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{{Short description|none}}
{{distinguish|Financial analysis}}
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{{accounting}}
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==History==
[[Benjamin Graham]] and [[David Dodd]] first published their influential book "Security Analysis" in 1934.<ref>New York Times, August 16, 1998
Gretchen Morgenson – Market Watch
MARKET WATCH; A Time To Value Words of Wisdom“
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*''Profitability ratios'' are ratios that demonstrate how profitable a company is. A few popular profitability ratios are the breakeven point and gross profit ratio. The breakeven point calculates how much cash a company must generate to break even with their start up costs. The gross profit ratio is equal to gross profit/revenue. This ratio shows a quick snapshot of expected revenue.
*''Activity ratios'' are meant to show how well management is managing the company's resources. Two common activity ratios are accounts payable turnover and accounts receivable turnover. These ratios demonstrate how long it takes for a company to pay off its accounts payable and how long it takes for a company to receive payments, respectively.
*''Leverage ratios'' depict how much a company relies upon its debt to fund operations. A very common leverage ratio used for financial statement analysis is the debt-to-equity ratio. This ratio shows the extent to which management is willing to use debt in order to fund operations. This ratio is calculated as: (Long-term debt + Short-term debt + Leases)/ Equity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financial-statement-analysis.asp|title=Financial Statement Analysis|
[[DuPont analysis]] uses several financial ratios that multiplied together equal return on equity, a measure of how much income the firm earns divided by the amount of funds invested (equity).
A [[Dividend discount model]] (DDM) may also be used to value a company's [[share capital|stock]] price based on the theory that its stock is worth the sum of all of its future dividend payments, discounted back to their present value.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental/04/041404.asp|title=Digging Into The Dividend Discount Model|last=McClure|first=Ben|date=2004-04-12|work=Investopedia|access-date=2018-07-14|language=en-US}}</ref> In other words, it is used to value stocks based on the [[net present value]] of the future [[dividends]].
Financial statement analyses are typically performed in [[spreadsheet]] software — or specialized [[accounting software]] — and summarized in a variety of formats.
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==Certifications==
Financial analysts typically have finance and accounting education at the undergraduate or graduate level. Persons may earn the [[Chartered Financial Analyst]] (CFA) designation through a series of challenging examinations. Upon completion of the three-part exam, CFAs are considered experts in areas like fundamentals of investing, the valuation of assets, portfolio management, and wealth planning.
== Automation ==
In November 2023, research conducted by Patronus AI, an artificial intelligence startup company, compared performance of GPT-4, GPT-4-Turbo, [[Claude 2]], and [[LLaMA 2|LLaMA-2]] on two versions of a 150-question test about information in [[SEC filing|financial statements]] (e.g., [[Form 10-K]], [[Form 10-Q]], [[Form 8-K]], earnings reports, [[earnings call]] transcripts) submitted by [[Public company|public companies]] to the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]. One version of the test required the generative AI models to use a retrieval system to find the specific SEC filing to answer the questions; the other gave the models the specific SEC filing to answer the question (i.e., in a long context window). On the retrieval system version, GPT-4-Turbo and LLaMA-2 both failed to produce correct answers to 81% of the questions, while on the long context window version, GPT-4-Turbo and Claude-2 failed to produce correct answers to 21% and 24% of the questions, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leswing |first=Kif |date=December 19, 2023 |title=GPT and other AI models can't analyze an SEC filing, researchers find |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/19/gpt-and-other-ai-models-cant-analyze-an-sec-filing-researchers-find.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219130436/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/19/gpt-and-other-ai-models-cant-analyze-an-sec-filing-researchers-find.html |archive-date=December 19, 2023 |access-date=December 19, 2023 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Patronus AI Launches Industry-first LLM Benchmark for Finance to Address Hallucinations |date=November 16, 2023 |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/patronus-ai-launches-industry-first-llm-benchmark-for-finance-to-address-hallucinations-301990858.html |access-date=December 19, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219145301/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/patronus-ai-launches-industry-first-llm-benchmark-for-finance-to-address-hallucinations-301990858.html |archive-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref>
== See also ==
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