Push–pull perfusion: Difference between revisions

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'''Push-pullPush–pull perfusion''' is an [[in vivo]] sampling method most commonly used for measuring [[Neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]] in the brain. Developed by J.H. Gaddum in 1960,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gaddum|first=J.H.|title=Push-pull cannulae|journal=Journal of Physiology (London)|year=1961|volume=155|issue=1|pages=1P-2P1P–2P}}</ref>

this technique replaced the [[cortical cup]] technique for observing neurotransmitters.

this technique replaced the [[cortical cup]] technique for observing neurotransmitters. The advent of concentric [[microdialysis]] probes in the 1980s resulted in push-pull sampling falling out of favor, as such probes require less monitoring, and are less invasive than the higher flow rate push-pull probes (>10&nbsp;microliter/min), which could result in lesions if flow is unbalanced.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Myers|first=R.D.|coauthors=Adell, A.; Lankford, M.F.|title=Simultaneous comparison of cerebral dialysis and push-pull perfusion in the brain of rats: a critical review|journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|year=1998|volume=22|issue=3|pages=371–387|doi=10.1016/S0149-7634(97)00025-0|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0J-3SGHHTN-1/1/1b95816bfa60a44d0a1f0d244fd53523}}</ref>

In order to analyze concentrations of [[Analyte|analytes]] such as neurotransmitters, a probe consisting of two concentric tubes is implanted in the region of interest. A pump then pushes a neutral fluid such as [[Saline (medicine)|saline]] or [[Ringer's solution]] through one of the tubes, while another pump extracts the fluid through the other tube. While outside the tubes, the perfusion fluid picks up physiological substances such as neurotransmitters that are present in the area. The concentration of analytes of interest can then be measured in the expelled fluid, indicating in which concentration they are present at the site of interest at any given time.<ref>{{Citation |last=Westerink |first=B.H.C. |title=Microdialysis compared with other in vivo release models |date=1991 |work=Microdialysis in the Neurosciences |pages=23–43 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-81194-3.50007-1 |access-date=2024-05-14 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-81194-3.50007-1 |last2=Justice |first2=J.B.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

With the advent of [[microfluidics]] and miniaturized probes, low-flow push-pull sampling was developed in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kottegoda|first=Sumith|coauthors=Shaik, Imtiazuddin; Shippy, Scott A.|title=Demonstration of low flow push-pull perfusion|journal=Journal of Neuroscience Methods|year=2002|volume=121|issue=1|pages=93–101|doi=10.1016/S0165-0270(02)00245-5|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T04-470TJP8-6/1/87cc58720923244cc2ad7be5cf53fcfe}}</ref> By using flow rates of ~50 [[Nanoliter|nL]]/min, this technique minimizes tissue damage while providing finer spatial resolution than [[microdialysis]] sampling.

this technique replaced the [[cortical cup]] technique for observing neurotransmitters. The advent of concentric [[microdialysis]] probes in the 1980s resulted in push-pull sampling falling out of favor, as such probes require less monitoring, and are less invasive than the higher flow rate push-pull probes (>10&nbsp;microliter/min), which could result in lesions if flow is unbalanced.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Myers|first=R.D.|coauthorsauthor2=Adell, A.; |author3=Lankford, M.F. |title=Simultaneous comparison of cerebral dialysis and push-pull perfusion in the brain of rats: a critical review|journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|year=1998|volume=22|issue=3|pages=371–387|doi=10.1016/S0149-7634(97)00025-0 |urlpmid=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0J-3SGHHTN-1/1/1b95816bfa60a44d0a1f0d244fd535239579326|s2cid=36994607}}</ref>

With the advent of [[microfluidics]] and miniaturized probes, low-flow push-pullpush–pull sampling was developed in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kottegoda|first=Sumith|coauthorsauthor2=Shaik, Imtiazuddin; |author3=Shippy, Scott A. |title=Demonstration of low flow push-pull perfusion|journal=Journal of Neuroscience Methods|year=2002|volume=121|issue=1|pages=93–101|doi=10.1016/S0165-0270(02)00245-5|urlpmid=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T04-470TJP8-6/1/87cc58720923244cc2ad7be5cf53fcfe12393165 |s2cid=23666332}}</ref> By using flow rates of ~50 [[Nanoliter|nL]]/min, this technique minimizes tissue damage while providing finer spatial resolution than [[microdialysis]] sampling.

== External Links ==

[http://www.monitoringmolecules.org/ International Society for Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External Linkslinks ==

* [http://www.monitoringmolecules.org/ International Society for Monitoring Molecules in Neuroscience]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Push-pull perfusion}}

[[Category:Biochemistry methods]]

[[Category:CellDiagnostic biologyneurology]]

[[Category:NeuroscienceNeurochemistry]]

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