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Lots of different technology variants have been tested, and there has not been convergence on a predominant typology. Most have been horizontal-axis, like wind turbines, but with 2, 3, or more blades and either mounted on a seabed fixed foundation or on a floating platform. In addition, vertical-axis turbines and tidal kites are also being developed.
Historically, development has largely been focused around Europe, but devices have been built and tested in North America – including at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), Japan, and elsewhere. The [[European Marine Energy Centre]] (EMEC) was set up in [[Orkney]] in 2003, and developed a tidal test site in the [[Fall of Warness]], to the west of the island of [[Eday]]. The site opened in 2006, and EMEC was granted a license in 2016 to test up to 10 MW of tidal stream devices, and has since hosted the testing of many of these devices.<ref name=":21">{{Cite report |url=https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/environmental_statement_1.pdf |title=EMEC Fall of Warness Tidal Test Site Section 36 Application Environmental Statement |last=The European Marine Energy Centre |date=December 2014}}</ref>
There have been various acquisitions of technology developers over the years. Many of the companies are no longer trading, or have ceased development of tidal-stream turbines. However, the first pre-commercial array demonstration projects have been operating since around 2016. Building on this, commercial arrays are expected to be operational by around 2027, at EMEC, [[Morlais]] and elsewhere.
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* The first tidal stream turbine test site was constructed in 2005 and opened in 2006, in the Fall of Wanress to the west of Eday, Orkney, part of the European Marine Energy Centre.<ref name=":21" />
* The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT [[SeaGen]] turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=SeaGen Turbine, Northern Ireland, UK |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/strangford-lough/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Also in May 2008, OpenHydro was the first tidal turbine connected to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]] in Great Britain (GB). The 250 kW device was tested in the [[Fall of Warness]], [[Eday]], Orkney.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |title=OpenHydro turbine connected to UK grid |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/openhydro-turbine-connected-to-uk-grid-1.1215519 |access-date=2023-12-21 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Verdant Power installed six 35 kW turbines in New York's [[East River]], supplying power to two local businesses, claimed as the world's first tidal array.<ref name="nytimes20120912" />
* In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100 kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland, connected to the GB Grid, also claimed as the world's first tidal array.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=World first for Shetlands in tidal power breakthrough |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/world-first-for-shetlands-in-tidal-power-breakthrough |access-date=8 September 2016 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
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'''Hammerfest Strøm AS''' was a Norwegian developer of tidal stream turbines, based in [[Hammerfest (town)|Hammerfest]]. In 2010, Austrian hydropower company [[Andritz AG]] bought one third of the shares.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-12 |title=Andritz acquires stake in tidal hydro firm Hammerfest Strom |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/europe/andritz-acquires-stake/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2012, Andritz became the majority stakeholder and rebranded the company '''Andritz Hydro Hammerfest'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Visser |first=Anne |date=2012-04-23 |title=Norway: Hammerfest Strøm Changes Its Name to ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest |url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2012/04/23/norway-hammerfest-strom-changes-its-name-to-andritz-hydro-hammerfest/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Offshore Wind |language=en-US}}</ref>
In November 2003, Hammerfest Strøm installed their '''HS300''' turbine in [[Kvalsundet]], Norway.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kvalsundet tidevannskraftverk |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |___location=Oslo |url=http://snl.no/Kvalsundet_tidevannskraftverk |last=Askheim |first=Svein |editor-last=Godal |editor-first=Anne Marit |editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |language=Norwegian |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref> This 300 kW prototype was a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine. It sat on a monopile foundation in 50 m deep water. In 2003, the project was reported to have cost US$11m.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-09-22 |title=Norway tries underwater 'windmills' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3087374 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> The HS300 turbine was connected to the grid in
A more powerful 1MW device was then tested at EMEC from 2012. The '''HS1000''' was also a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine, installed at the Fall of Warness test site in December 2011.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2011-12-26 |title=Giant tidal device set for tests off Orkney |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-16327617 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR2012_low%20res_FINAL.pdf |title=Renewables 2012 Global Status Report |last=((REN21)) |date=June 2012 |page=46 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref>
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=== BigMoon Power ===
'''BigMoon Power'''
=== Flumill ===
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=== General Electric ===
In 2015, [[General Electric|GE]] acquired the energy assets from [[Alstom]] which included the business originally developed by [[Development of tidal stream generators#Tidal Generation Ltd|Tidal Generation Ltd]].<ref name=":39" />
In 2024, [[GE Vernova]] signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with [[Development of tidal stream generators#Proteus Marine Renewables|Proteus Marine Renewables]] to supply electrical systems for their tidal turbines.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=GE Vernova signs tidal turbine MoU |url=https://renews.biz/96823/ge-vernova-signs-tidal-turbine-mou/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |work=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
=== HydroQuest ===▼
▲=== HydroQuest ===
In 2013, HydroQuest installed a turbine in the [[Oyapock]] river in [[French Guiana]], powering the 200 inhabitants of the [[Camopi]] village.<ref name=":30" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mallard |first1=Kathleen |last2=Garbuio |first2=Lauric |last3=Debusschere |first3=Vincent |date=2020-01-01 |title=Towards sustainable business model and sustainable design of a hydro generator system dedicated to isolated communities |url=https://hal.science/hal-03051966/file/S2212827120300986.pdf |journal=Procedia CIRP |series=27th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference (LCE2020) |volume=90 |pages=251–255 |doi=10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.004 |issn=2212-8271}}</ref> The also company tested a 40 kW '''HydroQuest 1.40''' in the [[Loire]] river in [[Orléans]] in late 2014, connecting it to the French electricity grid in September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaneva |first=Mariyana |date=2015-10-12 |title=HydroQuest connects river current turbine to French grid |url=https://renewablesnow.com/news/hydroquest-connects-river-current-turbine-to-french-grid-496908/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Renewables Now}}</ref>▼
{{Main|HydroQuest}}
▲
A 1 MW '''OceanQuest''' tidal turbine was tested at [[Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm|Paimpol–Bréhat]] between April 2019 and December 2021.
In collaboration with
=== LHD New Energy Corporation ===
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=== Magallanes Renovables ===
{{Main|Magallanes Renovables}}
'''Magallanes Renovables, S.L'''. is a Spanish developer of floating tidal energy devices, set up in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables: Unlocking energy from tidal power |url=https://www.magallanesrenovables.com/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Magallanes Renovables |language=en-US}}</ref> They have tested a grid-connected 1.5 MW '''ATIR''' device at EMEC since 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC {{!}} Tethys |url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/magallanes-renovables-atir-emec |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=tethys.pnnl.gov}}</ref> having previously tested a small scale device at the [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] nursery test site in Shapinsay Sound, although this was not grid-connected.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Marthinsen |first=Stig |title=Magallanes reinstall ATIR tidal turbine at EMEC, Interreg VB North Sea Region Programme |url=https://northsearegion.eu/periscope/news/magallanes-reinstall-atir-tidal-turbine-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=northsearegion.eu |language=}}</ref> Magallanes Thas been awarded [[Contracts for Difference (UK electricity market support)|Contracts for Difference]] (CfD) to supply subsidised electricity to the GB [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]], at [[Morlais]] and at EMEC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracts for Difference (CfD) Allocation Round 4: results |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference-cfd-allocation-round-4-results |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Contracts for Difference (CfD) Allocation Round 5: results |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference-cfd-allocation-round-5-results |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
=== Marine Current Turbines ===
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=== Orbital Marine Power ===
{{
'''Orbital Marine Power Ltd''' is an [[Orkney]]-based developer of floating tidal stream turbines that have twin rotors either side of a long tubular hull. Their third-generation turbine, the 2 MW
=== Proteus Marine Renewables ===
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Proteus is a majority shareholder in {{Lang|fr|Normandie Hydroliennes}}'','' which is planning to deploy a 12 MW pilot tidal farm at [[Raz Blanchard]] in 2025. The NH1 project will consist of four PMR AR3000 turbines, each rated at 3 MW.<ref name=":40" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maksumic |first=Zerina |date=2024-10-04 |title=Proteus Marine Rewables' tidal energy system on track to slash costs, EIB confirms |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/proteus-marine-rewables-tidal-energy-system-on-track-to-slash-costs-eib-confirms/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
In August 2024, PMR started building an AR1100 turbine to be deployed in the Naru Strait to power the [[Gotō Islands]] in Japan. This is an upgrade of the AR500 turbine with added pitch and yaw mechanisms, and uprated to 1.1 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maksumic |first=Zerina |date=2024-08-01 |title=Proteus Marine Renewables starts assembling upgraded tidal turbine in Japan (Gallery) |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/proteus-marine-renewables-starts-assembling-upgraded-tidal-turbine-in-japan-gallery/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> The AR500 was previously tested in the Naru Strait from February 2021 to December 2023.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":41" /> The AR1100 was installed in February 2025, using local vessels.<ref name=":43">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Proteus installs 1.1MW tidal turbine in Japan |url=https://renews.biz/98770/proteus-installs-11mw-tidal-turbine-in-japan/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
In November 2024, Proteus signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with [[SKF]] to supply the rotating equipment and [[GE Vernova]] to supply electrical systems for their tidal turbines.<ref name=":42" />
=== Pulse Tidal ===
'''Pulse Tidal Ltd''' was an English tidal stream developer, formed in 2007 after
The company was awarded €8m in European funding to develop the first commercial prototype, expected to be rated at 1.2 MW, and deployed at [[Lynmouth]], Devon, where Pulse Tidal had been awarded a seabed lease from the [[Crown Estate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Pulse Tidal secures lease agreement to deploy 1.2MW power system in UK |url=https://www.powerinfotoday.com/tidal-energy/pulse-tidal-secures-lease-agreement-to-deploy-12mw-power-system-in-uk/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Power Info Today |language=}}</ref> The company was also developing plans for the [[
Pulse Tidal was liquidated in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2014 |title=Sad news for Pulse Tidal |url=https://analysis.newenergyupdate.com/tidal-today/sad-news-pulse-tidal |access-date=2022-09-12 |publisher=Analysis.newenergyupdate.com |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
=== Sabella ===
{{Main|Sabella (company)}}'''Sabella
The '''D03''' was a 30 kW horizontal-axis turbine, with a six-bladed rotor 3 m in diameter, hence the name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=D03 |url=https://www.sabella.bzh/en/our-projects/d03/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Sabella |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was tested in the [[Odet]] estuary in 2008, but not grid connected. The turbine weighed 7 tonnes, and sat on a gravity base in around 25 m deep water.
The larger 1 MW '''D10''' turbine was then developed, and tested in the [[Fromveur Passage]], Brittany from June 2015. After hackers interrupted the communications link with the turbine, it began supplying power to the grid in [[Ushant]] on 5 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poindexter |first=Gregory |date=2016-03-23 |title=Hackers rendered 1-MW Sabella D10 tidal turbine inoperable in France |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/hackers-rendered-1-mw-sabella-d10-tidal-turbine-inoperable-in-france/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
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== List of grid-connected tidal stream generators ==
{{See also|List of tidal power stations}}
Over the years, many different tidal stream turbines have been deployed and tested at sea, and have delivered power to the local electricity grid. A non-exhaustive list is given in the table below, along with other notable devices. As most of these were development and test versions, they were removed for periods of time for maintenance or upgrades. {{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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|{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Afsluitdijk]] sluice
|{{
|2008
|
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| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Afsluitdijk]] sluice
|{{
|2015-02
|
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|0.1
|[[Texel]], Wadden Sea
|{{
|2015
|
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|Operational
{{NoteTag|Off-site from 2020 to 2001 to 2021–04|name=MagallanesOffsite}}
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Díaz-Dorado |first1=Eloy |last2=Carrillo |first2=Camilo |last3=Cidras |first3=Jose |last4=Román |first4=David |last5=Grande |first5=Javier |date=2021-01-21 |title=Performance evaluation and modelling of the Atir marine current turbine |journal=IET Renewable Power Generation |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=821–838 |doi=10.1049/rpg2.12071 |issn=1752-1416 |doi-access=free|hdl=11093/3139 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Magallanes tidal unit reinstalled at EMEC |url=https://renews.biz/68108/magallanes-tidal-unit-reinstalled-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
|<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />▼
|-
|HydroQuest, OceanQuest
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|2019-04
|2020-12
|<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |last=Ajdin |first=Adis |date=2020-05-05 |title=HydroQuest marks OceanQuest milestone |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/hydroquest-marks-oceanquest-milestone/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":32" />
|-
|Verdant Power, Gen5 ×3
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|{{Coord|32|50|N|128|54|E}}
|2021-02
|2023-12 {{NoteTag|Turbine
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":41">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Tidal Energy Turbine Comes Ashore in Japan - Industrial News |url=https://industrialnews.co.uk/tidal-energy-turbine-comes-ashore-in-japan/,%20https://industrialnews.co.uk/tidal-energy-turbine-comes-ashore-in-japan/,%20https://www.oedigital.com/news/510528-tidal-energy-turbine-comes-ashore-in-japan |access-date=2024-01-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
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|Operational
|<ref name=":22" />
|-
|Proteus Marine Renewables, AR1100
|1.1
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|[[Naru Island (Japan)|Naru Island]]
|{{Coord|32|50|N|128|54|E}}
|2025-02
|Operational
|}
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