1939. After the beginning of the Second World War in August 1939, the E-class ships were mostly assigned to escort duties under the [[Western Approaches Command]], while the Fs were assigned to escort the ships of the Home Fleet. Between them they sank four German submarines through March 1940 while losing only one ship to a submarine.

Most of the [[sister ship|sisters]] were committed to the [[Norwegian Campaign]] in April–June where they helped to sink one German destroyer and a submarine. The two E-class [[minelayer]]-destroyers helped to [[evacuation of Dunkirk|evacuate Allied troops from Dunkirk]] in May–June. Most of the Fs were sent to [[Gibraltar]] around the end of June and formed part of [[Force H]] where they participated in the [[attack on Mers-el-Kébir]]. Two months later they participated in the [[Battle of Dakar]] where they sank three [[Vichy French]] submarines. During the rest of 1940, they sank one Italian submarine while losing two ships to [[naval mine|mine]]s and torpedoes. Force H covered a number of [[Malta convoys|convoys to Malta]] in 1941, during which they sank one German submarine and lost one destroyer to bombs. Three E-class ships began escorting [[Arctic convoys|convoys to Russia]] in late 1941 and three others were transferred to the [[Eastern Fleet]].

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All of the ships had the same main armament, four [[List of British ordnance terms#QF|quick-firing (QF)]] [[4.7 inch QF Mark IX & XII|{{convert|4.7|in|mm|adj=on}} Mark IX]] guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. The guns had a maximum elevation of 40° which was achieved by using a lowered section of the deck around the mount, the "well", that allowed the [[Breech-loading weapon|breech]] of the gun to be lowered below deck height.<ref>Whitley, p. 103</ref> They fired a {{convert|50|lb|kg|adj=on|1}} shell at a [[muzzle velocity]] of {{convert|2650|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} to a range of {{convert|16970|yd|m}}.<ref>Campbell, p. 48</ref> For [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] (AA) defence, they had two quadruple mounts for the [[Vickers .50 machine gun|QF 0.5-inch Vickers Mk III]] machine gun on platforms between the [[funnel (ship)|funnel]]s. The E- and F-class ships were fitted with two quadruple mounts for [[British 21-inch torpedo|21-inch (533&nbsp;mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s. The ships, except for the minelayers, were also equipped with two throwers and one rack for 20 [[depth charge]]s. The stern of the minelayers was fitted with a pair of [[sponson]]s that housed part of the mechanical chain-conveyor system and to ensure smooth delivery of her mines.<ref name=l1>Lenton, pp. 156–58</ref> To compensate for the weight of her Mark XIV mines, their rails, two 4.7-inch guns, their ammunition, both sets of torpedo tubes, their whalers and their [[davit]]s had to be removed.<ref>Friedman, p. 218</ref>

The main guns were controlled by an [[Admiralty Fire Control Clock]] Mk I that used data derived from the manually- operated [[List of British ordnance terms#DCT|director-control tower]] and the separate {{convert|9|ft|adj=on}} [[Rangefinding telemeter|rangefinder]] situated above the [[bridge (nautical)|bridge]]. They had no capability for anti-aircraft fire and the anti-aircraft guns were aimed solely by eye.<ref>Campbell, pp. 14–15; Hodges & Friedman, pp. 12, 17</ref>

===Wartime modifications===

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===E class===

[[File:HMS Eclipse WWII IWM FL 11548.jpg|thumb|''Eclipse'' at anchor before 1943]]

{| class="sortablewikitable wikitableplainrowheaders"

|+ Construction data

!scope="col"|Ship

!scope="col"|Builder <ref name=l57/>

!scope="col"|[[Laid down]]<ref name=e63>English, p. 63</ref>

!scope="col"|[[Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]]<ref name=l57>Lenton, p. 157</ref>

!scope="col"|Completed <ref name=e63/>

!scope="col"|Fate

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Exmouth|H02|2}} (flotilla leader)

!Ship

![[Pennant number]]

!Builder<ref name=l57/>

!Laid down<ref name=e63>English, p. 63</ref>

!Launched<ref name=l57>Lenton, p. 157</ref>

!Completed<ref name=e63/>

!Notes

|-

|{{HMS|Exmouth|H02|2}} (flotilla leader)

|H02

|[[HMNB Portsmouth|HM Dockyard, Portsmouth]]

|15 May 1933

|7 February 1934

|9 November 1934

| Sunk by the {{GS|U-22|1936|6}}, 21 January 1940

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Echo|H23|2}}

|H23

|rowspan=2|[[William Denny & Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]]

|20 March 1933

|16 February 1934

|22 October 1934

|Transferred to [[Hellenic Navy|Greece]] as ''Navarinon'' in 1944; returned to RN in 1956 and scrapped

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Eclipse|H08|2}}

|H08

|22 March 1933

|12 April 1934

|29 November 1934

| Sunk by a mine, 24 October 1943

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Electra|H27|2}}

|H27

|rowspan=2|[[Hawthorn Leslie & Company]], [[Hebburn]]

| rowspan="2" |15 March 1933

|15 February 1934

|13 September 1934

| Sunk in the [[Battle of the Java Sea]], 27 February 1942

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Encounter|H10|2}}

|H10

|29 March 1934

|2 November 1934

|Sunk in the [[Second Battle of the Java Sea]], 1 March 1942

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Escapade|H17|2}}

|H17

|rowspan=2|[[Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Company]], [[Greenock]]

| rowspan="2" |30 March 1933

|30 January 1934

|30 August 1934

|Scrapped 1947

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Escort|H66|2}}

|H66

|29 March 1934

|30 October 1934

| Torpedoed by the {{ship|Italian submarine|Guglielmo Marconi|1939|6}}, 8 July 1940; sank while under tow, 11 July

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Esk|H15|2}}

|H15

|rowspan=2|[[Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson]], [[Wallsend]]

| rowspan="2" |24 March 1933

|19 March 1934

|28 September 1934

| Sunk by mine, 31 August 1940

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Express|H61|2}}

|H61

|29 May 1934

|2 November 1934

|Transferred to RCN as HMCS ''Gatineau''

|}

===F class===

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"

[[File:HMS Foresight sunk by HMS Tartar.jpg|thumb|''Foresight'' being scuttled, 12 August 1942]]

|+ Construction data

{| class="sortable wikitable"

!scope="col"|Ship

!scope="col"|Builder <ref name=e6/>

!scope="col"|Laid down <ref name=l59/>

!scope="col"|Launched <ref name=e6>English, p. 76</ref>

!scope="col"|Completed <ref name=l59>Lenton, pp. 158–59158–159</ref>

!scope="col"|Fate

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Faulknor|H62|2}} (flotilla leader)

!Ship

![[Pennant number]]

!Builder<ref name=e6/>

!Laid down<ref name=l59/>

!Launched<ref name=e6>English, p. 76</ref>

!Completed<ref name=l59>Lenton, pp. 158–59</ref>

!Notes

|-

|{{HMS|Faulknor|H62|2}} (flotilla leader)

|H62

|[[Yarrow & Company|Yarrow]], [[Scotstoun]]

|31 July 1933

|12 June 1934

|24 May 1935

|Scrapped, 1946

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Fame|H78|2}}

|H78

|[[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]], [[Wallsend]]

|5 July 1933

|28 June 1934

|26 April 1935

|Sold to [[Dominican Navy|Dominican Republic]] as ''Generalisimo'' 1949, scrapped 1968

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Fearless|H67|2}}

|H67

|[[Cammell Laird]], [[Birkenhead]]

|17 March 1933

|12 May 1934

|22 December 1934

| Torpedoed by Italian aircraft and scuttled, 23 July 1941

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Firedrake|H79|2}}

|Parsons, Wallsend

|H79

|[[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]], [[Wallsend]]

|5 July 1933

|28 June 1934

|30 May 1935

| Sunk by the {{GS|U-211||6}}, 16/17 December 1942

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Foresight|H68|2}}

|[[Cammell Laird]], [[Birkenhead]]

|H68

|[[Cammell Laird]], [[Birkenhead]]

|21 July 1933

|29 June 1934

|15 May 1935

| Torpedoed by an Italian bomber and scuttled by [[HMS Tartar (F43)|HMS ''Tartar'']], 13 August 1942

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Forester|H74|2}}

|H74

|[[J. Samuel White]], [[Cowes]]

|15 May 1933

|28 June 1934

|29 March 1935

|Scrapped, 1946

|

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Fortune|H70|2}}

|H70

|rowspan=2|[[John Brown & Company|John Brown]], [[Clydebank]]

|25 July 1933

|29 August 1934

|27 April 1935

| Transferred to RCN as HMCS ''Saskatchewan'', 1943

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Foxhound|H69|2}}

|H69

|21 August 1933

|12 October 1934

|6 June 1935

|Transferred to RCN as HMCS ''Qu'Appelle'', 1944

|-

!scope="row"|{{HMS|Fury|H76|2}}

|[[J. Samuel White]], [[Cowes]]

|H76

|[[J. Samuel White]], [[Cowes]]

|19 May 1933

|10 September 1934

|18 May 1935

|Scrapped after mine and collision damage, 1944

|

|}

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All of the E class were assigned to the [[5th Destroyer Flotilla]] (DF) of the Home Fleet upon [[Ship commissioning|commissioning]] during 1934. Following the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian invasion of Abyssinia]], the entire flotilla was sent to the Red Sea in August 1935 to monitor Italian warship movements until April 1936. Refitted upon their return, many were deployed to Spanish waters during the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1936–39 to intercept shipping carrying contraband goods to Spain and to protect British-flagged ships. While the F-class ships were assigned to the [[6th Destroyer Flotilla]] of the Home Fleet, they followed much the same pattern as their E-class sisters. In April 1939 the 5th and 6th DFs were renumbered the [[7th Destroyer Flotilla|7th]] and [[8th Destroyer Flotilla]]s, respectively. In mid-1939, newly commissioned [[J-, K- and N-class destroyer|J-class destroyers]] began to replace the E-class ships and they were reduced to [[Reserve fleet|reserve]] for lack of manpower. Increasing tensions with Nazi Germany in August, caused the British to mobilize the Navy's [[History of the Royal Naval Reserve|reserves]], which allowed the ships to be manned again and assigned to the [[12th Destroyer Flotilla]] of the Home Fleet.<ref name=e4>English, pp. 64–74, 76–86</ref>

When the war began on 3 September, the E-class ships, except for the two minelayers, ''Esk'' and ''Express'', were assigned to the [[Western Approaches Command]] (WAC) for convoy escort and patrolling duties, while the Fs remained with the Home Fleet, performing the same sorts of tasks.<ref name=e4/> On 14 September, ''Faulknor'', ''Firedrake'', and ''Foxhound'', escorting the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}}, sank {{GS|U-39|1938|2}}, the first German [[submarine]] to be lost during the war, after she had unsuccessfully attacked the carrier. Six days later, ''Fearless'', ''Faulknor'', ''Forester'', and ''Fortune'' sank {{GS|U-27|1936|2}}.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 3–4</ref> Most of the E class remained with the WAC until April 1940, but several were transferred to [[Rosyth Command]] at the end of 1939. ''Exmouth'' was one of these and was sunk by {{GS|U-22|1936|2}} on 21 January 1940 in the [[Moray Firth]]. On the other hand, ''Escapade'' forced {{GS|U-63|1939|2}} to the surface on 25 February, which was then scuttled by her crew, and ''Fortune'' sank {{GS|U-44|1939|2}} on 20 March. ''Esk'' and ''Express'' were assigned to the specialist [[20th Destroyer Flotilla]] shortly after the war began, together with the four {{sclass2-|I|destroyer|2}}-minelayers, and were busy laying mines in the [[North Sea]] and off the English coast through April–May 1940.<ref name=e4/>

The beginning of the [[Norwegian Campaign]] in April saw almost all of the E and F class transferred to the Home Fleet for operations in Norwegian waters. For the most part they escorted the ships of the Home Fleet and the various convoys to and from Norway, but ''Forester'' and ''Foxhound'' were part of the escort for the battleship {{HMS|Warspite|03|2}} during the [[Second Battle of Narvik]] on 13 April and the latter helped to sink one German destroyer. While escorting one convoy, ''Fearless'' and the destroyer {{HMS|Brazen|H80|2}} sank {{GS|U-49|1939|2}} two days later.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 17–24</ref> ''Esk'' and ''Express'' were the only two ships committed to the [[evacuation of Dunkirk]] in May–June, each rescuing thousands of Allied troops.<ref name=e74>English, pp. 72, 74</ref>

[[File:HMS Fame 1942 IWM FL 13040.jpg|thumb|''Fame'' at anchor, 5 September 1942]]

''Fearless'', ''Escapade'', ''Faulknor'', and ''Foxhound'' of the 8th DF escorted ''Ark Royal'' and the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Hood|51|2}} to [[Gibraltar]] in late June, where they formed [[Force H]]. Eight days later, they participated in the [[attack on Mers-el-Kébir]] against the [[Vichy French]] ships stationed there, together with ''Forester'', ''Foresight'' and ''Escort''.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 31</ref> The latter ship was sunk by an Italian submarine on 11 July while covering a [[Malta convoy]].<ref>Evans, pp. 50–51</ref> Most of Force H returned to the UK for a brief refit in early August, but upon their return at the end of the month, the 8th DF now consisted of ''Faulknor'', ''Forester'', ''Foresight'', ''Firedrake'', ''Fortune'', ''Fury'', and {{HMS|Greyhound|H05|2}}.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 35, 37</ref> On the night of 31 August/1 September, ''Esk'', ''Express'' and three other minelaying destroyers laid a minefield off the Dutch island of [[Texel]]. While doing so, the latter ship struck a mine that blew her bow off. While closing to render aid, ''Esk'' struck two mines that broke her in half with heavy casualties. ''Express'' was towed back to England for repairs that lasted until October 1941.<ref name=e74/> On 13 September, Force H met a convoy that was carrying troops intended to capture [[Dakar]] from the Vichy French that was escorted by {{HMS|Inglefield|D02|2}}, ''Eclipse'', ''Echo'', ''Encounter'', and ''Escapade''. Ten days later they [[Battle of Dakar|attacked Dakar]] where ''Foresight'' and ''Inglefield'' sank the {{ship|French submarine|Persée}}, ''Fortune'' sank the submarine {{ship|French submarine|Ajax||2}} a day later<ref>Rohwer, pp. 38, 42</ref> and ''Foresight'' sank the submarine {{ship|French submarine|Bévéziers|1935|2}} on the 25th. After the battle, ''Escapade'' and ''Echo'' returned to the Home Fleet and resumed their regular duties of fleet escort. On 17 October, ''Fame'' [[Ship grounding|ran aground]] and could not be [[Marine salvage|refloated]] for several months. The following day, ''Firedrake'' together with the destroyer {{HMS|Wrestler|1918|2}} and two Royal Air Force [[flying boat]]s sank the {{ship|Italian submarine|Durbo}}. ''Fury'', ''Encounter'', ''Faulknor'', ''Firedrake'', and ''Forester'' participated in the inconclusive [[Battle of Cape Spartivento]] on 27 November.<ref>English, pp. 65, 67, 69–70, 77–78, 80, 86</ref>

In 1941, the 8th DF escorted Force H as it covered multiple convoys and aircraft carriers flying off aircraft to Malta. While returning from one of the latter missions, ''Forester'', ''Foresight'', ''Faulknor'', ''Fearless'' and ''Foxhound'' sank {{GS|U-138|1940|2}} on 18 June. A month later, ''Fearless'' was crippled by Italian bombs on 23 July while escorting a convoy to Malta and had to be scuttled by her sister ''Foresight'' while ''Firedrake'' was badly damaged by near misses and had to return to Gibraltar for repairs. The ships of the 8th DF mostly returned home between August and October for repairs and refits. ''Encounter'' was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in April and spent several months under repair as she was badly damaged by bombs at Malta. The ship was then transferred to the Eastern Fleet in November and arrived at [[Singapore]] the following month. ''Eclipse'', ''Echo'', and ''Electra'' were assigned to the [[3rd Destroyer Flotilla]] of the Home Fleet at the beginning of 1941 where they escorted the larger ships of the fleet while they were searching for German [[commerce raider]]s and on other missions. ''Escapade'' began escorting [[Arctic convoys of World War II|convoys to Russia]] in August and continued to do so for most of the following year. ''Electra'' did the same for several months until she was detailed to escort the [[battleship]] {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|2}} and the battlecruiser {{HMS|Repulse|1916|2}} to Singapore in October, together with ''Express''.<ref>English, pp. 65, 67–70, 76, 79, 80–82, 85</ref>

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{{Commons category|E and F class destroyer|E- and F-class destroyer}}

*{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|___location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}

*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|___location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}

* {{cite book |last1=Douglas |first1=W. A. B.|last2=Sarty |first2=Roger |author3=Michael Whitby |author4=Robert H. Caldwell |author5=William Johnston |author6=William G. P. Rawling |title=No Higher Purpose|series=The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943 |volume=2 |others=part 1 |year=2002|publisher=Vanwell |___location=St. Catharines, Ontario |isbn=1-55125-061-6|name-list-style=amp}}

* {{cite book|last=English|first=John|title=Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s|year=1993 |publisher=World Ship Society|___location=Kendal, England|isbn=0-905617-64-9}}

* {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Arthur S.|title=Destroyer Down: An Account of HM Destroyer Losses 1939–1945 |publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime|___location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84884-270-80|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/destroyerdownacc0000evan}}

* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Destroyers From Earliest Days to the Second World War |publisher=Naval Institute Press|___location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2009 |isbn=978-1-59114-081-8 |author-link=Norman Friedman}}

*{{cite book |last1=Hodges |first1=Peter |last2=Friedman |first2=Norman |title=Destroyer Weapons of World War 2 |year=1979 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |___location= London|isbn=0-87021-929-4|name-list-style=amp}}

* {{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War |publisher=Naval Institute Press|___location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998 |isbn=1-55750-048-7 |author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton}}

* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|___location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005 |edition=Third Rev.Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2 |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}}

* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|___location=Annapolis, Maryland|author-link=Michael J. Whitley}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau |editor1-first=Roger |publisher=ConwayMayflower Maritime PressBooks|___location=Greenwich,New UKYork|year=1980|isbn=0-851778317-1460303-72 |chapter=Great Britain (including Empire Forces) |last1=Campbell |first1=N. J. M.|pages=2–85}}

{{E and F class destroyer}}

{{Interwar standard destroyer}}

{{WWII British ships}}

{{WWIIBritishShips}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:E And F Class Destroyer}}