Sublimation (phase transition): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:10, 16 November 2024

Latest revision as of 15:34, 25 June 2025

(6 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{Short description|Transition from solid to gas without melting}}

{{Redirect|Sublimates||Sublimation (disambiguation){{!}}Sublimation}}

{{distinguish|subliminal stimuli}}

{{pp|small=yes}}

Line 34:

[[File:Nickelocen an einem Kühlfinger.jpg|thumb|right|Dark green [[crystals]] of [[nickelocene]], sublimed and freshly deposited on a [[cold finger]]]]

[[File:Sublimation of iodine.webm|thumb|Sublimation of [[iodine]]]]

'''Sublimation''' is the [[Phase transition|transition of a substance]] directly from the [[solid]] to the [[gas]] state, without passing through the [[liquid]] state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitten |first1=Kenneth W. |last2=Gailey |first2=Kenneth D. |last3=Davis |first3=Raymond E. |title=General chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0 |url-access=registration |date=1992 |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |isbn=0-03-072373-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0/page/475 475] |edition=4th}}</ref> The verb form of sublimation is ''sublime'', or less preferably, ''sublimate''.<ref name=":0">{{cite Merriam-Webster|Sublimate}}</ref> ''Sublimate'' also refers to the product obtained by sublimation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sublimate "Sublimate"]. [[Collins English Dictionary#CollinsDictionary.com|CollinsDictionary.com Dictionary]].</ref> The point at which sublimation occurs rapidly (for further details, see [[#False correspondence with vaporization|below]]) is called critical sublimation point, or simply sublimation point. Notable examples include sublimation of [[dry ice]] at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and that of solid [[iodine]] with heating.

Line 40:

The reverse process of sublimation is [[deposition (phase transition)|''deposition'']] (also called ''desublimation''), in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase, without passing through the liquid state.<ref name="DepositionDef">{{cite journal |title=Controlling condensation and frost growth with chemical micropatterns |first1=Jonathan B. |last1=Boreyko |first2=Ryan R. |last2=Hansen |first3=Kevin R. |last3=Murphy |first4=Saurabh |last4=Nath |first5=Scott T. |last5=Retterer |first6=C. Patrick |last6=Collier |journal=Scientific Reports |year=2016 |volume=6 |pages=19131 |doi=10.1038/srep19131 |pmid=26796663 |pmc=4726256 |bibcode=2016NatSR...619131B}}</ref>

Technically, all solids may sublime, though most sublime at extremely low rates under usual conditions that are hardly detectable under usual conditions. At [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure|normal pressures]], most [[chemical compound]]s and [[chemical element|elements]] possess three different states at different [[temperature]]s. In these cases, the transition from the [[solid]] to the [[gas]] state requires an intermediate liquid state. The pressure referred to is the ''[[partial pressure|''partial]]'' [[partial pressure|pressure]] of the substance, not the ''total'' (e.g. atmospheric) pressure of the entire system. Thus, any solid can sublime if its [[vapour pressure]] is higher than the surrounding partial pressure of the same substance, and in some cases, sublimessublimation occurs at an appreciable rate (e.g. water ice just below 0&nbsp;°C).

For some substances, such as [[carbon]] and [[arsenic]], sublimation from solid state is much more achievable than [[evaporation]] from liquid state and it is difficult to obtain them as liquids. This is because the pressure of their [[triple point]] in its [[phase diagram]] (which corresponds to the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid) is very high.

Line 70:

===Water===

[[Snow]] and [[ice]] sublime gradually at temperatures below the solid-liquid boundary (melting point) (generally 0&nbsp;°C), and at partial pressures below the triple point pressure of {{convert|612|Pa|atm|abbr=on}}, at a low rate.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fassnacht |first=S. R. |year=2004 |title=Estimating Alter-shielded gauge snowfall undercatch, snowpack sublimation, and blowing snow transport at six sites in the coterminous USA |journal=Hydrol. Process. |doi=10.1002/hyp.5806 |bibcode=2004HyPr...18.3481F |volume=18 |issue=18 |pages=3481–3492|s2cid=129927018 }}</ref> In [[freeze-drying]], the material to be dehydrated is frozen and its water is allowed to sublime under reduced pressure or vacuum. The loss of snow from a [[snowfield]] during a cold spell is often caused by sunshine acting directly on the upper layers of the snow. Sublimation of ice is a factor to the erosive wear of [[glacier ice]], alsoknown calledas [[ablation]] in [[glaciology]].<ref>{{citationCite web needed|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=ablation&submit=Search |title=''Glossary of Meteorology'' |access-date=October2010-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917232831/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=ablation&submit=Search |archive-date=2011-09-17 |url-status=dead 2021}}</ref>

===Naphthalene===

Line 166:

The result of the sublimation process is a nearly permanent, high resolution, full color print. Because the dyes are infused into the substrate at the molecular level, rather than applied at a topical level (such as with screen printing and direct to garment printing), the prints will not crack, fade or peel from the substrate under normal conditions.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Table of phase transitions of matter==

{{Table of phase transitions}}

==See also==

Line 174 ⟶ 177:

*[[Phase diagram]]

*[[Phase transition|Phase transitions]]

==Table of phase transitions of matter==

{{Table of phase transitions}}

{{Clear}}

==References==