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{{Short description|Programming language}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = Ballerina
| logo = Official_Ballerina_Programming_Language_LogoOfficial Ballerina Programming Language Logo.png
| logo_altlogo alt = Ballerina Language▼
| logo_size = 200px
| designer = [[Sanjiva Weerawarana]], [[James Clark (programmer)|James Clark]], Sameera Jayasoma, Hasitha Aravinda, Srinath Perera, [[Frank Leymann]] and [[WSO2]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ballerina.io/spec/lang/master/ |publisher=WSO2 |title=Ballerina Language Specification |access-date=2020-04-24 |archive-date=2020-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811095205/https://ballerina.io/spec/lang/master/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>▼
▲| logo_alt = Ballerina Language
| released = 2017
▲| designer = [[Sanjiva Weerawarana]], [[James Clark (programmer)|James Clark]], Sameera Jayasoma, Hasitha Aravinda, Srinath Perera, [[Frank Leymann]] and [[WSO2]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ballerina.io/spec/ |publisher=WSO2 |title=Ballerina Language Specification}}</ref>
| developer = [[WSO2]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2019|09|10}}
| typing = [[structural typing|Structural]], [[strong typing|strong]], [[static typing|static]], [[type inference|inferred]]▼
| latest release version = 2201.12.3 (Swan Lake Update 12)
| influenced_by = [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Javascript (programming language)|Javascript]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ballerina, A modern programming language focused on integration |pages=15 |url=https://opensource.ellak.gr/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/06/2018-06-Ballerina-GFOSS.pdf}}</ref>]]▼
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2025|04|10}}
| programming language =Java, Ballerina, TypeScript <ref name="sourcecode" />▼
▲| typing = [[structuralStructural typing|Structural]], [[strongStrong and weak typing|strong]], [[static typing|static]], [[type inference|inferred]]
| platform = ▼
▲| influenced_byinfluenced by = [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Javascript (programming language)|JavascriptJavaScript]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]<ref>{{cite journalweb |title=Ballerina, A modern programming language focused on integration |pages=15 |url=https://opensource.ellak.gr/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/06/2018-06-Ballerina-GFOSS.pdf}}</ref>]]
| operating_system = [[Cross-platform]]
▲| programming language = [[Java (programming language)|Java]], Ballerina, [[TypeScript ]]<ref name="sourcecode" />
| license = [[Apache License]] 2.0<ref name="license">{{cite web▼
▲| platform = [[x86-64]]
| url = https://github.com/ballerina-platform/ballerina-lang/blob/master/LICENSE▼
| operating system = [[Cross-platform software|Cross-platform]]: [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Linux]], [[macOS]]
| title = WSO2 / LICENSE▼
▲| license = [[Apache License|Apache]] 2.0<ref name="license">{{cite web
| date = 2017-03-08 | access-date = 2018-03-01▼
▲ | url = https://github.com/ballerina-platform/ballerina-lang/blob/master/LICENSE
| website = github.com | publisher = [[WSO2]]▼
▲ | title = WSO2 / LICENSE
▲ | date = 2017-03-08 | access-date = 2018-03-01
▲ | website = github.com | publisher = [[WSO2]]
}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://ballerina.io/}}
}}
'''Ballerina''' is a general-purpose [[programming language]] designed by [[WSO2]] for cloud-era application [[programmers]].<ref name="sourcecode">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/ballerina-platform/ballerina-lang |title=Ballerina source code |author=((Open Source Contributors)) |date=18 June 2019 |publisher=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> It is [[free and open-source software]] released under [[Apache License]] 2.
'''Ballerina''' is an [[Open-source model|open source]] general-purpose [[programming language]] and platform designed by [[WSO2]] for cloud-era application [[programmers]]. It is easy to write and modify and is suitable for application [[programmer]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenewstack.io/ballerina-an-api-first-programming-language/|title=Ballerina: An API-First Programming Language|last=Jackson|first=Joab|work=The New Stack|access-date=2018-06-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ballerina-a-language-of-integration-of-technology-and-the-arts/|title=Technology and the Arts: Celebrating Ballerina, a computer language of integration|first=Tom|last=Foremski|date=2019-03-01|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theserverside.com/blog/Coffee-Talk-Java-News-Stories-and-Opinions/Ballerina-language-promises-to-improve-app-integration|title=Ballerina language promises to improve app integration|first=George|last=Lawton|date=2018-11-01|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
 
It is an [[Open-source model|open source]]The project <ref name="sourcecode">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/ballerina-platform/ballerina-lang |title=Ballerina source code |author=Open Source Contributors |date=18 June 2019 |publisher=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> started in 2015 by architects from [[WSO2]] as a code-based alternative to the configuration-based integration tools such as [[Enterpriseenterprise application integration|EAI]] (EAI), [[Enterpriseenterprise service bus|ESB]] (ESB), and workflow products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoq.com/articles/ballerina-microservices-language-part-1|title=Ballerina Microservices Programming Language: Introducing the Latest Release and "Ballerina Central"|website=InfoQ|access-date=2018-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://searchmicroservices.techtarget.com/tip/How-does-Ballerina-stack-up-as-a-cloud-native-programming-language|title=How does Ballerina stack up as a cloud-native programming language?|first=Alan|last=Earls|date=2019-03-01|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
 
It has various constructs geared toward cloud-native development including support for modernvarious data formats and protocols, reliability, distributed transactions, [[Applicationapplication programming interface|APIsinterfaces ([[API]]s), and event streams.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://searchapparchitecture.techtarget.com/tip/10-of-the-best-programming-languages-to-learn-in-2020|title=10 of the best programming languages to learn in 2020|last=Doyle|first=Kerry|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRrJKM0BAAo|title=Evolution of Integration and Microservices with Service Mesh and Ballerina|last=Posta|first=Christian|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2019-07-24|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techworld.com/picture-gallery/careers/up-coming-programming-languages-for-developers-get-grips-with-3621455/|title=Top programming languages you should try|author=Techworld staff|work=Techworld|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en-GB}}</ref>
 
== History ==
Ballerina was designed by WSO2 to improve productivity for application developers that have to work with [[Distributed computing|distributed cloud-native systems]]. The designers, who provided enterprise products in the [[Enterprise integration|integration]] space for over 10 years, used their knowledge of the industry when designing the language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.jclark.com/2019/09/ballerina-programming-language-part-0.html|title=Ballerina Programming Language Part 0 - Context|last=Clark|first=James|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.jclark.com/2019/09/ballerina-programming-language-part-1.html|title=Ballerina Programming Language Part 1 - Concepts|last=Clark|first=James|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ballerina was first publicly announced in 2017 and version 1.0 was released on September 10, 2019.<ref>{{Cite webpress release|url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/09/10/1913510/0/en/Ballerina-Reinvents-Cloud-Native-Middleware-as-a-Programming-Language-Puts-ESB-on-the-Path-to-Extinction.html|title=Ballerina Reinvents Cloud-Native Middleware as a Programming Language|website=GlobeNewswire|date=10 September 2019 |access-date=2020-09-16}}</ref>
 
== Design ==
ItBallerina is a general-purpose language with a familiar syntax along with a direct graphical representation of the code in the form of sequence diagrams. It has fundamental abstractions designed to make integration problems easier to program.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ratnayake |first1=Dakshitha |title=Ballerina Swan Lake: 10 Compelling Language Characteristics for Cloud Native Programming |url=https://www.infoq.com/articles/ballerina-cloud-native-programming/ |website=InfoQ |publisher=InfoQ |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> Ballerina was designed by WSO2 to improve productivity for application developers that have to work with [[distributed computing]]. It is easy to write and modify and is suitable for application programmers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenewstack.io/ballerina-an-api-first-programming-language/|title=Ballerina: An API-First Programming Language|last=Jackson|first=Joab|work=The New Stack|access-date=2018-06-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ballerina-a-language-of-integration-of-technology-and-the-arts/|title=Technology and the Arts: Celebrating Ballerina, a computer language of integration|first=Tom|last=Foremski|date=2019-03-01|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theserverside.com/blog/Coffee-Talk-Java-News-Stories-and-Opinions/Ballerina-language-promises-to-improve-app-integration|title=Ballerina language promises to improve app integration|first=George|last=Lawton|date=2018-11-01|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
 
The designers, who provided [[enterprise integration]] products for over 10 years, used their knowledge of the industry when designing the language,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.jclark.com/2019/09/ballerina-programming-language-part-0.html|title=Ballerina Programming Language Part 0 - Context|last=Clark|first=James|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.jclark.com/2019/09/ballerina-programming-language-part-1.html|title=Ballerina Programming Language Part 1 - Concepts|last=Clark|first=James|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> says WSO2 director and Ballerina founder James Clark.
Some key concepts in Ballerina include:
 
* The network in the language - Ballerina introduces fundamental, new abstractions of client objects, services, resource functions, and listeners to bring networking into the language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hackernoon.com/rethinking-programming-the-network-in-the-language-kn3z3y55|title=Rethinking Programming: The Network in the Language|last=Warusawithana|first=Lakmal|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Sequence diagram]]s for programming - In Ballerina, every program has a corresponding sequence diagramy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hackernoon.com/rethinking-programming-making-sequence-diagrams-cool-again-6z1p3yv9|title=Rethinking Programming: Making Sequence Diagrams Cool Again|last=Fernando|first=Anjana|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Structural, open-by-default typing - Ballerina has a statically-typed, structural type system that is designed to be network data schema friendly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hackernoon.com/rethinking-programming-network-aware-type-system-8o7x3yh6|title=Rethinking Programming: Network Aware Type System|last=Fernando|first=Anjana|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Moving from code to cloud - Ballerina brings the entire program execution process to the hands of the developer with extensible metadata that gets compiled to runnable programs for all major cloud platforms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hackernoon.com/rethinking-programming-from-code-to-cloud-fy273yer|title=Rethinking Programming: From Code to Cloud|last=Warusawithana|first=Lakmal|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Automated observability - Ballerina incorporates automatic observability features into the language itself that helps keep track of metrics, logs and tracing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hackernoon.com/rethinking-programming-automated-observability-dn14p3yxb|title=Rethinking Programming: Automated Observability|last=Fernando|first=Anjana|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}</ref>
 
== Examples ==
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The service version of the Hello World program:
<syntaxhighlight lang="texttypescript">
import ballerina/http;
 
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</syntaxhighlight>
 
<ref name="example1">{{cite web |url=https://ballerina.io/learn/by-example/hello-world-service.html |title= Hello world service |author=Ballerina Team |date=16 September 2020 |publisher=ballerina.io |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916185848/https://ballerina.io/learn/by-example/hello-world-service.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
=== REST API ===
<syntaxhighlight lang="textd">
import ballerina/http;
 
Line 143 ⟶ 139:
</syntaxhighlight>
 
=== Sequence Diagramdiagram ===
The generated [[sequence diagram]] is a canonical representation of the source code. The two representations can be used interchangeably. The diagram support is provided through the Ballerina VS Code plugin. The following are a couple of such generated sequence diagrams, compared with its associated code.
 
A sample program for retrieving and processing COVID19COVID-19 data:
 
[[File:Working-with-data-code+diagram.png]]
Line 154 ⟶ 150:
[[File:Consuming-services-code+diagram.png]]
 
=== JSON Supportsupport ===
The language provides support for working with JSON values. The builtin type `json` is defined as the following union: <code>()|boolean|int|float|decimal|string|json[]|map<json></code>
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="typescript">
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</syntaxhighlight>
 
=== Code to Cloudcloud ===
Docker and Kubernetes artifacts required for deploying the code to the cloud can be generated when building the code. Values required for these artifacts are derived from the code. Additionally, one can override these values as well using the <code>Cloud.toml</code> file. To enable generation of the cloud artifacts, the users can use the <code>cloud</code> build option in the <code>Ballerina.toml</code> file. Use <code>docker</code> to generate just the Docker image and the Dockerfile and use <code>k8s</code> to generate Kubernetes artifacts as well. Minimal sample config [[TOML]] files would look something like the following:
 
<code>Ballerina.toml</code> file:
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=== Workers ===
<syntaxhighlight lang="textd">
import ballerina/http;
import ballerina/lang.'int;
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== External links ==
* {{Official website|ballerina.io}}
* {{GitHub|ballerina-platform}}
 
* https://ballerina.io
* https://github.com/ballerina-platform/ballerina-lang GitHub repository.
{{Programming languages}}
 
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[[Category:Free software projects]]
[[Category:Cross-platform free software]]
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[[Category:Articles with example code]]
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