Boxing (computer programming): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Programming language concept}}

{{Multiple issues|

{{redirect|Object type|another use|Class (computer programming)|the universal type|any type}}

{{expert-subject|Computer science|date=August 2009}}

{{refimproveMore citations needed|date=August 2009}}

In [[computer science]], '''boxing''' (a.k.a. wrapping) is the transformation of placing a primitive type within an [[Object (computer science)|object]] so that the value can be used as a [[reference type|reference]]. '''Unboxing''' is the reverse transformation of extracting the primitive value from its wrapper object. '''Autoboxing''' is the term for automatically applying boxing and/or unboxing transformations as needed.

{{Generalize|date=October 2009}}

}}

<!-- only talks of Java; there are complaints on the talk page about this -->

==Boxing==

{{see also|Object (computer science)}}

Boxing's most prominent use is in [[Java (programming language)|Java]] where there is a distinction between [[reference type|reference]] and [[value type]]s for reasons such as runtime efficiency and syntax and semantic issues. In Java, a {{Java|LinkedList}} can only store values of type {{Java|Object}}. One might desire to have a {{Java|LinkedList}} of {{Java|int}}, but this is not directly possible. Instead Java defines [[primitive wrapper class]]es corresponding to each [[primitive data type|primitive type]]: {{Java|Integer}} and {{Java|int}}, {{Java|Character}} and {{Java|char}}, {{Java|Float}} and {{Java|float}}, etc. One can then define a {{Java|LinkedList}} using the boxed type {{Java|Integer}} and insert {{Java|int}} values into the list by boxing them as {{Java|Integer}} objects. (Using [[generic programming|generic]] parameterized types introduced in [[Java Platform, Standard Edition|J2SE]] 5.0, this type is represented as {{Java|LinkedList<Integer>}}.)

In [[computer science]], an '''object type''' (a.k.a. '''wrapping object''') is a [[datatype]] that is used in [[object-oriented programming]] to [[wrapper pattern|wrap]] a non-object type to make it look like a [[Reference type|dynamic]] [[object (computer science)|object]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

On the other hand, [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] has no primitive wrapper classes, but allows boxing of any value type, returning a generic {{C sharp|Object}} reference. In [[Objective-C]], any primitive value can be prefixed by a {{ObjC|@}} to make an {{ObjC|NSNumber}} out of it (e.g. {{ObjC|@123}} or {{ObjC|@(123)}}). This allows for adding them in any of the standard collections, such as an {{ObjC|NSArray}}.

Some [[object-oriented programming language]]s make a distinction between [[Reference type|reference]] and [[value type]]s, often referred to as objects and non-objects on platforms where complex value types don't exist, for reasons such as runtime efficiency and syntax or semantic issues. For example, [[Java (programming language)|Java]] has [[primitive wrapper class]]es corresponding to each [[primitive type]]: {{Java|Integer}} and {{Java|int}}, {{Java|Character}} and {{Java|char}}, {{Java|Float}} and {{Java|float}}, etc. Languages like [[C++]] have little or no notion of [[reference type]]; thus, the use of object type is of little interest.

[[Haskell]] has little or no notion of [[reference type]], but still uses the term "boxed" for the runtime system's uniform pointer-to-[[tagged union]] representation.<ref>{{cite web |title=7.2. Unboxed types and primitive operations |url=https://downloads.haskell.org/~ghc/6.12.1/docs/html/users_guide/primitives.html |website=downloads.haskell.org |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

==Boxing==

Boxing, otherwise known as wrapping, is the process of placing a primitive type within an object so that the primitive can be used as a reference object. For example, in Java, a {{Java|LinkedList}} can change its size, but an array must have a fixed size. One might desire to have a {{Java|LinkedList}} of {{Java|int}}, but the {{Java|LinkedList}} class only lists references to dynamic objects—it cannot list primitive types, which are value types.

The boxed object is always a copy of the value object, and is usually [[Immutableimmutable object|immutable]]. Unboxing the object also returns a copy of the stored value. Note that repeatedRepeated boxing and unboxing of objects can have a severe performance impact, sincebecause boxing [[Dynamicdynamic memory allocation|dynamically allocates]] new objects and unboxing (if the boxed value is no longer used) then makes them eligible for [[garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]]. However, modern garbage collectors such as the default Java HotSpot garbage collector can more efficiently collect short-lived objects, so if the boxed objects are short-lived, the performance impact may not be so badsevere.

To circumvent this, {{Java|int}} can be boxed into {{Java|Integer}}, which are dynamic objects, and then added to a {{Java|LinkedList}} of {{Java|Integer}}. (Using [[generic programming|generic]] parameterized types introduced in [[Java Platform, Standard Edition|J2SE]] 5.0, this type is represented as {{Java|LinkedList<Integer>}}.)

On the other hand, [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] has no primitive wrapper classes, but allows boxing of any value type, returning a generic {{C sharp|Object}} reference.

ThereIn some languages, there is a direct equivalence between an unboxed primitive type and a reference to an immutable, boxed object type. In fact, it is possible to substitute all the primitive types in a program with boxed object types. Whereas assignment from one primitive to another will copy its value, assignment from one reference to a boxed object to another will copy the reference value to refer to the same object as the first reference. However, this will not cause any problems, because the objects are immutable, so there is semantically no real difference between two references to the same object or to different objects (unless you look at physical equality). For all operations other than assignment, such as arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators, one can unbox the boxed type, perform the operation, and re-box the result as needed. Thus, it is possible to not store primitive types at all.

The boxed object is always a copy of the value object, and is usually [[Immutable object|immutable]]. Unboxing the object also returns a copy of the stored value. Note that repeated boxing and unboxing of objects can have a severe performance impact, since boxing [[Dynamic memory allocation|dynamically allocates]] new objects and unboxing (if the boxed value is no longer used) then makes them eligible for [[garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]]. However, modern garbage collectors such as the default Java HotSpot garbage collector can more efficiently collect short-lived objects, so if the boxed objects are short-lived, the performance impact may not be so bad.

===Autoboxing===

There is a direct equivalence between an unboxed primitive type and a reference to an immutable, boxed object type. In fact, it is possible to substitute all the primitive types in a program with boxed object types. Whereas assignment from one primitive to another will copy its value, assignment from one reference to a boxed object to another will copy the reference value to refer to the same object as the first reference. However, this will not cause any problems, because the objects are immutable, so there is semantically no real difference between two references to the same object or to different objects (unless you look at physical equality). For all operations other than assignment, such as arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators, one can unbox the boxed type, perform the operation, and re-box the result as needed. Thus, it is possible to not store primitive types at all.

===Autoboxing===

Autoboxing is the term for getting a reference type out of a value type just through [[type conversion]] (either implicit or explicit). The compiler automatically supplies the extra source code that creates the object.

For example, in versions of Java prior to J2SE 5.0, the following code did not compile:

<sourcesyntaxhighlight lang=Java>

Integer i = new Integer(9);

Integer i = 9; // error in versions prior to 5.0!

</syntaxhighlight>

</source>

Compilers prior to 5.0 would not accept the last line. {{Java|Integer}} are reference objects, on the surface no different from {{Java|List}}, {{Java|Object}}, and so forth. To convert from an {{Java|int}} to an {{Java|Integer}}, one had to "manually" instantiate the Integer object. As of J2SE 5.0, the compiler will accept the last line, and automatically transform it so that an Integer object is created to store the value {{Java|9}}.<ref>[httphttps://javadocs.sunoracle.com/j2sejavase/1.5.0/docs/guide/language/autoboxing.html java.sunoracle.com Java language guide entry on autoboxing]</ref> This means that, from J2SE 5.0 on, something like {{Java|1=Integer c = a + b}}, where {{Java|a}} and {{Java|b}} are {{Java|Integer}} themselves, will compile now -— a and b are unboxed, the integer values summed up, and the result is autoboxed into a new {{Java|Integer}}, which is finally stored inside variable {{Java|c}}. Note that theThe equality operators cannot be used this way, sincebecause the equality operators are already defined for reference types, for equality of the references; to test for equality of the value in a boxed type, one must still manually unbox them and compare the primitives, or use the {{Java|Objects.equals}} method.

Another example: J2SE 5.0 allows the programmer to treat a collection (such as a {{Java|LinkedList}}) as if it contained {{Java|int}} values instead of {{Java|Integer}} objects. This does not contradict what was said above: the collection still only contains references to dynamic objects, and it cannot list primitive types. It cannot be a {{Java|LinkedList<int>}}, but it must be a {{Java|LinkedList<Integer>}} instead. However, the compiler automatically transforms the code so that the list will "silently" receive objects, while the source code only mentions primitive values. For example, the programmer can now write {{Java|list.add(3)}} and think as if the {{Java|int}} {{Java|3}} were added to the list; but, the compiler will have actually transformed the line into {{Java|list.add(new Integer(3))}}.

===UnboxingAutomatic unboxing===

UnboxingWith refersautomatic to gettingunboxing the value that is associated to a given object, just through type conversion (either implicit or explicit). The compiler automatically supplies the extra source code that retrieves the value out of that object, either by invoking some method on that object, or by other means.

For example, in versions of Java prior to J2SE 5.0, the following code did not compile:

<sourcesyntaxhighlight lang=Java>

Integer k = new Integer(4);

int l = k.intValue(); // always okay

int m = k; // would have been an error, but okay now

</syntaxhighlight>

</source>

C# doesn't support automatic unboxing in the same meaning as Java, sincebecause it doesn't have a separate set of primitive types and object types. All types that have both primitive and object version in Java, are automatically implemented by the C# compiler as either primitive (value) types or object (reference) types.

In both languages, automatic boxing does not downcast automatically, i.e. the following code won't compile:

C#:

<sourcesyntaxhighlight lang=CSharp"csharp">

int i = 42;

object o = i; // box

int j = o; // unbox (error)

Console.WriteLine(j); // unreachable line, author might have expected output "42"

</syntaxhighlight>

</source>

Java:

<sourcesyntaxhighlight lang=Java"java">

int i = 42;

Object o = i; // box

int j = o; // unbox (error)

System.out.println(j); // unreachable line, author might have expected output "42"

</syntaxhighlight>

</source>

===Type helpers===

== Boxing in Rust ==

Modern Object Pascal has yet another way to perform operations on simple types, close to boxing, called type helpers in [[FreePascal]] or record helpers in [[Delphi_(programming_language) |Delphi]] and [[FreePascal]] in Delphi mode.<br> Note that the dialects mentioned are Object Pascal compile-to-native languages and so miss some of the features that C# and Java can implement. Notably run-time type inference on strongly typed variables.<br>But the feature is related to boxing.<br>

[[Rust (programming language)|Rust]] has the {{Code|Box}} type, which represents a uniquely owned, heap-allocated value:<ref>{{cite web |title=std::boxed - Rust |url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/index.html |website=doc.rust-lang.org |access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref>

<syntaxhighlight lang="rust">

let number: Box<i32> = Box::new(42);

</syntaxhighlight>

If the value needs to have shared ownership (e.g. between threads), one can use {{Code|Arc}}, which represents a reference-counted, heap-allocated value.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arc in std::sync - Rust |url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html |website=doc.rust-lang.org |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arc - Rust By Example |url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/std/arc.html |website=doc.rust-lang.org |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref>

===Type helpers===

Modern [[Object Pascal]] has yet another way to perform operations on simple types, close to boxing, called type helpers in [[FreePascal]] or record helpers in [[Delphi_Delphi (programming_language)programming language)|Delphi]] and [[FreePascal]] in Delphi mode.<br> Note that the dialects mentioned are Object Pascal compile-to-native languages and so miss some of the features that C# and Java can implement. Notably run-time type inference on strongly typed variables.<br>But the feature is related to boxing.<br>

The dialects mentioned are Object Pascal compile-to-native languages, and so miss some of the features that C# and Java can implement. Notably run-time [[type inference]] on strongly typed variables.<br>

But the feature is related to boxing.<br>

It allows the programmer to use constructs like

<sourcesyntaxhighlight lang="pascal">

{$ifdef fpc}{$mode delphi}{$endif}

uses sysutils; // this unit contains wraps for the simple types

Line 79 ⟶ 83:

writeln(s);

end.

</syntaxhighlight>

</source>

==References==

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{{Data types}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Object Type (Object-Oriented Programming)}}

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