Eastern Java–Bali rain forests: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Ecoregion in Eastern Java and Bali}}

{{Infobox ecoregion

|name = Ecoregion: Eastern Java-BaliJava–Bali rain forests

|image = Landscape Meru Betiri NP - East Java S4E2410 (30019388522).jpg

|image_size = 300

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|animals =

|bird_species =

|border = [[Eastern Java–Bali montane rain forests]]

|borders =

|border1 = [[Western Java rain forests]]

|area = 53872

|country = [[Indonesia]]

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|habitat_loss =

|habitat_loss_ref =

|protected = 2.5

|protected_ref = <ref name="dopa"/>

}}

The '''Eastern Java-Bali rain forests''' [[ecoregion]] (WWF ID: IM0113) covers the lowland areas of the eastern half of the island of [[Java]], and the island of [[Bali]], in [[Indonesia]]. This ecoregion is distinct from the [[Eastern Java-Bali montane rain forests]], which exists at higher altitudeselevations where mountain forest habitat dominates. Very little of the natural lowland rainforest remains in its pre-human settlement state.<ref name="wwf">{{cite web|title=Eastern Java-Bali rain forests|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0113|publisher=World Wildlife Federation|language=en|access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve, using WWF data|language=en|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{cite web|title=Eastern Java-Bali rain forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40113|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{cite web|title=Eastern Java-Bali rain forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Eastern_Java-Bali_rain_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=August 28, 2020}}</ref>

{{Category:Ecoregion |}}

== Location and description ==

The ecoregion covers the lowlands of the eastern half of Java and Bali. Also included are [[Madura Island]] and the [[Kangean Islands]] off the north coast of Java. The soil is mostly volcanic and alluvial deposits due to the large, active volcanoes in the center, and with some uplifted coral limestone.

== Climate ==

The climate of the ecoregion is ''[[Tropical monsoon climate]]'' ([[Köppen climate classification]] [[Tropical monsoon climate|(Am)]]). This climate is characterized by relatively even temperatures throughout the year (all months being greater than {{convert|18|C|F}} average temperature), and a pronounced dry season. The driest month has less than 60&nbsp;mm of precipitation, but more than (100-(average/25)) &nbsp;mm. This climate is mid-way between a tropical rainforest and a tropical savannah. The dry month usually at or right after the winter solstice in the NorthernSouthern Hemisphere.<ref name="kop">{{cite web|authorfirst1=Kottek, M., |last1=Kottek |first2=J. |last2=Grieser, |first3=C. |last3=Beck, |first4=B. |last4=Rudolf, and |first5=F. |last5=Rubel, |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006|language=en|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{cite web|title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications|url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification|publisher=World Bank|language=en|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==

About 25% of the region is closed forest, 25% open forest, 35% cultivated/agricultural, and the rest urban or built up.<ref name="dopa"/> Precipitation levels determine much of the forest character. Through the inland lowlands, the forests are moist deciduous, with 1,500–4,000&nbsp;mm of precipitation per year and with a four-six months of dry season. Because precipitation levels decline towards the east of Java, these forests are not as wet as in the west.<ref name="wwf"/> Typical trees in these moist deciduous forests include ''([[Homalium tomentosum]] tomentosum)'', Silksilk trees ''([[Albizia]] lebbekoides]])'', and Reonjareonja ''([[Acacia leucophloea]])'', a 20–30 foot tree with yellow flowers.

Along the southern coast of the ecoregion are semi-evergreen rain forests, with higher precipitation levels and only two-four months of dry season. Common south coast trees include ''([[Artocarpus elasticus]])'' (of the mulberry family), Yellow mahogany ''([[DysoxylumEpicharis caulostachyumparasitica]])'' and Duku ''([[Lansium parasiticum]])''. Along the northern coast precipitation levels are dryer (below 1,500&nbsp;mm/year and with more than six months of dry season), resulting in a dry deciduous forest.<ref name="wwf"/>

Scientists in the ecoregion have recorded 103 species of mammals, notable 15 species of ecologically important fruit bats that provide pollination. Over 350 species of birds have been recorded.

== Protected areas ==

Less than 3% of this ecoregion is officially protected. Notable protected areas include:<ref name="dopa"/>

* [[West Bali National Park]]

* [[Meru Betiri National Park]]

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[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]

[[Category:Ecoregions of Indonesia]]

[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]

[[Category:Ecoregions of Malesia]]