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==History==
The first time the term stretchable multielectrode array (sMEA) [[File:Manually Stretching Microelectrode Array.jpg|thumb|left|Manually stretching sMEA]] Understanding how cells convert [[stimulus (physiology)|mechanical stimuli]] appeared in the literature was in a conference proceeding in 2002 from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1109/MMB.2002.1002269 |chapter=Stretchable micro-electrode array [for retinal prosthesis] |title=2nd Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology. Proceedings (Cat. No.02EX578) |date=2002 |last1=Maghribi |first1=M. |last2=Hamilton |first2=J. |last3=Polla |first3=D. |last4=Rose |first4=K. |last5=Wilson |first5=T. |last6=Krulevitch |first6=P. |pages=80–83 |isbn=0-7803-7480-0 }}</ref> This paper described the fabrication of an sMEA for a retinal [[prosthesis]], but no biological material was used, i.e., functionality to record or stimulate [[neural activity]] was not attempted. The first description of sMEAs being used to record [[neural activity]] in biological samples was in 2006 when the research group of Barclay Morrison at Columbia University and Sigurd Wagner at Princeton University reported recording of spontaneous activity in organotypic [[hippocampal]] tissue slices.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260933 |chapter=Stretchable microelectrode arrays a tool for discovering mechanisms of functional deficits underlying traumatic brain injury and interfacing neurons with neuroprosthetics |title=2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society |date=2006 |last1=Yu |first1=Zhe |last2=Tsay |first2=Candice |last3=Lacour |first3=Stephanie P. |last4=Wagner |first4=Sigurd |last5=Morrison |first5=Barclay |volume=Suppl |pages=6732–6735 |pmid=17959498 |isbn=1-4244-0032-5 |url=http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/176599 }}</ref> Neither the electrodes nor the tissue appears to have been stretched in these experiments. In 2008, a paper from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and [[Emory University]] described the use of sMEAs in stimulating a [[explant]] of a rat [[spinal cord]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meacham |first1=Kathleen W. |last2=Giuly |first2=Richard J. |last3=Guo |first3=Liang |last4=Hochman |first4=Shawn |last5=DeWeerth |first5=Stephen P. |title=A lithographically-patterned, elastic multi-electrode array for surface stimulation of the spinal cord |journal=Biomedical Microdevices |date=April 2008 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=259–269 |doi=10.1007/s10544-007-9132-9 |pmid=17914674 |pmc=2573864 }}</ref> The sMEA was wrapped around the spinal cord, but not stretched, and the cells were electrically stimulated but not used in recording electrophysiological activity. In 2009, another paper of the Morrison/Wagner groups described for the first time the use of an sMEA with a biological sample being stretched as well as [[electrical stimulation]] and recording of [[electrophysiological]] activity being carried out before and after stretching.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Zhe |last2=Graudejus |first2=Oliver |last3=Tsay |first3=Candice |last4=Lacour |first4=Stéphanie P. |last5=Wagner |first5=Sigurd |last6=Morrison |first6=Barclay |title=Monitoring Hippocampus Electrical Activity In Vitro on an Elastically Deformable Microelectrode Array |journal=Journal of Neurotrauma |date=July 2009 |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=1135–1145 |doi=10.1089/neu.2008.0810 |pmid=19594385 |pmc=2848944 }}</ref>
In subsequent years, the number of research papers that describes different approaches to fabricating sMEAs and their use for [[in vitro]] and [[in vivo]] research has increased immensely.
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====Advantages====
The main benefits of using sMEAs for [[in vivo]] applications are twofold. First, they can [[conform]] to the dynamic and often curved surfaces of biological tissues. Second, sMEAs cause significant smaller [[foreign body reaction]] than rigid MEAs because of the reduced mismatch in mechanical properties ([[stiffness]]) between the [[Implant (medicine)|implant]] the tissue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |
====Disadvantage====
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