Content deleted Content added
m Open access bot: pmc updated in citation with #oabot. |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Altered title. Add: bibcode, pmid, url, authors 1-1. Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Articles that may contain original research from June 2025 | #UCB_Category 47/225 |
||
| (4 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Multiple issues|
{{essay-like|date=June 2025}}
{{original research|date=June 2025}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Short description|Device in neurophysiology}}
Line 12 ⟶ 17:
* '''‘Wavy’ [[Nanowires]] and Nanoribbons''': The spontaneous formation of wavy patterns of aligned [[buckles]] that is caused by the deposition of a thin gold film on the surface of the [[elastomer]] [[polydimethylsiloxane]] (PDMS) was first described by the group of George Whitesides at Harvard University in 2000.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huck |first1=Wilhelm T. S. |last2=Bowden |first2=Ned |last3=Onck |first3=Patrick |last4=Pardoen |first4=Thomas |last5=Hutchinson |first5=John W. |last6=Whitesides |first6=George M. |title=Ordering of Spontaneously Formed Buckles on Planar Surfaces |journal=Langmuir |date=April 2000 |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=3497–3501 |doi=10.1021/la991302l }}</ref> The gold was deposited on warmed PDMS (100 °C), and, upon cooling and the associated thermal shrinkage of the elastomer, the gold film comes under compressive stress which is relieved by creating [[buckles]]. In subsequent years, the group of John Rogers at the University of Urbana Champaign (now at Northwestern University) has developed the technology to bond very thin silicon ribbons to a pre-stretched PDMS membrane. Upon relaxation of the per-stretch, the compressive [[mechanical stress]] in the [[silicon]] ribbons is relieved by creating wavy buckles in the PDMS. As silicon is a brittle material, the ribbons need to very thin (about 100 nm) to stay intact during buckling.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Dae-Hyeong |last2=Rogers |first2=John A. |title=Stretchable Electronics: Materials Strategies and Devices |journal=Advanced Materials |date=17 December 2008 |volume=20 |issue=24 |pages=4887–4892 |doi=10.1002/adma.200801788 |bibcode=2008AdM....20.4887K }}</ref>
* '''Liquid Metals''': A [[metal]] or [[alloy]] that is liquid at room temperature can be enclosed in PDMS and used as a stretchable [[Electrical conductor|conductor]]. [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] is the only pure metal that is liquid at room temperature but has limited application due to its [[neurotoxicity]]. Cesium melts at 28.5 °C, but reacts violently when exposed to air and is therefore not suitable for this application. Most researchers therefore use an [[eutectic]] mixture of Indium and Gallium, so called EGaIn, which has a melting point is 15.7 °C and consists of 75.5% Gallium and 24.5% Indium. A eutectic mixture of Ga (68.5%), In (21.5%) and Sn (10.0%), also known as [[Galinstan]], is another popular choice and has a melting point of 10.5 °C.
* '''Microcracked gold thin film''': When a thin gold film is deposited on PDMS under certain conditions,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Graudejus |first1=Oliver |last2=Görrn |first2=Patrick |last3=Wagner |first3=Sigurd |title=Controlling the Morphology of Gold Films on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) |journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces |date=28 July 2010 |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1927–1933 |doi=10.1021/am1002537 |pmid=20608644 }}</ref> the gold film adopts a microcracked morphology<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lacour |first1=Stéphanie P. |last2=Chan |first2=Donald |last3=Wagner |first3=Sigurd |last4=Li |first4=Teng |last5=Suo |first5=Zhigang |title=Mechanisms of reversible stretchability of thin metal films on elastomeric substrates |journal=Applied Physics Letters |date=15 May 2006 |volume=88 |issue=20 |doi=10.1063/1.2201874 |bibcode=2006ApPhL..88t4103L |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41467478 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> which makes the gold stretchable. The maximum [[Strain (mechanics)|strain]] of the film decreases with the length and increases with the width of the conductor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Graudejus |first1=O. |last2=Jia |first2=Zheng |last3=Li |first3=Teng |last4=Wagner |first4=S. |title=Size-dependent rupture strain of elastically stretchable metal conductors |journal=Scripta Materialia |date=June 2012 |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=919–922 |doi=10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.02.034 |pmid=22773917 |pmc=3388513 }}</ref>
===Structural design===
Line 21 ⟶ 26:
==History==
The first time the term stretchable multielectrode array (sMEA) [[File:Manually Stretching Microelectrode Array.jpg|thumb|left|Manually stretching sMEA]] Understanding how cells convert [[stimulus (physiology)|mechanical stimuli]] appeared in the literature was in a conference proceeding in 2002 from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1109/MMB.2002.1002269 |chapter=Stretchable micro-electrode array [for retinal prosthesis] |title=2nd Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology. Proceedings (Cat. No.02EX578) |date=2002 |last1=Maghribi |first1=M. |last2=Hamilton |first2=J. |last3=Polla |first3=D. |last4=Rose |first4=K. |last5=Wilson |first5=T. |last6=Krulevitch |first6=P. |pages=80–83 |isbn=0-7803-7480-0 }}</ref> This paper described the fabrication of an sMEA for a retinal [[prosthesis]], but no biological material was used, i.e., functionality to record or stimulate [[neural activity]] was not attempted. The first description of sMEAs being used to record [[neural activity]] in biological samples was in 2006 when the research group of Barclay Morrison at Columbia University and Sigurd Wagner at Princeton University reported recording of spontaneous activity in organotypic [[hippocampal]] tissue slices.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260933 |chapter=Stretchable microelectrode arrays a tool for discovering mechanisms of functional deficits underlying traumatic brain injury and interfacing neurons with neuroprosthetics |title=2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society |date=2006 |last1=Yu |first1=Zhe |last2=Tsay |first2=Candice |last3=Lacour |first3=Stephanie P. |last4=Wagner |first4=Sigurd |last5=Morrison |first5=Barclay |volume=Suppl |pages=6732–6735 |pmid=17959498 |isbn=1-4244-0032-5 |url=http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/176599 }}</ref> Neither the electrodes nor the tissue appears to have been stretched in these experiments. In 2008, a paper from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and [[Emory University]] described the use of sMEAs in stimulating a [[explant]] of a rat [[spinal cord]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meacham |first1=Kathleen W. |last2=Giuly |first2=Richard J. |last3=Guo |first3=Liang |last4=Hochman |first4=Shawn |last5=DeWeerth |first5=Stephen P. |title=A lithographically-patterned, elastic multi-electrode array for surface stimulation of the spinal cord |journal=Biomedical Microdevices |date=April 2008 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=259–269 |doi=10.1007/s10544-007-9132-9 |pmid=17914674 |pmc=2573864 }}</ref> The sMEA was wrapped around the spinal cord, but not stretched, and the cells were electrically stimulated but not used in recording electrophysiological activity. In 2009, another paper of the Morrison/Wagner groups described for the first time the use of an sMEA with a biological sample being stretched as well as [[electrical stimulation]] and recording of [[electrophysiological]] activity being carried out before and after stretching.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Zhe |last2=Graudejus |first2=Oliver |last3=Tsay |first3=Candice |last4=Lacour |first4=Stéphanie P. |last5=Wagner |first5=Sigurd |last6=Morrison |first6=Barclay |title=Monitoring Hippocampus Electrical Activity In Vitro on an Elastically Deformable Microelectrode Array |journal=Journal of Neurotrauma |date=July 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=1135–1145 |doi=10.1089/neu.2008.0810 |pmid=19594385 |pmc=2848944 }}</ref>
In subsequent years, the number of research papers that describes different approaches to fabricating sMEAs and their use for [[in vitro]] and [[in vivo]] research has increased immensely.
Line 48 ⟶ 53:
====Advantages====
The main benefits of using sMEAs for [[in vivo]] applications are twofold. First, they can [[conform]] to the dynamic and often curved surfaces of biological tissues. Second, sMEAs cause significant smaller [[foreign body reaction]] than rigid MEAs because of the reduced mismatch in mechanical properties ([[stiffness]]) between the [[Implant (medicine)|implant]] the tissue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |
====Disadvantage====
| |||