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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
Many [[tidal stream generator]]s have been developed over the years to harness the power of tidal currents flowing around coastlines. These are also called tidal stream turbines (TST), tidal energy converters (TEC), or marine hydro-kinetic (MHK) generation. These turbines operate on a similar principle to [[wind turbine]]s, but are designed to work in a fluid approximately 800 times more dense than air which is moving at a slower velocity. Note that [[tidal barrage]]s or lagoons operate on a different principle, generating power by impounding the rising and falling tide.
Lots of different technology variants have been tested, and there has not been convergence on a predominant typology. Most have been horizontal-axis, like wind turbines, but with 2, 3, or more blades and either mounted on a seabed fixed foundation or on a floating platform. In addition, vertical-axis turbines and tidal kites are also being developed.
Historically, development has largely been focused around Europe, but devices have been built and tested in North America – including at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), Japan, and elsewhere. The [[European Marine Energy Centre]] (EMEC) was set up in [[Orkney]] in 2003, and developed a tidal test site in the [[Fall of Warness]], to the west of the island of [[Eday]]. The site opened in 2006, and EMEC was granted a license in 2016 to test up to 10 MW of tidal stream devices, and has since hosted the testing of many of these devices.<ref name=":21">{{Cite report |url=https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/environmental_statement_1.pdf |title=EMEC Fall of Warness Tidal Test Site Section 36 Application Environmental Statement |last=The European Marine Energy Centre |date=December 2014}}</ref>
There have been various acquisitions of technology developers over the years. Many of the companies are no longer trading, or have ceased development of tidal-stream turbines. However, the first pre-commercial array demonstration projects have been operating since around 2016. Building on this, commercial arrays are expected to be operational by around 2027, at EMEC, [[Morlais]] and elsewhere.
== Development timeline ==
Key historical milestones in the development of tidal-stream turbines are summarised below:
* The 300
* In 2004, the world's first tidal-stream turbine was connected to an electricity grid, the 300
* The first tidal stream turbine test site was constructed in 2005 and opened in 2006, in the Fall of Wanress to the west of Eday, Orkney, part of the European Marine Energy Centre.<ref name=":21" />
* The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT [[SeaGen]] turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=SeaGen Turbine, Northern Ireland, UK |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/strangford-lough/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Also in May 2008, OpenHydro was the first tidal turbine connected to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]] in Great Britain (GB). The 250 kW device was tested in the [[Fall of Warness]], [[Eday]], Orkney.<ref name=":19">{{Cite
* Verdant Power installed six 35 kW turbines in New York's [[East River]], supplying power to two local businesses, claimed as the
* In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100 kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland, connected to the GB Grid, also claimed as the
* A dedicated site for testing tidal stream turbines was pre-consented at the [[European Marine Energy Centre]] in 2016, to simplify the process for developers testing devices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EMEC |title=Consents |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/services/provision-of-wave-and-tidal-testing/consents/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=European Marine Energy Centre |language=en}}</ref>
* Phase 1 of the [[MeyGen]] project was commissioned in 2017, with four turbines totaling 6 MW installed, making it the largest tidal array to date.<ref name=":10" />
== Key companies and turbines ==
Many companies have focused on the development of technology to harness tidal stream energy. A non-exhaustive list of key companies is given below. <!-- Add details of companies below. Can move to a dedicated page if sufficiently detailed, and summarise with {see also|} here. -->
=== Alstom ===
French manufacturer [[Alstom]] acquired [[Development of tidal stream generators#Tidal Generation Ltd|Tidal Generation Ltd]] in 2012, but this part of the business was sold to [[General Electric]] in 2015.<ref name=":38" /><ref name=":39" />
=== Andritz Hydro Hammerfest ===
'''Hammerfest Strøm AS''' was a Norwegian developer of tidal stream turbines, based in [[Hammerfest (town)|Hammerfest]]. In 2010, Austrian hydropower company [[Andritz AG]] bought one third of the shares.<ref>{{Cite web
In November 2003, Hammerfest Strøm installed their '''HS300''' turbine in [[Kvalsundet]], Norway.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kvalsundet tidevannskraftverk |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |___location=Oslo |url=http://snl.no/Kvalsundet_tidevannskraftverk |last=Askheim |first=Svein |editor-last=Godal |editor-first=Anne Marit |editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |language=Norwegian |
A more powerful 1MW device was then tested at EMEC from 2012. The '''HS1000''' was also a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine, installed at the Fall of Warness test site in December 2011.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2011-12-26 |title=Giant tidal device set for tests off Orkney |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-16327617 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR2012_low%20res_FINAL.pdf |title=Renewables 2012 Global Status Report |last=((REN21)) |date=June 2012 |page=46 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref>
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=== BigMoon Power ===
'''BigMoon Power'''
=== Flumill ===
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A phase 2 Flumill tidal device is currently being developed, where the screws and generators are mounted from a catamaran barge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aquatera Ltd on LinkedIn: This month, Aquatera had yet another successful All-Energy Exhibition and… |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/aquatera-limited_this-month-aquatera-had-yet-another-successful-activity-7066746984061116417-rsnE |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref>
===
In 2015, [[General Electric|GE]] acquired the energy assets from [[Alstom]] which included the business originally developed by [[Development of tidal stream generators#Tidal Generation Ltd|Tidal Generation Ltd]].<ref name=":39" />
In 2024, [[GE Vernova]] signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with [[Development of tidal stream generators#Proteus Marine Renewables|Proteus Marine Renewables]] to supply electrical systems for their tidal turbines.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=GE Vernova signs tidal turbine MoU |url=https://renews.biz/96823/ge-vernova-signs-tidal-turbine-mou/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |work=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
=== HydroQuest ===
{{Main|HydroQuest}}
'''HydroQuest''' is a French developer of vertical-axis turbines, generating electricity from river and tidal currents, based in [[Grenoble]].<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.hydroquest.fr/en/about-us/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=HydroQuest |language=en-GB}}</ref> They have installed several small river turbines in France and [[French Guiana]], powering the 200 inhabitants of the [[Camopi]] village.<ref name=":30" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mallard |first1=Kathleen |last2=Garbuio |first2=Lauric |last3=Debusschere |first3=Vincent |date=2020-01-01 |title=Towards sustainable business model and sustainable design of a hydro generator system dedicated to isolated communities |url=https://hal.science/hal-03051966/file/S2212827120300986.pdf |journal=Procedia CIRP |series=27th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference (LCE2020) |volume=90 |pages=251–255 |doi=10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.004 |issn=2212-8271}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaneva |first=Mariyana |date=2015-10-12 |title=HydroQuest connects river current turbine to French grid |url=https://renewablesnow.com/news/hydroquest-connects-river-current-turbine-to-french-grid-496908/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Renewables Now}}</ref>
A 1 MW '''OceanQuest''' tidal turbine was tested at [[Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm|Paimpol–Bréhat]] between April 2019 and December 2021.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=Leask Marine complete major offshore decommissioning project in France |url=https://www.leaskmarine.com/leask-marine-complete-major-offshore-decommissioning-project-in-france/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Leask Marine Ltd |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tait |first=Carly |date=2021-10-05 |title=HydroQuest tidal turbine : End of tests on the EDF site in Paimpol Bréhat and new stages of development at the Raz Blanchard |url=https://interregtiger.com/hydroquest-tidal-turbine-end-of-tests-on-the-edf-site-in-paimpol-brehat-and-new-stages-of-development-at-the-raz-blanchard/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=TIGER: Tidal Stream Industry Energiser |language=en-GB}}</ref>
In collaboration with [[Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie]] and renewable energy company Qair, Hydroquest are developing the '''FloWatt project'''. This will comprise seven Hydroquest turbine units, each rated at 2.5 MW, to be installed at [[Raz Blanchard]], Brittany by 2027.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Gréau |first=Guillaume |date=October 2023 |title=FloWatt 17.5 MW tidal energy pilot project in France |conference=Ocean Energy Europe Annual Conference, The Hague, Netherlands}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-29 |title=FloWatt, the French Tidal Stream Farm Project, Has Been Selected by the European Commission Within the Innovation Fund Framework |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241029640830/en/FloWatt-the-French-Tidal-Stream-Farm-Project-Has-Been-Selected-by-the-European-Commission-Within-the-Innovation-Fund-Framework |access-date=2024-11-17 |work=Business Wire}}</ref>
=== LHD New Energy Corporation ===
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=== Magallanes Renovables ===
{{Main|Magallanes Renovables}}
'''Magallanes Renovables, S.L'''. is a Spanish developer of floating tidal energy devices, set up in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables: Unlocking energy from tidal power |url=https://www.magallanesrenovables.com/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Magallanes Renovables |language=en-US}}</ref> They have tested a grid-connected 1.5 MW '''ATIR''' device at EMEC since 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC {{!}} Tethys |url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/magallanes-renovables-atir-emec |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=tethys.pnnl.gov}}</ref> having previously tested a small scale device at the [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] nursery test site in Shapinsay Sound, although this was not grid-connected.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Marthinsen |first=Stig |title=Magallanes reinstall ATIR tidal turbine at EMEC, Interreg VB North Sea Region Programme |url=https://northsearegion.eu/periscope/news/magallanes-reinstall-atir-tidal-turbine-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=northsearegion.eu |language=}}</ref> Magallanes Thas been awarded [[Contracts for Difference (UK electricity market support)|Contracts for Difference]] (CfD) to supply subsidised electricity to the GB [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]], at [[Morlais]] and at EMEC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracts for Difference (CfD) Allocation Round 4: results |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference-cfd-allocation-round-4-results |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Contracts for Difference (CfD) Allocation Round 5: results |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference-cfd-allocation-round-5-results |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
=== Marine Current Turbines ===
{{See also|Marine Current Turbines|SeaGen}}
'''Marine Current Turbines''' (MCT) was a [[Bristol]]-based company that developed seabed mounted tidal-stream turbines. In June 2003, MCT installed the 300 kW Seaflow turbine in [[Lynmouth]], Devon.<ref name=":11">{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/20714897 |title=Development installation and testing of a large-scale tidal current turbine |last=Thake |first=Jeremy |date=October 2005 |access-date=2023-12-21}}</ref> The larger 1.2 MW SeaGen turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]] in May 2008, and connected tot the Irish electricity grid in July. It was decommissioned in stages between May 2016 and July 2019, having exported 11.6 GWh of electricity.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-03 |title=Atlantis Successfully Decommissions 1.2 MW SeaGen Tidal System in Industry First {{!}} SIMEC Atlantis Energy |url=https://simecatlantis.com/2019/07/26/meygen-operational-update-3-2/ |access-date=2023-12-22
=== Minesto ===
{{Main
'''Minesto AB''' is a Swedish developer of [[Tidal stream generator#Tidal kite turbines|tidal kite turbines]], based in [[Gothenburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact |url=https://minesto.com/contact/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Minesto |language=en}}</ref> The company tested a 500 kW Deep Green DG500 turbine in the Holyhead Deep off the coast of [[Anglesey]], North Wales in 2018 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=Minesto flies Wales tidal kite |url=https://renews.biz/54809/minesto-flies-wales-tidal-kite/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref> In 2022, they installed two 100 kW Dragon 4 turbines at [[Vestmanna]]sund in the [[Faroe Islands]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-09-07 |title=Minesto starts commissioning second
=== Nova Innovation ===
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=== Ocean Renewable Power Company ===
{{Main|Ocean Renewable Power Company}}
'''Ocean Renewable Power Company''' ('''ORPC, Inc.)''' is a developer of cross-flow turbines to harness river, tidal and ocean currents, based in [[Portland, Maine]].
=== OpenHydro ===
{{See also|OpenHydro|Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm}}
'''OpenHydro Group Ltd''' was an Irish developer of tidal stream turbines, acquired by [[Naval Group|Naval Energies]] (then DCNS) in 2013, but ceased trading in 2018. OpenHydro developed a novel open-centred horizontal-axis turbine, surrounded by a ducting shroud. Various iterations of the OpenHydro turbines were tested in Scotland, France and Canada.
=== Orbital Marine Power ===
{{
'''Orbital Marine Power Ltd''' is an [[Orkney]]-based developer of floating tidal stream turbines that have twin rotors either side of a long tubular hull. Their third-generation turbine, the 2 MW
=== Proteus Marine Renewables ===
In October 2022, '''Proteus Marine Renewables''' (PMR) was formed through a [[management buyout]] of the Advanced Tidal Engineering and Services division of SIMEC Atlantis Energy, now [[SAE Renewables]]. SAE remain a minority shareholder in Proteus, and Proteus will continue to support the [[MeyGen]] tidal farm.<ref name=":40">{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-10-21 |title=SIMEC Atlantis management buyout creates Proteus Marine Renewables tidal outfit |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/simec-atlantis-management-buyout-creates-proteus-marine-renewables-tidal-outfit/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> The company is based at Bath & Bristol Science Park, [[Bristol]], England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affordable renewable energy |url=https://proteusmr.com/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=proteusmr.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
Proteus is a majority shareholder in {{Lang|fr|Normandie Hydroliennes}}'','' which is planning to deploy a 12 MW pilot tidal farm at [[Raz Blanchard]] in 2025. The NH1 project will consist of four PMR AR3000 turbines, each rated at 3 MW.<ref name=":40" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maksumic |first=Zerina |date=2024-10-04 |title=Proteus Marine Rewables' tidal energy system on track to slash costs, EIB confirms |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/proteus-marine-rewables-tidal-energy-system-on-track-to-slash-costs-eib-confirms/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
In August 2024, PMR started building an AR1100 turbine to be deployed in the Naru Strait to power the [[Gotō Islands]] in Japan. This is an upgrade of the AR500 turbine with added pitch and yaw mechanisms, and uprated to 1.1 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maksumic |first=Zerina |date=2024-08-01 |title=Proteus Marine Renewables starts assembling upgraded tidal turbine in Japan (Gallery) |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/proteus-marine-renewables-starts-assembling-upgraded-tidal-turbine-in-japan-gallery/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> The AR500 was previously tested in the Naru Strait from February 2021 to December 2023.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":41" /> The AR1100 was installed in February 2025, using local vessels.<ref name=":43">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Proteus installs 1.1MW tidal turbine in Japan |url=https://renews.biz/98770/proteus-installs-11mw-tidal-turbine-in-japan/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
In November 2024, Proteus signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with [[SKF]] to supply the rotating equipment and [[GE Vernova]] to supply electrical systems for their tidal turbines.<ref name=":42" />
=== Pulse Tidal ===
'''Pulse Tidal Ltd''' was an English tidal stream developer, formed in 2007 after 10 years of development. They developed a fully-submerged oscillating hydrofoil device, designed to work in shallow water, with horizontal blades that moved up and down in the passing current. A 100 kW, prototype was installed in 2009 at [[Port of Immingham|Immingham Dock]], in the [[Humber|Humber estuary]], which could generate up to 150 kW for a nearby chemicals plant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sad news for Pulse Tidal {{!}} Reuters Events {{!}} Renewables |url=https://www.reutersevents.com/renewables/tidal-today/sad-news-pulse-tidal |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.reutersevents.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News: Pulse Tidal sinks into liquidation |url=https://www.rothbiz.co.uk/2014/04/news-4061-pulse-tidal-sinks-into.html |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
The company was awarded €8m in European funding to develop the first commercial prototype, expected to be rated at 1.2 MW, and deployed at [[Lynmouth]], Devon, where Pulse Tidal had been awarded a seabed lease from the [[Crown Estate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Pulse Tidal secures lease agreement to deploy 1.2MW power system in UK |url=https://www.powerinfotoday.com/tidal-energy/pulse-tidal-secures-lease-agreement-to-deploy-12mw-power-system-in-uk/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Power Info Today |language=}}</ref> The company was also developing plans for the [[Kyle Rhea]] Narrows between the mainland of Scotland and [[Isle of Skye|Skye]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-05-26 |title=Tidal power device for Skye a 'world-first' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10153669 |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Pulse Tidal was liquidated in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2014 |title=Sad news for Pulse Tidal |url=https://analysis.newenergyupdate.com/tidal-today/sad-news-pulse-tidal |access-date=2022-09-12 |publisher=Analysis.newenergyupdate.com |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
=== Sabella ===
[[File:Hydrolienne Sabella D10 (2).JPG|alt=Looking up at the Sabella D10 turbine from ground level. At the top of the image are 6 large blades around a bulbous hub, all painted bright blue. The cylindrical nacelle behind is supported on a pile with tubular steel bracing forming a tripod. The Nacelle and foundation are painted bright blue.|thumb|Sabella D10 turbine]]
{{Main|Sabella (company)}}'''Sabella SAS''' was a French [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|SME]] based in [[Quimper]], Brittany that has been developing tidal turbines since 2008, however the company was placed into receivership in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who we are? |url=https://www.sabella.bzh/en/home/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Sabella |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-10-23 |title=Sabella goes into receivership |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sabella-placed-in-receivership/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> The company had developed two main variants of their technology.
The '''D03''' was a 30 kW horizontal-axis turbine, with a six-bladed rotor 3 m in diameter, hence the name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=D03 |url=https://www.sabella.bzh/en/our-projects/d03/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Sabella |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was tested in the [[Odet]] estuary in 2008, but not grid connected. The turbine weighed 7 tonnes, and sat on a gravity base in around 25 m deep water.
The larger 1 MW '''D10''' turbine was then developed, and tested in the [[Fromveur Passage]], Brittany from June 2015. After hackers interrupted the communications link with the turbine, it began supplying power to the grid in [[Ushant]] on 5 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poindexter |first=Gregory |date=2016-03-23 |title=Hackers rendered 1-MW Sabella D10 tidal turbine inoperable in France |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/hackers-rendered-1-mw-sabella-d10-tidal-turbine-inoperable-in-france/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2019 |title=Sabella tidal device undergoes maintenance |url=https://renews.biz/52642/sabella-tidal-device-undergoes-maintenance/ |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref> It was redeployed for a third test campaign in April 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-05-04 |title=Sabella reinstalls D10 tidal turbine for third test campaign offshore France |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sabella-reinstalls-d10-tidal-turbine-for-third-test-campaign-offshore-france/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2024, Inyanga Marine Energy took over the D10 turbine operation, securing permission to operate it until August 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maksumic |first=Zerina |date=2024-10-16 |title=Inyanga Marine Energy takes charge of France's first grid-connected tidal turbine |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/inyanga-marine-energy-takes-charge-of-frances-first-grid-connected-tidal-turbine/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
=== SIMEC Atlantis Energy ===
{{See also|
'''SIMEC Atlantis Energy Ltd''' (now just SAE) is a renewable energy company which is developing the [[MeyGen]] tidal array in the [[Pentland Firth]] between the Scottish mainland and Orkney. Since 2017, this has operated with 4× 1.5 MW tidal turbines, making it the largest tidal-stream array worldwide. The next phases could see a further 50 MW installed by 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MeyGen |url=http://saerenewables.com/tidal-stream/meygen/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=SAE Renewables |language=en-GB}}</ref>
The company was founded as '''Atlantis Resources''', and developed the 1.5 MW AR1500 turbine, a three-bladed horizontal-axis seabed mounded device, three of which are installed at [[MeyGen]]. They also built a smaller 500 kW AR500 turbine in Scotland, which was shipped to Japan and installed off [[Naru Island (Japan)|Naru Island]], part of the [[Gotō Islands]]. It reportedly generated 10 MWh in the first 10 days of operation in early 2021.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Frangoul |first=Anmar |date=2021-02-15 |title=A tidal turbine built in Scotland is now producing power in Japan |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/15/a-tidal-turbine-built-in-scotland-is-now-producing-power-in-japan.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
=== Sustainable Marine Energy ===
'''Sustainable Marine Energy Ltd''' (SME) was a developer of floating tidal stream turbines, founded in 2012 but went into administration in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-08-10 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy sinks into administration |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sustainable-marine-energy-sinks-into-administration/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> Originally based in London, it moved to [[East Cowes]], Isle of Wight in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrass |first=Christopher |date=2013-05-31 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy opens new HQ on the Isle of Wight |url=https://onthewight.com/sustainable-marine-energy/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Isle of Wight News from OnTheWight |language=en-GB}}</ref> The company then moved its operational base to
Their first platform, '''PLAT-O''', was a submerged mid-water-column device, with two 50 kW [[Schottel (company)|Schottel]] SIT turbines, mounted between three buoyant hulls. It was initially tested in [[The Solent]], before being tested at [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2016 |title=SME wets Plato head |url=https://renews.biz/42313/sme-wets-plato-head/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
[[File:2022-07-27 PLAT-I in-stream tidal energy platform - Westport, NS CAN.jpg|thumb|SME PLAT-I 6.4 horizontal, in-stream, floating tidal energy generator at Grand Passage site in Nova Scotia, Canada.]]
An upgraded '''PLAT-I''' '''6.4''', with six 4 m diameter rotors, totaling 420 kW, was built by A.F. Theriault & Son Ltd. in Meteghan, Nova Scotia in 2021.<ref name=":16" /> The turbine was tested at FORCE in the Grand Passage, delivering the first floating tidal power to the Canadian grid in April 2022.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-04-12 |title=Sustainable Marine delivers first 'grid-compliant' floating tidal power system in Canada |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sustainable-marine-delivers-first-grid-compliant-floating-tidal-power-system-in-canada/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
SME developed the '''Pempa’q project''' at FORCE which was to comprise an array of the PLAT-I turbines, with up to 9 MW installed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy reveals plans for 9-MW Pempa'q Tidal Energy Project |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/oceantidalstream-power/sustainable-marine-energy-reveals-plans-for-9-mw-pempaq-tidal-energy-project/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The project received C$28.5million in funding from the Government of Canada,<ref name=":16" /> however it was cancelled in 2023, citing federal red tape.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Logan |first=Cloe |date=2023-05-05 |title=Tidal power company tanks Bay of Fundy project over federal red tape |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/05/05/news/tidal-power-company-tanks-bay-fundy-project-over-federal-red-tape |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Canada's National Observer |language=en}}</ref> SME placed the turbines into storage and removed all of the equipment from the seabed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2023 |title=FORCE 2023 Project Update |url=https://fundyforce.ca/document-collection/force-2023-project-update |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy}}</ref> However, one of the turbines broke its moorings and washed ashore in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Josh |date=Nov 17, 2023 |title=Tidal power turbine owned by bankrupt company washes ashore on Brier Island |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/tidal-power-turbine-washes-ashore-brier-island-1.7031737 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CBC News}}</ref>
In October 2022, the company split out its anchoring solutions as '''Swift Anchors''', with the aim to focus on different technologies including [[Floating wind turbine|Floating offshore wind]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Sustainable Marine sells Swift Anchors to SCHOTTEL |url=https://www.offshore-mag.com/business-briefs/company-news/article/14284424/sustainable-marine-sells-swift-anchors-to-schottel |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore}}</ref>
=== Tidal Energy Ltd ===
[[File:©Tidal Energy Ltd..jpeg|alt=A workboat with a large crane is lowering a tidal turbine mounted on a triangular steel frame into the sea.|thumb|Tidal Energy Ltd - DeltaStream device installation in Ramsey Sound, Pembrokeshire in 2015]]
'''Tidal Energy Ltd''' (TEL) was a tidal stream developer based in Cardiff, Wales. They developed a three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine mounted on a 16 m long triangular gravity base. To increase reliability, a simple fixed-pitch blade design was used.<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Freeman |first1=C |last2=Amaral Teixeira |first2=J |last3=Trarieux |first3=F |last4=Ayre |first4=R |date=2009 |title=Design of a gravity stabilised fixed pitch tidal turbine of 400 kW |url=https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Freemanetal2009.pdf |conference=Proceedings of the 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Uppsala, Sweden. |via=Tethys}}</ref>
A 400 kW prototype was installed in [[Ramsey Island#Ramsey Sound|Ramsey Sound]], Wales in December 2015 after sitting on the quayside at [[Pembroke Dock]] for over a year.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Kelsey |first=Chris |date=2015-12-14 |title=Tidal energy device DeltaStream installed in the sea |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/radical-new-tidal-energy-device-10594709 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Wales Online |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-13 |title=Giant tidal turbine placed on seabed off Pembrokeshire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-35087510 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> In March 2016, the turbine developed "an intermittent fault with an active sonar" followed by a mechanical defect which prevented it generating.<ref name=":37">{{Cite web |last=Poindexter |first=Gregory |date=2016-12-13 |title=Welsh government says buyer being sought for 400-kW DeltaStream tidal energy device |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/business/welsh-government-says-buyer-being-sought-for-400-kw-deltastream-tidal-energy-device/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> After the company went into administration in October,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-24 |title=Administrators seek buyer for Tidal Energy Ltd |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-37752750 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> the Welsh Government sought a buyer for the turbine in December 2016.<ref name=":37" />
There were plans to remove the turbine as part of the Anglo-French ''Tidal Stream Industry Energiser Project'' (TIGER) project, and examine the reasons for the failures. The Ramsey Sound site was also to be redeveloped by Cambrian Offshore South West, with a new turbine of up to 1 MW installed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=David |date=2020-03-23 |title=In depth with the TIGER tidal stream project |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/in-depth/in-depth-with-the-tiger-tidal-stream-project/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref>
The triangular base frame was designed to support three turbines, although only a single turbine was tested.<ref name=":36" /> Eco2 in conjunction with TEL had planned to install an array of nine devices [[St David's Head]], to the north of Ramsey Sound.<ref name=":23" />
[[File:TGL DeepGen III at Hatston Pier.jpg|alt=The faded yellow nacelle of a tidal turbine, with three stubby blue blades at the left. Below and in front is a car, portacabin and fencing typical of industrial settings|thumb|The 500 kW TGL DeepGen III tidal stream turbine at Hatston Pier, Orkney]]
[[File:TGL DeepGen IV at Hatston Pier.jpg|alt=A faded yellow nacelle of a tidal turbine, with three stubby blades at the left, the top one with traces of red paint. Two people stand below the blades, a third person is in a cherrypicker lift to the right. A metal frame with steps lead up to the rear of the nacelle on the right of the image.|thumb|The 1 MW TGL DeepGen IV tidal stream turbine at Hatston Pier, Orkney]]
=== Tidal Generation Ltd ===
'''Tidal Generation Ltd''' (TGL) was a [[Bristol]]-based developer of tidal stream turbines, founded in 2005.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=Alstom (formerly TGL) |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/our-tidal-clients/alstom/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=European Marine Energy Centre |language=en}}</ref> It was acquired by [[Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce]], before being sold to [[Alstom]] in 2012.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":38">{{Cite web |title=Alstom to acquire Tidal Generation Ltd - NS Energy |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/newsalstom-to-acquire-tidal-generation-ltd/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Then in 2015, [[General Electric]] acquired Alstom's energy division, including TGL.<ref name=":39">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-03 |title=Alstom has finally sold its energy business to GE for $13.6b |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/alstom-sells-energy-business-to-ge-for-13-6b-a6718056.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> In 2021 French tidal developer Sabella acquired General Electric's tidal energy assets, including those developed by TGL, Rolls-Royce and Alstom.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2021 |title=Sabella acquires GE's tidal assets |url=https://renews.biz/66158/sabella-acquires-ges-tidal-assets/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
TGL tested a 500 kW turbine at [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] from September 2010 as part of the Deep-Gen III project.<ref name=":04" /> This was the first turbine installed at EMEC that was eligible for [[Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)|Renewables Obligation Certificates]].<ref name=":110">{{Cite web |last=Shead |first=Sam |date=2011-10-27 |title=Prototype tidal turbine delivers 100MWh to Scottish grid |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/prototype-tidal-turbine-delivers-100mwh-to-scottish-grid/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref> By September 2012, it had generated over 250 MWh of electricity which was supplied to the local grid.
An upgraded 1 MW Deep-Gen IV turbine was developed while part of Rolls-Royce within the ''Reliable Data Acquisition Platform for Tidal'' (ReDAPT) project, partly funded by the [[Energy Technologies Institute]].<ref name=":110" /> The turbine rotor was 18 m in diameter, mounted on a 22 m long nacelle, with a mass of under 150 t.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-03 |title=Alstom produced electricity with its 1MW tidal turbine as a… |url=https://www.eti.co.uk/news/alstom-produced-electricity-with-its-1mw-tidal-turbine-as-a-part-of-eti-redapt-project |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=The ETI |language=en}}</ref> It had cut-in, rated, and maximum flow speeds of 1 m/s, 2.7 m/s, and 5 m/s respectively.
In 2014, a 1.4 MW turbine was proposed, again with an 18 m diameter rotor. It was marketed as the Oceade™ 18 – 1.4 MW, but was never built.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Visser |first=Anne |date=2014-10-01 |title=Alstom Presents 1.4MW Tidal Turbine |url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2014/10/01/alstom-presents-1-4mw-tidal-turbine/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Offshore Wind |language=en-US}}</ref>
The TGL turbines were a three-bladed horizontal-axis design which could yaw to face the incoming tide, driven by a thruster on the rear of the nacelle. They nacelle of the turbine was buoyant, which allowed it to towed to site then installed onto the subsea tripod foundation using a winch system operated from small workboats.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://ukerc.rl.ac.uk/ETI/PUBLICATIONS/MRN_MA1001_3.pdf |title=ReDAPT MC7.3 Public Domain Report: Final |last=Harrison |first=J |date=2015-08-12 |doi=10.5286/UKERC.EDC.000316 |access-date=2024-02-10}}</ref>
=== Tocardo ===
'''Tocardo BV''' is a Dutch tidal stream turbine developer, jointly owned by QED Naval and Hydrowing as of January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web
A prototype T1 turbine was tested in the sluice of the [[Afsluitdijk]] (Closure Dyke) in the Netherlands in 2008. This was 2.8 m in diameter and rated at 45 kW.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/publications/oes-annual-reports/document/oes-annual-report-2008/ |title=2008 Annual Report |date=February 2009 |publisher=International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES) |page=98}}</ref> In early 2015, a further three Tocardo T1 turbines were installed, each rated at 100 kW.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Tidal power plants are put to the test in the Netherlands {{!}} Engineer Live |url=https://www.engineerlive.com/node/18486 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.engineerlive.com}}</ref>
In 2015, five Tocardo T2 turbines were installed on the [[Oosterscheldekering]] (Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier) also in the Netherlands. These started generating electricity to the Dutch grid in 2016.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/publications/oes-annual-reports/document/oes-annual-report-2016/ |title=2016 Annual Report |date=2016-04-24 |publisher=The Executive Committee of Ocean Energy Systems |page=114}}</ref> They were mounted on a frame supported by the road bridge which could rotate to lift all of the turbines out the water simultaneously. Each turbine was 5.26 m in diameter (87 m
In the ''BlueTec'' project a floating platform was moored near the Dutch island of [[Texel]], with a Tocardo turbine mounted beneath it. It was initially installed in summer 2015 with a 100 kW T1 turbine, then reinstalled in early 2016 with a T2 turbine, and provided power to the local electricity grid.<ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |
Three Tocardo T1 turbines were integrated onto the 240 kW QED Naval ''Subhub'' community demonstrator platform in late 2021, with a plan to test the turbine in [[The Solent]] near [[Yarmouth, Isle of Wight]], UK.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2021-12-06 |title=
The next generation of Tocardo T3 turbines are planned to be used on the tidal projects by Hydrowing and Môr Energy at [[Morlais]], Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jay |date=2022-02-07 |title=HydroWing To demonstrate Next generation Tocardo Turbines at Morlais Tidal Demo-Zone |url=https://www.marineenergywales.co.uk/industry-news/hydrowing-to-demonstrate-next-generation-tocardo-turbines-at-morlais-tidal-demo-zone/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Marine Energy Wales |language=en-US}}</ref>
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=== Voith Hydro ===
[[File:Voith HyTide 1MW at Hatston Pier.jpg|alt=The large cylidrical white nacelle of the 1MW Voith HyTide tidal stream generator, with 3 stubby blue blades part way along. It sitting on a pier, two cars below dwarfed by the scale of the turbine. Behind is a large heavy-lift ship used for the installation.|thumb|The 1MW Voith HyTide tidal stream generator sitting on Hatston Pier, Orkney]]
'''Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies GmbH''' was a joint venture between [[Voith|Voith Hydro]] and [[RWE Innogy]] that developed tidal stream turbines, however Innogy sold their stake in November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-14 |title=Voith to install tidal turbine in Scotland |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/voith-to-install-tidal-turbine-in-scotland/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carruthers |first=Quentin |date=2013-12-02 |title=Innogy exits Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies |url=https://globalventuring.com/corporate/innogy-exits-voith-hydro-ocean-current-technologies/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Global Venturing}}</ref>
The 110 kW HyTide
A full-scale 1 MW horizontal-axis turbine was then tested at EMEC between 2013 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tidal clients / Voith Hydro |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/our-tidal-clients/voith-hydro/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre |language=}}</ref> The HyTide 1000 had a 13 m diameter rotor (133 m
Voith also acquired the 250 kW [[Islay LIMPET]] [[wave power]] station in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-05-24 |title=Buyout saves wave power company |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4575583.stm |access-date=2024-01-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
=== Zhejiang University ===
'''Zhejiang University''' has installed three tidal stream turbines to the north of Zhairuoshan Island ({{coord|29|57|27.03|N|122|4|57.31|E|}}), in the [[Zhoushan]] archipelago.<ref>{{Cite web
== List of grid-connected tidal stream generators ==
{{See also|List of tidal power stations}}
Over the years, many different tidal stream turbines have been deployed and tested at sea, and have delivered power to the local electricity grid. A non-exhaustive list is given in the table below, along with other notable devices. As most of these were development and test versions, they were removed for periods of time for maintenance or upgrades. {{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
Line 173 ⟶ 221:
|0.3
|{{flag|Norway}}
|[[Kvalsundet]]
|{{coord|70|30|40.32|N|23|56|38.4|E|}}
|2004-01
Line 203 ⟶ 251:
|{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Afsluitdijk]] sluice
|{{
|2008
|
Line 258 ⟶ 306:
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Afsluitdijk]] sluice
|{{
|2015-02
|
Line 266 ⟶ 314:
|0.1
|[[Texel]], Wadden Sea
|{{
|2015
|
Line 279 ⟶ 327:
|2016
|2017
|<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |
|-
| rowspan="2" |Zhoushan tidal power station
Line 335 ⟶ 383:
|2016-12
|Operational
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellichipuram |first=Umesh |date=2016-12-07 |title=
|-
|SIMEC Atlantis, AR1500
Line 382 ⟶ 430:
|Operational
{{NoteTag|Off-site from 2020 to 2001 to 2021–04|name=MagallanesOffsite}}
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Díaz-Dorado |first1=Eloy |last2=Carrillo |first2=Camilo |last3=Cidras |first3=Jose |last4=Román |first4=David |last5=Grande |first5=Javier |date=2021-01-21 |title=Performance evaluation and modelling of the Atir marine current turbine |journal=IET Renewable Power Generation |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=821–838 |doi=10.1049/rpg2.12071 |issn=1752-1416 |doi-access=free|hdl=11093/3139 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Magallanes tidal unit reinstalled at EMEC |url=https://renews.biz/68108/magallanes-tidal-unit-reinstalled-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
|-
|HydroQuest, OceanQuest
Line 391 ⟶ 439:
|2019-04
|2020-12
|<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |last=Ajdin |first=Adis |date=2020-05-05 |title=HydroQuest marks OceanQuest milestone |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/hydroquest-marks-oceanquest-milestone/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":32" />
|-
|Verdant Power, Gen5 ×3
Line 419 ⟶ 467:
|{{Coord|32|50|N|128|54|E}}
|2021-02
|2023-12 {{NoteTag|Turbine
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":41">{{Cite web
|-
|Orbital, [[Orbital O2|O2]]
Line 450 ⟶ 498:
|Operational
|<ref name=":22" />
|-
|Proteus Marine Renewables, AR1100
|1.1
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|[[Naru Island (Japan)|Naru Island]]
|{{Coord|32|50|N|128|54|E}}
|2025-02
|Operational
|<ref name=":43" />
|}
Line 456 ⟶ 513:
== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Ocean energy}}
[[Category:Tidal power]]
Line 464 ⟶ 520:
[[Category:Tidal power in France]]
[[Category:Renewable energy companies]]
[[Category:Tidal power in Wales]]
| |||