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{{Short description|Use of programmed texts or teaching machines}}
'''Programmed learning''' (or '''programmed instruction''') is a research-based system which helps learners work successfully. The method is guided by research done by a variety of [[Applied psychology|applied psychologists]] and educators.<ref name=Lums>Lumsdaine A.A. 1963. Instruments and media of instruction. In N.L. Gage (ed) ''Handbook of research on teaching''. Chicago: AERA and Rand McNally, 583–682.</ref>
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#The materials are self-paced or presented in a manner which suits the learner.
A helpful discussion of the different programming techniques was given by Klaus.<ref>Klaus D.J. 1965. An analysis of programming
=== The two main systems of programmed learning ===
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''Daily Oral Language'' and the ''[[Saxon (teaching method)|Saxon method]]'', a math programme, are specific implementations of programmed instruction which have an emphasis on repetition.<ref>Jones, Susan J. (2003) ''Blueprint for student success: a guide to research-based teaching practices, K-12'' Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, California, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CTvgSf2H8GQC&pg=PA105 page 105], {{ISBN|0-7619-4697-7}}</ref>
Well-known books using programmed learning include the [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]/[[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] text ''The Little Schemer'',<ref>Friedman, Daniel and Felleisen, Matthias (1996) ''The Little Schemer'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, {{ISBN|0-262-56099-2}}</ref> ''[[Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess]]'',<ref>[[Bobby Fischer|Fischer, Bobby]]; Margulies, Stuart and Mosenfelder, Donn (1966) ''Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess'' Bantam Books, New York, {{ISBN|0-553-26315-3}}; and various editions since</ref> ''Engineering Mathematics'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stroud |first=K. A. |date=1987 |title=Engineering Mathematics |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-12153-3 |journal=SpringerLink |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-12153-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> by [[Ken Stroud]], and ''Laplace Transform Solution Of Differential Equations: A Programmed Text'', by Robert D. Strum and John R. Ward of the [[Naval Postgraduate School]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Strum|first1=Robert D.|last2=Ward|first2=John R.|title=Laplace Transform Solution Of Differential Equations: A Programmed Text|date=1968|publisher=Prentice-Hall|___location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.|isbn=9780135228050}}</ref> Several available foreign language reading textbooks also use programmed learning.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tatham|first1=Karl C. Sandberg, Eddison C.|title=French for reading|date=1972|publisher=Prentice-Hall|___location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.|isbn=9780133316032|url=https://archive.org/details/frenchforreading00sand_0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wendel|first1=John R.|last2=Sandberg|first2=Karl C.|title=German for reading : a programmed approach for graduate and undergraduate reading courses|date=1973|publisher=Prentice-Hall|___location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.|isbn=9780133540192}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Franco|first1=Fabiola|last2=Sandberg|first2=Karl C.|title=Spanish for reading : a self-instructional course|date=1998|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|___location=Hauppauge, N.Y.|isbn=9780764103339}}</ref>
Recently, the application of programmed instruction principles was applied to training in computer programs.<ref>{{cite journal | author= Emurian H.H. | title= Programmed instruction for teaching Java: consideration of learn unit frequency and rule-test performance | journal= The Behavior Analyst Today | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 70–88 | year= 2007 | url= http://www.baojournal.com/BAT%20Journal/VOL-8/BAT%208-1.pdf | format= PDF | type= entire issue | doi= 10.1037/h0100103 | access-date= 2015-09-10 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141106234945/http://www.baojournal.com/BAT%20Journal/VOL-8/BAT%208-1.pdf | archive-date= 2014-11-06 | url-status= dead | hdl= 11603/276 | hdl-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | author = Emurian H.H. | date = 2009 | contribution = Teaching Java: managing instructional tactics to optimize student learning | title = International Journal of Information & Communication Technology Education | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 34–49 | publisher = UMBC | url = http://userpages.umbc.edu/~emurian/cv/Emurian_2009_ch14.pdf}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | author= Emurian H.H | author2= Holden H.K. | author3= Abarbanel R.A. | date = 2008 | name-list-style= amp | contribution = Managing programmed instruction and collaborative peer tutoring in the classroom: applications in teaching Java | title = Computers in Human Behavior | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 576–614}}.</ref>
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