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In [[control theory]], the '''Coefficientcoefficient diagram method''' (CDM), developed and introduced by Prof. Shunji Manabe<ref>[http://www.cityfujisawa.ne.jp/~manabes/ Prof. Shunji Manabe]</ref> in 1991. CDM is an [[algebraicalgebra]]ic approach applied to a [[polynomial]] loop in the [[parameter space,]]. where aA special diagram called a [["''coefficient diagram]]''" is used as the vehicle to carry the necessary information, and as the criteriacriterion of good design .<ref>S. Manabe (1998), "''Coefficient Diagram Method''", 14th IFAC Symp. on Automatic Control in Aerospace, Seoul.</ref>. The performance of the closed -loop system is monitored by the coefficient diagram.
The most considerable advantages of CDM can be listed as follows:<ref>S.E. Hamamci, "''A robust polynomial-based control for stable processes with time delay''", Electrical Engineering, vol: 87, pp.163–172, 2005.</ref>
The most important properties of the method are: the adaptation of the polynomial representation for both the plant and the controller, the use of the two-degree of freedom (2DOF) control system structure, the nonexistence (or very small) of the overshoot in the step response of the closed loop system, the determination of the settling time at
the start and to continue the design accordingly, the good robustness for the control system with respect to the plant parameter changes, the sufficient gain and phase margins for the controller <ref>Y.C. Kim and S. Manabe , ''Lecture notes on A Polynomial Approach to Control System Design: Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM)'', Seoul, 2001.</ref>. The most considerable advantages of CDM can be listed as follows <ref>S.E. Hamamci, ''A robust polynomial-based control for stable processes with time delay'', Electrical Engineering, vol: 87, pp.163–172, 2005.</ref>:
1. #The design procedure is easily understandable, systematic and useful. Therefore, the coefficients of the CDM controller polynomials can be determined more easily than those of the [[PID controller|PID]] or other types of controller. This creates the possibility of an easy realisation for a new designer to control any kind of system.
2.# There are explicit relations between the performance parameters specified before the design and the coefficients of the controller polynomials as described in .<ref>S. Manabe (1998), "''Coefficient Diagram Method'' ", 14th IFAC Symp. on Automatic Control in Aerospace, Seoul.</ref> . For this reason, the designer can easily realize many [[control systemssystem]]s having different performance propirtiesproperties for a given control problem in a wide range of freedom. ▼CDM controller polynomials can be determined more easily than those of the PID or other types of controller. This creates the possibility of an easy realisation for a new designer to control any kind
# The development of different tuning methods is required for time delay processes of different properties in PID control. But it is sufficient to use the single design procedure in the CDM technique. This is an outstanding advantage .<ref>S.E. Hamamci, I. Kaya and D.P. Atherton, " ''Smith predictor design by CDM ''", Proceedings of the ECC’01 European Control Conference, Semina´rio de Vilar, Porto, Portugal, 2001.</ref> .▼
of system.
4.# It is particularly hard to design robust controllers realizing the desired performance propeftiesproperties for unstable, integrating and oscillatory processes having poles near the imaginary axis. It has been reported that successful designs can be achieved even in these cases by using CDM .<ref>S. Manabe, "''A low cost inverted pendulum system for control system education'' ", The 3rd IFAC Symposium on advances in Control Education, Tokyo, 1994.</ref> .▼▲2. There are explicit relations between the performance parameters specified before the design and the coefficients of the controller polynomials as described in <ref>S. Manabe (1998), ''Coefficient Diagram Method'', 14th IFAC Symp. on Automatic Control in Aerospace, Seoul.</ref>. For this reason, the designer can easily realize many control systems having different performance propirties for a given control problem in a wide range of freedom.
5.# It is theoretically proven that CDM design is equivalent to LQ design with proper state augmentation. Thus, CDM can be considered an ‘‘improved LQG’’, because the order of the controller is smaller and weight selection rules are also given .<ref>S. Manabe, "''Analytical weight selection for LQ design'' ", Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Astrodynamics and Flight Mechanics, Sagamihara, ISAS, 1998.</ref> .▼3. The development of different tuning methods is required for time delay processes of different properties
▲in PID control. But it is sufficient to use the single design procedure in the CDM technique. This is an outstanding advantage <ref>S.E. Hamamci, I. Kaya and D.P. Atherton, "Smith predictor design by CDM", Proceedings of the ECC’01 European Control Conference, Semina´rio de Vilar, Porto, Portugal, 2001.</ref>.
▲4. It is particularly hard to design robust controllers realizing the desired performance propefties for unstable, integrating and oscillatory processes having poles near the imaginary axis. It has been reported that successful designs can be achieved even in these cases by using CDM<ref>S. Manabe, ''A low cost inverted pendulum system for control system education'', The 3rd IFAC Symposium on advances in Control Education, Tokyo, 1994.</ref>.
▲5. It is theoretically proven that CDM design is equivalent to LQ design with proper state augmentation. Thus, CDM can be considered an ‘‘improved LQG’’, because the order of the controller is smaller and weight selection rules are also given <ref>S. Manabe, ''Analytical weight selection for LQ design'', Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Astrodynamics and Flight Mechanics, Sagamihara, ISAS, 1998.</ref>.
It is usually required that the controller for a given plant should be designed under some practical limitations.
The controller is desired to be of minimum degree, [[minimum phase]] (if possible) and stable. It must have enough bandwidth and power rating limitations. If the controller is designed without considering these limitations, the robustness property will be very poor, even though the stability and [[time response]] requirements are met. CDM controllers designed while considering all these problems is of the lowest degree, has a convenient bandwidth and results with a unit step time response without an overshoot. These properties guarantee the robustness, the sufficient [[damping]] of the disturbance effects and the low economic property .<ref>S. Manabe and Y.C. Kim, "''Recent development of coefficient diagram method''", Proceedings of the ASSC’2000 3rd Asian Control Conference, Shanghai, 2000.</ref>.
Although the main principles of CDM have been known since the 1950s ,<ref>D. Graham and R.C. Lathrop, "''The synthesis of optimum transient response: criteria and standard forms''", AIEE Trans., vol:72, pp.273–288, 1953.</ref>, <ref>P. Naslin, ''Essentials of optimal control'', Boston Technical Publishers, Cambridge, MA, 1969.</ref>, <ref>A.V. Lipatov and N. Sokolov, "''Some sufficient conditions for stability and instability of continuous linear stationary systems''", Automat. Remote Control, vol:39, pp.1285–1291, 1979.</ref> the first systematic method was proposed by [[Shunji Manabe]].<ref>Y.C. Kim and S. Manabe, "''Introduction to coefficient diagram method''" Proceedings of the SSSC’01, Prague, 2001.</ref> He developed a new method that easily builds a target [[characteristic polynomial]] to meet the desired time response. CDM is an algebraic approach combining classical and modern control theories and uses polynomial representation in the mathematical expression. The advantages of the classical and modern control techniques are integrated with the basic principles of this method, which is derived by making use of the previous experience and knowledge of the controller design. Thus, an efficient and fertile control method has appeared as a tool with which control systems can be designed without needing much experience and without confronting many problems.
Automat. Remote Control, vol:39, pp.1285–1291, 1979.</ref>, the first systematic method was proposed by Shunji Manabe<ref>Y.C. Kim and S. Manabe, "Introduction to coefficient diagram method" Proceedings of the SSSC’01, Prague, 2001.</ref>. He developed a new method that easily builds a target characteristic polynomial to meet the desired time response. CDM is an algebraic approach combining classical and modern control theories and uses polynomial representation in the mathematical expression. The advantages of the classical and modern control techniques are integrated with the basic principles of this method, which is derived by making use of the previous experience and knowledge of the controller design. Thus, an efficient and fertile control method has appeared as a tool with which control systems can be designed without needing much experience and without confronting many problems.
Many control systems have been designed successfully using CDM .<ref>S. Manabe, "''A low cost inverted pendulum system for control system education''", The 3rd IFAC Symposium on advances in Control Education, Tokyo, 1994.</ref>, <ref>A. Ucar [[1]] and S.E. Hamamci, "A Controller Based on Coefficient Diagram Method for the Robotic Manipulators, ICECS2K The 7th IEEE Int.Conf. on Electronics, Circuits & Systems,, Kaslik, Lebanon, 2000.</ref>, <ref>S.E. Hamamci, M. Koksal and S. Manabe, "''On the control of some nonlinear systems with the coefficient diagram method''", Proceedings of the 4th Asian Control Conference, Singapore, 2002.</ref>. It is very easy to design a controller under the conditions of stability, [[time ___domain]] performance and robustness. The close relations between these conditions and coefficients of the characteristic polynomial can be simply determined. This means that CDM is effective not only for control system design but also for controller parameters tuning.
'''CDM CONTROL SYSTEM STRUCTURE'''
The standard block diagram of CDM is shown in Fig. 1. Here y is the output, r is the reference input, u is the
control and d is the external disturbance signal. The symbol x is called the basic state variable. N(s) and D(s)
are numerator and denominator polynomials of the transfer function of the plant, respectively. It will be
easily seen that this expression corresponds directly with the control canonical form of the state-space expression,
and x corresponds to the state variable of the lowest order. A(s) is the forward denominator polynomial while
F(s) and B(s) are the reference numerator and the feedback numerator polynomials of the controller transfer
function. Since the transfer function of the controller has two numerators, it resembles a 2DOF system structure.
A(s) and B(s) are designed to satisfy the desired transient behaviour, while pre-filter F(s) is determined to be a
zero-order polynomial, and used to provide the steadystate gain. Better performance can be expected when
using a 2DOF structure, because it can focus on both tracking the desired reference signal and disturbance
rejection. Unstable pole-zero cancellation and use of more number of integrators are also avoided in implementations
with this structure. The output of the CDM control system in Fig. 1 is
[[Image:General CDM control system structure cdm1.jpg|thumb|right|The top image is captured using [[photography]].
==See also==
==External links==
*[https://archive.today/20051210021648/http://web.inonu.edu.tr/~shamamci/mra_cdm.htm Coefficient Diagram Method]
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[[Category:Polynomials]]
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