Endurance time method: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

The '''endurance time''' ('''ET''')<ref name="LoganAbbrev">{{Cite book |title=Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations |vauthors=Logan CM, Rice MK |publisher=[[J. B. Lippincott & Co.|J. B. Lippincott]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-397-54589-4 |page=182 |type=Hardbound book}}</ref> '''method''' is a [[Structural dynamics|dynamic structural analysis]] procedure for seismic assessment of structures. In this procedure, an intensifying dynamic excitation is used as the [[Structural load|loading]] function.<ref name=w2/> Endurance time method is a time-history based dynamic analysis procedure. An estimate of the structural response at different equivalent [[Seismic hazard|seismic intensity]] levels is obtained in a single response history analysis.<ref name=j2/> This method has applications in [[Seismic analysis|seismic assessment]] of various structural types and in different areas of [[earthquake engineering]].<ref name=j39/><ref name=j42/><ref name=j43/>

== The concept of endurance time method ==

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== ET excitation functions ==

ET excitation functions are generated by using [[numerical optimization]] methods.<ref name=j8/><ref name=j26/> ET excitation functions are publicly available through internet websites.<ref name=w2/><ref name=w1/> ET excitation functions arecan be categorized into fourfive generations as follows:

# First generation of ET excitation functions (ETEFs) are essentially a filtered and profiled [[white noise]]. These were used for demonstrating the concept of ET and have limited practical significance.<ref name=j1/>

# Second-generation ETEFs incorporate [[response spectrum]] matching. These ETEFs produce numerically significant analysis results.<ref name=j20/>

# Third-generation ETEFs are optimized in nonlinear range. These ETEFs deliver improved analysis performance.

# Fourth-generation ETEFs are optimized to include duration consistency.<ref name=j33/>

# Fifth-generation ETEFs are optimized to include damage consistency.<ref name=j34/>

[[File:ETA20f03 Endutance Time Excitation Function.png|250px|framed|center|Fig. 1. A typical endurance time excitation function (ETA20f03 record)]]

== Application areas in earthquake engineering ==

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* [[Seismic analysis|Nonlinear dynamic analysis]] of structures<ref name=j3/><ref name=j5/>

* Seismic evaluation of jacket-type offshore platforms <ref name=j32/>

* Optimal damper placement in framed buildings<ref name=j12/><ref name=j51/>

* Optimal design of energy dissipation systems <ref name=j49/><ref name=j50/><ref name=j52/><ref name=w3/>

* Seismic assessment of structures<ref name=j7/>

* Performance-based seismic design method <ref name=j11/><ref name=j24/><ref name=j35/><ref name=j36/><ref name=j54/>

* Collapse-based seismic design method <ref name=j53/>

* Value-based seismic design <ref name=j37/><ref name=j38/>

* Structural optimization<ref name=j17/>

* Multi-component seismic analysis<ref name=j25/>

* Soil–structure interaction<ref name=j40/><ref name=j47/>

* soil-pile-superstructure interaction <ref name=j32/>

* Liquid–structure interaction<ref name=j19/>

* Dam engineering<ref name=j14/>

* Bridge engineering<ref name=j41/><ref name=j44/><ref name=j45/>

* Seismic rehabilitation<ref name=t1/>

* Collapse analysis<ref name=j22/>

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ET method has been applied in seismic assessment of the following structural types:

* Single degree of freedom systems{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}

* Moment and braced [[steel frame]]s<ref name=j25/><ref name=j15/><ref name=j48/>

* Concrete frames

* Bridges<ref name=t2/><ref name=j46/>

* [[Dam|Gravity dams]]<ref name=j14/>

* [[Arch dam]]s<ref name=j27/>

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<ref name=j2>Estekanchi, H.E., Valamanesh, V. and Vafai, A. (2007), ''Application of Endurance Time Method in Linear Seismic Analysis'', Engineering Structures, v29, n10, p2551-2562, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.01.009 doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.01.009]</ref>

<ref name=j3>Estekanchi, H. E., Arjomandi, K and Vafai, A. (2008), ''Estimating Structural Damage of Steel Moment Frames by Endurance Time Method'', Journal of Constructional Steel Research, v64, n2, p145-155, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.05.010 doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.05.010]</ref>

<ref name=j5>Riahi, H. T. ; Estekanchi, H. E. and Vafai, A. (2009), ''Estimates of Average Inelastic Deformation Demands for Regular Steel Frames by the Endurance Time Method'', Scientia Iranica, v16, n5, p388-402, [http://scientiairanica.sharif.ir/PDF/Articles/00001120/estekanchi.pdf Link]</ref>

<ref name=j6>Estekanchi, H. E.; Riahi, H. T. and Vafai, A. (2009), ''Endurance Time Method: Exercise Test as Applied to Structures'', Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, v10, n5, p559-577, [http://www.bhrc.ac.ir/Portal/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=6MYAQ2Vrz%2bY%3d&tabid=562 Link]</ref>

<ref name=j7>Riahi, H. T. and Estekanchi, H. E, (2010), "Seismic Assessment of Steel Frames with Endurance Time Method", Journal of Constructional Steel Research, v66, n6, p780-792, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.12.001 doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.12.001]</ref>

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<ref name=j13>Valamanesh, V and Estekanchi, H. E. (2011), "Endurance time method for multi-component analysis of steel elastic moment frames", Scientia Iranica, v18, n2, p139-142, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2011.03.024 doi:10.1016/j.scient.2011.03.024]</ref>

<ref name=j14>Valamanesh, V; Estekanchi, H. E., Vafai, A and Ghaemian M. (2011), "Application of Endurance time method in seismic analysis of concrete gravity dams", Scientia Iranica A, v18, n3, p326-337, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2011.05.039 doi:10.1016/j.scient.2011.05.039]</ref>

<ref name=j15>Estekanchi, H. E., Riahi, H. T. and Vafai, A. (2011), ''"Application of Endurance Time Method in Seismic Assessment of Steel Frames", Engineering Structures, v33, n9, p2535-2546 [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.04.025 doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.04.025]</ref>

<ref name=j16>Madarshahian, R., Estekanchi, H. E. and Mahvashmohammadi, A. (2011), "Estimating seismic demand parameters with Endurance Time method", Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), v12, n8, p616-626, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1000389 doi:10.1631/jzus.A1000389]</ref>

<ref name=j17>Nozari, A and Estekanchi, H. E. (2011) "Optimization of Endurance Time acceleration functions for seismic assessment of structures, International Journal of Optimization in Civil Engineering, v1, n2, 257–277, [http://www.iust.ac.ir/ijoce/browse.php?a_id=18&sid=1&slc_lang=en Link]</ref>

<ref name=j18>Alembagheri, M and Estekanchi, H. E. (2011), "Seismic Assessment of Unanchored Steel Storage Tanks by Endurance Time Method", Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, v10, n4, p591-604, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-011-0092-y doi:10.1007/s11803-011-0092-y]</ref>

<ref name=j19>Estekanchi, H. E. and Alembagheri, , M. (2012), "Seismic analysis of steel liquid storage tanks by Endurance Time method", Thin-Walled Structures, v50, n1, p14-23, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2011.08.015 doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2011.08.015]</ref>

<ref name=j20>Mashayekhi, M. and Estekanchi, H.E. (2012), "Significance of effective number of cycles in Endurance Time analysis", Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, v13, n5, p647-657, [http://www.bhrc.ac.ir/portal/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=VZNVowDsp_Q%3d&tabid=1121 Link]</ref>

<ref name=j21>Zeinoddini, M., Nikoo, H. M. and Estekanchi H.E. (2012), "Endurance Wave Analysis (EWA) and its application for assessment of offshore structures under extreme waves", Applied Ocean Research, v37, p98-110, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.003 doi: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.003]</ref>

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<ref name=t1>Bazmooneh, Amirali (2009), Application of Endurance Time method in seismic evaluation of existing steel buildings, Thesis presented to the Department of Civil Engineering as a partial requirement for degree of Master of Science, Sharif University of Technology http://library.sharif.ir/parvan/resource/290141/</ref>

<ref name=t2>Ghaffari, Esmail (2010) Application of Endurance Time method in Seismic analysis of bridges, Thesis presented to the Department of Civil Engineering as a partial requirement for degree of Master of Science, Sharif University of Technology http://library.sharif.ir/parvan/resource/291956/</ref>

<ref name=j32>Hasani, H., Golafshani, A., Estekanchi, H. Seismic performance evaluation of jacket-type offshore platforms using endurance time method considering soil-pile-superstructure interaction. Scientia Iranica, 2017; 24(4): 1843-1854. doi: 10.24200/sci.2017.4275 http://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_4275_f79d8b4fdd0cc8d159b91b1a3b968585.pdf </ref>

<ref name=j33>Mashayekhi, M., Estekanchi, H. E., Vafai, A., & Mirfarhadi, S. A. (2018). Simulation of cumulative absolute velocity consistent endurance time excitations. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 1-26.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1540371</ref>

<ref name=j34>Mashayekhi, M., Estekanchi, H. E., Vafai, H., & Mirfarhadi, S. A. (2018). Development of hysteretic energy compatible endurance time excitations and its application. Engineering Structures, 177, 753-769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.09.089</ref>

<ref name=j35>Mirzaee, A., & Estekanchi, H. E. (2015). Performance-based seismic retrofitting of steel frames by the endurance time method. Earthquake Spectra, 31(1), 383-402. https://doi.org/10.1193/081312EQS262M</ref>

<ref name=j36>Basim, M. C., & Estekanchi, H. E. (2015). Application of endurance time method in performance-based optimum design of structures. Structural safety, 56, 52-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2015.05.005</ref>

<ref name=j37>Charkhtab Basim, M., E Estekanchi, H., & Vafai, A. (2016). A methodology for value based seismic design of structures by the endurance time method. Scientia Iranica, 23(6), 2514-2527. https://dx.doi.org/10.24200/sci.2016.2310</ref>

<ref name=j38>Mirfarhadi, S. A., & Estekanchi, H. E. (2020). Value based seismic design of structures using performance assessment by the endurance time method. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2020.1712436</ref>

<ref name=j39>Estekanchi, H. E., Mashayekhi, M., Vafai, H., Ahmadi, G., Mirfarhadi, S. A., & Harati, M. (2020, October). A state-of-knowledge review on the Endurance Time Method. In Structures (Vol. 27, pp. 2288-2299). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.07.062</ref>

<ref name=j40>Sarcheshmehpour, M., Estekanchi, H. E., & Ghannad, M. A. (2020). Optimum placement of supplementary viscous dampers for seismic rehabilitation of steel frames considering soil–structure interaction. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 29(1), e1682. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1682</ref>

<ref name=j41>Ghaffari, E., E Estekanchi, H., & Vafai, A. (2020). Application of endurance time method in seismic analysis of bridges. Scientia Iranica, 27(4), 1751-1761. https://dx.doi.org/10.24200/sci.2018.5041.1382</ref>

<ref name=j42>Estekanchi, H., & Vafai, H. (2018). Seismic analysis and design using the endurance time method, Volume I: Concepts and development. Momentum Press.</ref>

<ref name=j43>Estekanchi, H., & Vafai, H. (2018). Seismic analysis and design using the endurance time method, Volume II: Advanced topics and application. Momentum Press.</ref>

<ref name=j44>Guo, A., Shen, Y., Bai, J., & Li, H. (2017). Application of the endurance time method to the seismic analysis and evaluation of highway bridges considering pounding effects. Engineering Structures, 131, 220-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.11.009</ref>

<ref name=j45>He, H., Wei, K., Zhang, J., & Qin, S. (2020). Application of endurance time method to seismic fragility evaluation of highway bridges considering scour effect. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 136, 106243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106243</ref>

<ref name=j46>Pang, Y., Cai, L., He, W., & Wu, L. (2020). Seismic assessment of deep water bridges in reservoir considering hydrodynamic effects using endurance time analysis. Ocean Engineering, 198, 106846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106846</ref>

<ref name=j47>Bai, J., Jin, S., Zhao, J., & Sun, B. (2019). Seismic performance evaluation of soil-foundation-reinforced concrete frame systems by endurance time method. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 118, 47-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.12.011</ref>

<ref name=j48>Mohsenian, V., Hajirasouliha, I., & Nikkhoo, A. (2020). Multi-level Response Modification Factor Estimation for Steel Moment-Resisting Frames Using Endurance-Time Method. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1845875</ref>

<ref name=j49>Shirkhani, A., Mualla, I. H., Shabakhty, N., & Mousavi, S. R. (2015). Behavior of steel frames with rotational friction dampers by endurance time method. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 107, 211-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.01.016</ref>

<ref name=j50>Shirkhani, A., Farahmand Azar, B., & Basim, M. C. (2020). Optimum slip load of T-shaped friction dampers in steel frames by endurance time method. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings, 173(10), 746-760. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.18.00169</ref>

<ref name=j51>Shirkhani A., Farahmand Azar, B., Charkhtab Basim, M., & Mashayekhi M. (2021). Performance-based optimal distribution of viscous dampers in structure using hysteretic energy compatible endurance time excitations. International Journal of Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering, 5 (3), 46-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/nmce.5.3.46</ref>

<ref name=j52>Shirkhani, A., Farahmand Azar, B., & Charkhtab Basim, M. (2021). Seismic loss assessment of steel structures equipped with rotational friction dampers subjected to intensifying dynamic excitations. Engineering Structures, 238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112233</ref>

<ref name=j53>Jaberi, V. (2023). Collapse-based design method for simple seismic design of complex structural systems such as linked column frame system. Structures, 2023 Sep 1 (Vol. 55, pp. 482-497). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.06.059</ref>

<ref name=j54>Jaberi, V., Jaberi, M., & Asghari, A. (2024). A new performance-based seismic design method using endurance time analysis for linked column frame system and a comparison of structural systems and seismic analysis methods. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, e2100. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.2100</ref>

<ref name=w3>Application of Endurance Time (ET) method in optimal design of energy dissipation systems [Online]. https://sites.google.com/view/ascivil/endurance-time/</ref>

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