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[[Image:PAPI Jersey Airport.JPG|thumb|The PAPI can be seen to the right (non-standard) side of the runway. The aircraft is slightly below the glideslope.]]
A '''precision approach path indicator''' ('''PAPI''') is a system of [[Electric light|lights]] on the side of an airport [[runway]] threshold that provides visual [[descent (aircraft)|descent]] guidance information during [[final approach]]. It is generally located on the left-hand side of the runway approximately {{convert|300
==Design and installation==
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Each light unit consists of one or more light sources, red filters and lenses. A color filter may not be necessary with colored LED lights. Each light unit emits a high-intensity beam. The lower segment of the beam is red, and the upper part is white. The transition between the two colours must take place over an angle not greater than three minutes of arc. This characteristic makes the color change very conspicuous, a key feature of the PAPI signal. To form the PAPI guidance signal, the color transition boundaries of the four units are fixed at different angles. The lowest angle is used for the unit furthest from the runway, the highest for the unit nearest to the runway. The designated glideslope is midway between the second and third light unit settings.
A PAPI installation consists of a bar of four units. Units should be [[Frangibility|frangible]] but not susceptible to [[jet blast]]. The inner edge of the PAPI installation should be situated {{convert|15
The PAPI should be located on the left-hand side of the runway at right angles to the runway center line, although can be located on the right-hand side of the runway if required. The red lights are always
The optimum distance from the runway threshold depends on the wheel clearance over the threshold of the types of aircraft expected to land on the runway; compatibility with non-visual glide paths such as [[instrument landing system]] (ILS) down to the minimum possible range and height; and any difference in elevation between the PAPI installation and the runway threshold. This optimum distance may be adjusted depending on runway length and obstacle clearance. Harmonisation between PAPIs and an ILS system must take into account the distance between eye height and ILS receiver height for various aircraft.<ref name="ICAO"/>{{rp|8–33}}
For a typical 3 degree [[approach slope]], PAPI lights should be angled as follows: 3°30', 3°10', 2°50', 2°30' (3.50°, 3.17°, 2.83°, 2.50°).<ref name="ICAO"/>{{rp|8–36}}
==Interpretation==
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Student pilots in initial training may use the mnemonic
* WHITE on WHITE
* RED on WHITE – "You're all right"
* RED on RED – "You're dead" (too low)
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[[Image:PAPI M39.jpg|thumb|Individual precision approach path indicator]]
PAPIs are calibrated relative to the Minimum Eye Height over Threshold (MEHT).<ref name="ICAO">{{cite book |title=ICAO Doc 9157, Aerodrome Design Manual. Fifth edition, 2021. Part 4, Visual Aids. Chapter 8 |publisher=ICAO |url=http://icscc.org.cn/upload/file/20220712/20220712090914_13813.pdf |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301152804/http://icscc.org.cn/upload/file/20220712/20220712090914_13813.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> For certain aircraft with a low pilot eye height, the pilot will see a "slightly low" indication even though they are on the ILS glideslope.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://
The light characteristics of all light units are identical. In good visibility conditions the guidance information can be used at ranges up to {{convert|5|mi|km}} by day and night. At night the light bars can be seen at ranges of at least {{convert|20|mi|km}}.
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* [[Optical landing system]]
* [[Leading lights]]
==References==
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[[Category:Airport lighting]]
[[Category:British inventions]]
[[Category:Types of final approach (aviation)]]
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