Enlist Weed Control System: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Agricultural system}}

The '''Enlist Weed Control System''' is an [[agriculture|agricultural]] system that includes seeds for [[genetically modified crops]] that are resistant to Enlist (a broadleaf [[herbicide]] with two active agents, [[2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid]] (2,4-D) and [[glyphosate]]) and the Enlist herbicide; spraying the herbicide will kill weeds but not the resulting crop.<ref name=reuters/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://farmprogress.com/story-usda-releases-draft-environmental-impact-statement-dows-enlist-13-106875| author= |title=USDA Releases Draft Environmental Impact Statement on Dow's Enlist|publisher=American Agriculturist| date=January 3, 2014 |accessdateaccess-date=May 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110184955/http://farmprogress.com/story-usda-releases-draft-environmental-impact-statement-dows-enlist-13-106875|archive-date=January 10, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The system was developed by [[Dow AgroSciences]], part of [[Dow Chemical Company]].<ref name=reuters>{{cite news| url=httphttps://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/10/us-agriculture-dow-enlist-insight-idUSBREA290HU20140310 |author=Carey Gilliam| title=As Dow seeks growth, new Enlist crop/chemicals seen as key| publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=March 10, 2014 |accessdateaccess-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref> In October 2014 the system was registered for restricted use in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin by the [[US Environmental Protection Agency]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://deltafarmpress.com/corn/enlist-duo-approved-six-states-restrictions|title = Enlist Duo approved in six states, with restrictions|last = |first = |date = October 15, 2014|work = Delta Farm Press|accessdateaccess-date = October 17, 2014}}</ref> In 2013, the system was approved by Canada for the same uses.<ref>{{Cite web|url = httphttps://www2www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/registration-enlist-one-and-enlist-duo|title = Registration of Enlist Duo|date = October 2014|accessdateaccess-date = October 17, 2014|website = EPA|publisher = Environmental Protection Agency|last = EPA|firstarchive-date = December 16, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211216074048/https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/registration-enlist-duo|url-status = live}}</ref>

The Enlist approach was developed to replace the "Roundup-Ready" system that was introduced in 1996 by [[Monsanto]] and which has become less useful with the rise of glyphosate-resistant weeds.<ref name=reuters/>

==''Enlist Duo''==

''Enlist Duo'' is an [[herbicide]] that contains the choline form of [[2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid]] (2,4-D) and [[glyphosate]] plus an unknown number of unlisted ingredients. Dow added chemicals to the mixture in what it termed "Colex-D technology" intended to reduce physical drift, ultraviolet volatility and odor and to improve handling.<ref name=farmfuture>{{cite web| url=http://farmfutures.com/story-epa-consider-comments-registration-enlist-duo-herbicide-0-111931| author= |title=EPA to Consider Comments on Registration of Enlist Duo Herbicide| publisher=Farm Futures| date=May 1, 2014| access-date=May 3, 2014|accessdate archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503160956/http://farmfutures.com/story-epa-consider-comments-registration-enlist-duo-herbicide-0-111931| archive-date=May 3, 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref>

2,4-D is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world.<ref>von Stackelberg K. A Systematic Review of Carcinogenic Outcomes and Potential Mechanisms from Exposure to 2,4-D and MCPA in the Environment. J Toxicol. 2013;2013:371610. {{PMID |23533401}} [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jt/2013/371610/ PMC 3600329]</ref><ref>Andrew Pollack for the New York Times. April 9, 2012 [httphttps://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/business/energy-environment/epa-denies-request-to-ban-24-d-a-popular-weed-killer.html?_r=0 E.P.A. Denies an Environmental Group’s Request to Ban a Widely Used Weed Killer]</ref> 2,4-D is volatile and by EPA assessment is a hazardous air pollutant that is difficult to contain.{{CN|date=December The2015}} possibilityAccording of herbicide drift is whyto Dow developed, the Colex-D technology, which according to their experiments, significantlyformulation reduces drift and damage from evaporation.<ref>Josh Flint for Prairie Farmer. August 31, 2011 [http://farmprogress.com/story-dow-agrosciences-names-its-newest-herbicide-offering-duo-0-52677 Dow AgroSciences Names Its Newest Herbicide Offering Enlist Duo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504025154/http://farmprogress.com/story-dow-agrosciences-names-its-newest-herbicide-offering-duo-0-52677 |date=2014-05-04 }}</ref> As of 2013 glyphosate was the world's largest-selling herbicide, with sales driven by glyphosate-resistant [[genetically modified crops]].<ref>China Research & Intelligence, June 5, 2013. [http://www.shcri.com/agricultural-chemicals/14-research-report-on-global-and-china-glyphosate-industry-2013-2017.html Research Report on Global and China Glyphosate Industry, 2013-2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222042/http://www.shcri.com/agricultural-chemicals/14-research-report-on-global-and-china-glyphosate-industry-2013-2017.html |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>

Other countries assessing the system include Brazil, Argentina and various food importing countries.<ref name=fleury>{{cite web | url=http://www.agannex.com/energy/enlist-weed-control-system-in-canada | author=Donna Fleury | title=Enlist weed control system in Canada. A new tool for managing hard to control and resistant weeds | publisher=AG Annex | date=April 2014 | accessdateaccess-date=May 3, 2014 | archive-date=October 25, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025023916/http://www.agannex.com/energy/enlist-weed-control-system-in-canada | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Enlist crops==

As of April 2014 maize and soybeans resistant to 2,4-D and glyphosate had been approved in Canada,<ref name=fleury/> and in September 2014 the [[USDA]] approved the same two crops.<ref name=wired>{{cite newsmagazine|author1=Brandon Keim|title=New Generation of GM Crops Puts Agriculture in a ‘Crisis'Crisis Situation’Situation'|url=httphttps://www.wired.com/2014/09/new-gm-crops/|accessdateaccess-date=13 April 2015|workmagazine=Wired|publisher=Condé Nast.|date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=ISAAAaad1>ISAAA GM Approval Database [http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/gene/default.asp?GeneID=88&Gene=aad-1 GM Approval Database Genes List, Gene: aad1]. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), n.d. accessed February 27, 2015</ref>

==Criticism==

2,4-D was one of the main ingredients of [[Agent Orange]], a defoliant used during the [[Vietnam War]] that was blamed for many health problems.<ref name=NPIC2>{{cite web |title=2,4-D General Fact Sheet |url=http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/24Dgen.html|publisher=National Pesticide Information Center |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> According to a Reuters article the Themain health problems arose from [[2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin|dioxinTCDD]] contamination created in the synthesis of the other Agent Orange component, [[2,4,5-T]], not from 2,4,-D, but the association nonetheless caused alarm.<ref name=gillam>{{cite web | url=httphttps://www.cornucopiareuters.orgcom/2013article/01/dowsdow-controversialbiotech-new-gmo-corn-delayed-amid-protests/idUSL1E9CIBN320130118 | authorpublisher=Reuters Carey Gillam| title=Dow’sDow's Controversial New GMO Corn Delayed Amid Protests|publisher=The Cornucopia Institute| dateyear=January 28, 2013 |accessdate=May 3, 2014}}</ref>

The [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] has moved to rescind its approval of use{{mdash}}in part due to conflicting claims thatfrom werethe representedmanufacturer toabout itsynergistic andeffects madefrom inmixing the [[Patenttwo application]]herbicides. aboutDow had told the harmlessnessEPA ofthat the combination andof the "synergistictwo effect"herbicides ofdid thenot twoenhance their toxicity to plants, but an earlier [[patent application]] from Dow claimed that it defoliantsdid.<ref name="NPR">{{cite news |first1=Dan |last1=Charles |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |title=Busted: EPA discovers DOW weekkillerweedkiller claim; wants it off the market |url=httphttps://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/11/25/457393114/busted-epa-discovers-dow-weedkiller-claim-wants-it-off-the-market |date=November 25, 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

* [http://www.enlist.com/ Enlist Weed Control System]

* [https://archive.today/20140503183130/http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/2-4-d-glyphosate.html EPA Factsheet]

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Herbicides]]