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{{Short description|Childhood immunization schedule}}
The '''Expanded Program on Immunization''' '''(EPI)''' in the [[Philippines]] began in 1976<ref>{{cite web |title=Expanded Program on Immunization |url=https://doh.gov.ph/uhc/health-programs/expanded-program-on-immunization/#:~:text=The%20Expanded%20Program%20on%20Immunization,%2C%20tetanus%2C%20pertussis%20and%20measles. |website=[[Department of Health (Philippines)|Department of Health]] |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221123202/https://doh.gov.ph/uhc/health-programs/expanded-program-on-immunization/ |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> through Presidential Decree No. 996 signed by President [[Ferdinand Marcos]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Decree No. 996, s. 1976 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/09/16/presidential-decree-no-996-s-1976/ |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |access-date=21 February 2024 |date=September 16, 1976}}</ref> And, in 1986, made a response to the Universal Child Immunization goal. The four major strategies include:<ref>{{cite book | title = Public Health Nursing in the Philippines | publisher = National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Inc | year = 2007 | ___location = Manila, Philippines | page = 141 | isbn = 978-971-91593-2-2}}</ref>
# sustaining high routine Full Immunized Child (FIC) coverage of at least 90% in all provinces and cities;
# sustaining the polio-free country for global certification;
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==Routine Immunization Schedule for Infants==
The standard routine immunization schedule for infants in the Philippines is adopted to provide maximum immunity against the seven vaccine preventable diseases in the country before the child's first birthday. The fully immunized child must have completed BCG 1, DPT 1, DPT 2, DPT 3, OPV 1, OPV 2, OPV 3, HB 1, HB 2, HB 3 and measles vaccines before the child is 12 months of age.<ref>{{cite news
{| class="wikitable"
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! Minimum Interval Between Doses
! Route
! Site
! Reason
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| [[Bacillus Calmette-Guérin]]
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| Right deltoid region of the arm
| BCG given at earliest possible age protects the possibility of TB meningitis and other TB infections in which infants are prone<ref name='PMID15628980'>{{cite journal|title=Protective effect of neonatal BCG vaccines against tuberculous meningitis|journal=[[Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences]]|date=February 2004|
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| [[DPT vaccine|Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Vaccine]]
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| Upper outer portion of the thigh, Vastus Lateralis (L-R-L)
| An early start with DPT reduces the chance of severe pertussis.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Immunisation | journal=Dialogue on Diarrhoea Online | year=1987 | issue=30 | pages=1–6 |url=http://rehydrate.org/dd/su30.htm |
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| [[Polio vaccine#Sabin
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| Mouth
| The extent of protection against polio is increased the earlier the OPV is given. <br />Keeps the Philippines polio-free.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Public Health Dispatch: Acute Flaccid Paralysis Associated with Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus --- Philippines, 2001|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|date=2001-10-12|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |volume=50|issue=40|pages=874–5
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| [[Hepatitis B Vaccination, Infants#Prevention|Hepatitis B Vaccine]]
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| Upper outer portion of the thigh, Vastus Lateralis (R-L-R)
| An early start of Hepatitis B vaccine reduces the chance of being infected and becoming a carrier.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Effects of Universal Vaccination for Hepatitis B|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=2001-11-06|first=Y. H.|last=Ni |author2-link=Chang Mei-hwei |author2=M.H. Chang |author3=L.M. Huang |author4=H.L. Chen |author5=H.Y. Hsu |author6=T.Y. Chiu |author7=K.S. Tsai |author8=D.S. Chen|author8-link=Ding-Shinn Chen|volume=135|issue=9|pages=796–800
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| [[Measles Vaccine]] <br />
''(not MMR)''
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| Upper outer portion of the arms, Right
| At least 85% of measles can be prevented by immunization at this age.<ref name='PMID8034506'>{{cite journal|title=Worldwide measles prevention|journal=Israel Journal of Medical Sciences|date=May 1994|first=WA|last=Orenstein |author2=L.E. Markowitz |author3=W.L. Atkinson |author4=A.R. Hinman|volume=30|issue=5–6|pages=469–81
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==General Principles in Infants/Children Immunization==
* Because measles kills, every infant needs to be vaccinated against measles at the age of 9 months or as soon as possible after 9 months as part of the routine infant vaccination schedule. It is safe to vaccinate a sick child who is suffering from a minor illness (cough, cold, diarrhea, fever or malnutrition) or who has already been vaccinated against measles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifrc.org/WHAT/health/archi/strategy/measles.htm |title=Measles (Catch Up
* If the vaccination schedule is interrupted, it is not necessary to restart. Instead, the schedule should be resumed using minimal intervals between doses to catch up as quickly as possible.<ref>{{cite news | first=Richard Kent | last=Zimmerman | title=Practice Guidelines - The 2000 Harmonized Immunization Schedule | date=2000-01-01
* Vaccine combinations (few exceptions), antibiotics, low-dose steroids (less than 20 mg per day), minor infections with low fever (below 38.5º Celsius), diarrhea, malnutrition, kidney or liver disease, heart or lung disease, non-progressive encephalopathy, well controlled epilepsy or advanced age, are not contraindications to vaccination. Contrary to what the majority of doctors may think, vaccines against hepatitis B and tetanus can be applied in any period of the pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saudepublica.web.pt/04-PrevencaoDoenca/Travel/TravelVaccines.htm |title=Management of the Traveler: Vaccination |
* There are very few true contraindication and precaution conditions. Only two of these conditions are generally considered to be permanent: severe (anaphylactic) allergic reaction to a vaccine component or following a prior dose of a vaccine, and encephalopathy not due to another identifiable cause occurring within 7 days of pertussis vaccination.<ref>{{cite web|url=
* Only the diluent supplied by the manufacturer should be used to reconstitute a freeze-dried vaccine. A sterile needle and sterile syringe must be used for each vial for adding the diluent to the powder in a single vial or ampoule of freeze-dried vaccine.<ref>{{cite news
* The only way to be completely safe from exposure to blood-borne diseases from injections, particularly hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is to use one sterile needle, one sterile syringe for each child.<ref>{{cite news | first=Edward | last=Hoekstra | title=Immunization: Injection Safety | publisher=UNICEF | url
==Tetanus Toxoid Immunization Schedule for Women==
When given to women of childbearing age, vaccines that contain tetanus toxoid (TT or Td) not only protect women against tetanus, but also prevent neonatal tetanus in their newborn infants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/immunization/topics/tetanus/en/index1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322063335/http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/tetanus/en/index1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 22, 2006 |title=Tetanus - The Disease |
{| class="wikitable"
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! Duration of Protection
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| At 20th weeks AOG
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* protection for the mother for the first delivery
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| At least 4 weeks later
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* infants born to the mother will be protected from neonatal tetanus
* gives 3 years protection for the mother
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| At least 6 months later
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* infants born to the mother will be protected from neonatal tetanus
* gives 5 years protection for the mother
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| At least 1 year later
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* infants born to the mother will be protected from neonatal tetanus
* gives 10 years protection for the mother
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| At least 1 year later
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* gives lifetime protection for the mother
* all infants born to that mother will be protected
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In June 2000, the 57 countries that have not yet achieved elimination of neonatal tetanus were ranked and the Philippines was listed together with 22 other countries in Class A, a classification for countries close to maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination.<ref>{{cite news
==Care for the Vaccines==
To ensure the optimal potency of vaccines,a careful attention is needed in handling practices at the country level. These include storage and transport of vaccines from the primary vaccine store down to the end-user at the health facility, and further down at the outreach sites.<ref name='WHO/IVB/06.10'>{{cite news
A "first expiry and first out" (FEFO) vaccine system is practiced to assure that all vaccines are utilized before its expiry date. Proper arrangement of vaccines and/or labeling of expiry dates are done to identify those close to expiring. Vaccine temperature is monitored twice a day (early in the morning and in the afternoon) in all health facilities and plotted to monitor break in the [[cold chain]]. Each level of health facilities has cold chain equipment for use in the storage vaccines which included cold room, freezer, refrigerator, transport box, vaccine carriers, thermometers, cold chain monitors, ice packs, temperature monitoring chart and safety collector boxes.<ref>{{cite book | title = Expanded Program on Immunization Manual | publisher = Department of Health, Philippines | year = 1995 | ___location = Manila, Philippines }}</ref>
==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Expanded Program On Immunization (Philippines)}}
[[Category:Vaccination]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Establishments by Philippine presidential decree]]
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