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{{Short description|
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox project
[[File:IRBM of Pakistan at IDEAS 2008.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The missile systems developed as part of the Hatf program mounted in [[transporter erector launcher|TEL]] with Pakistani military markings in display at the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar|IDEAS]] in [[Karachi]], 2008.]]▼
| name = Hatf Program<!--- Known as Hatf Program on official description--->
The '''Hatf Program'''<ref name="Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Derives its First "Hatf" Missiles from Foreign Space Rockets |url=https://www.wisconsinproject.org/pakistan-derives-its-first-hatf-missiles-from-foreign-space-rockets/ |website=Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control |access-date=20 August 2023 |date=1 October 1995}}</ref><ref name="Defence Journal, 1998" /> ([[Urdu]]: حتف; [[Transliteration|''Trans''.]] ''ḥāṯaʿf'', meaning: [[Aiming point|''Target'']]<ref name="Defence Journal, 1998" />) was the [[Secrecy|classified]] program by the [[Ministry of Defence Pakistan|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) of Pakistan for the comprehensive [[Research and development in Pakistan|research]] and the [[Research and development in Pakistan|development]] of [[guided missile]]s.<ref name="Pakistan Observer, 2012">{{cite news|last1=Daheem|first1=Mohammad|title=Pakistan's missile capability|url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=178539|access-date=21 November 2014|agency=Pakistan Observer|publisher=Pakistan Observer, 2012|date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044501/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=178539|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lancer">{{cite book|last1=Karim|first1=Afsir|title=Indo-Pak relations : viewpoints, 1989-1996.|date=1996|publisher=Lancer|___location=New Delhi|isbn=189782923X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltOgS1FjiR4C&q=pakistan+missile+program+1987&pg=PA43|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref> Initiatives began in 1986–87 that also received support from [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] in a direct response to India's [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program|equivalent program]] in 1989.<ref name="Pakistan Missile Milestones">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Missile Milestones - 1994 |url=https://www.wisconsinproject.org/pakistan-missile-milestones-1961-2014/ |website=Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control |access-date=20 August 2023 |date=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>Hans M. Kristensen, Robert S. Norris & Julia Diamond (2018) Pakistani nuclear forces, 2018, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 74:5, 348-358</ref> ▼
| image =IRBM of Pakistan at IDEAS 2008.jpg
▲
| mission_statement =
| commercial = No
| type = Operational R&D
| country = Pakistan
| founder = [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defense]] (MoD)
| key_people =
| established = {{Start date|1985|}}
| funding = Classified
| budget = Classified
}}
▲The '''Hatf Program''' ({{langx|ur|حتف|translit=ḥāṯaʿf|lit=Target}})<ref name="
The ''Hatf
==Program overview==
In 1985–87, planning and initiatives for the program began in response to India's revealed [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|missile program]].<ref name="Defence Journal, 1998" /> General [[Mirza Aslam Beg|M. A. Beg]], then-[[Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]], hastily launched the program, intending it to be led by [[SUPARCO]].<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Feroz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=pakistani+missile+program+eating+grass |title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb |date=7 November 2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1 |pages=500 |language=en |chapter=Pakistan's Missile Quest |format=google books |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>
The
The Ministry of Defense eventually took over the ''Hatf'' program, delegating it to its weapons laboratories and agencies to collaborate with SUPARCO.<ref name="Dawn newspapers, 1998">{{cite news |last1=Beg |first1=M.A. |date=6 April 1998 |title=Ghauri won't rock the region |url=http://dawn.com/ |access-date=21 November 2014 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]
▲>{{cite news|last1=Beg|first1=M.A.|title=Ghauri won't rock the region|url=http://dawn.com/|access-date=21 November 2014|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=6 April 1998}}</ref> In 1989, India test fired its first variant of [[Prithvi (missile)|''Prithvi'']] missile, which it developed very skillfully and independently since 1983.{{rp|233-234}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> In 1989, the Space Research Commission test fired the [[Hatf]], which the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto immediately declared the test as "successful" in its first trial.{{rp|237}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> The U.S. military, on the other hand, dismissed the results when the American [[The Pentagon]] (U.S. military HQ) had seen this missile as "inaccurate battlefield missile."{{rp|237}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/>
Despite
▲Contrary to United States acknowledgement that Pakistan's Hatf-I project was derived from its cooperation on sounding rockets, the testing of ''Hatf'' was shelved until proper education was sought.{{rp|236}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/> Under [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]], the ''Hatf'' program was aggressively sought who began to address the [[missile gap]] with India in 1993.<ref name="APH Publ. Corp.">{{cite book|last1=Chitkara|first1=M.G.|title=Benazir – a profile|date=1996|publisher=APH Publ. Corp.|___location=New Delhi|isbn=8170247527|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCaAQCnO3QQC&q=benazir+missile&pg=PA122|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Peter Lang">{{cite book|last1=Chakma|first1=Bhumitra|title=Strategic dynamics and nuclear weapons proliferation in South Asia : a historical analysis|date=2004|publisher=Peter Lang|___location=Bern|isbn=3039103822}}</ref> The Benazir Bhutto government entered negotiation in engineering education and training on rockets with [[China]] and later [[North Korea]].<ref name="Foreign Policy">{{cite web|last1=Collins|first1=Catherine|title=Tale of Two Bhuttos|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/11/18/a_tale_of_two_bhuttos|publisher=Foreign Policy|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> It is documented by the Pakistani military officials that Pakistan had paid stacks of cash payments through its [[State Bank of Pakistan|State Bank]] to China and North Korea in order to learn practical [[aerospace engineering]], controls engineering, programming and space sciences well before the ''Hatf'' program became feasible in early 2000s{{rp|240-245}}.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/><ref name="Penguin India">{{cite book|last1=Hussain|first1=Zahid|title=Frontline Pakistan : the path to catastrophe and the killing of Benazir Bhutto|date=2008|publisher=Penguin India|___location=Delhi|isbn=978-0143064794|edition=New}}</ref>
The program eventually
▲Despite the constraints and limitations, the Hatf program was made feasible and the former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] is described as a political "architect of Pakistan's missile technology" by Emily MacFarquhar of [[Alicia Patterson Foundation]].<ref name="Alicia Patterson Foundation">{{cite web|last1=MacFarquhar|first1=Emily|title=Benazir and the Bomb|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/benazir-and-bomb|publisher=Alicia Patterson Foundation|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> At the federal level, the acknowledgement has been in 2014, when former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] said, "Benazir Bhutto gave this country the much-needed missile technology".<ref name="GEO TV">{{cite news|title=Aitzaz calls for introduction of fresh blood in PPP|url=http://www.geo.tv/article-162925-Aitzaz-calls-for-introduction-of-fresh-blood-in-PPP|access-date=22 November 2014|publisher=GEO TV|date=18 October 2014}}</ref>
=== Reports of ICBM Development Targeting Continental United States ===
▲The program eventually expended and diversified with the successful development of the [[cruise missile]]s and other strategic level arsenals in the early 2000s.<ref name="ainonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-06-08/pakistan-launches-indigenous-alcm-again|title=Pakistan Launches Indigenous ALCM Again | Defense: Aviation International News|publisher=ainonline.com|access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>
According to a report published by Foreign Affairs magazine, [[Pakistan]] is advancing efforts to develop a [[Ballistic missile|nuclear-capable intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM) capable of reaching the continental [[United States]]. If confirmed, such a development would represent a major leap in [[Islamabad]]’s strategic capabilities and could potentially alter its classification in U.S. strategic assessments, formally designating [[Pakistan]] as a [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear]] adversary. The report underscores growing international concern over the trajectory and scope of Pakistan’s missile research and development program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-25 |title=Pakistan developing nuclear missiles that can reach United States, warns Foreign Affairs report - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/pakistan-developing-nuclear-missiles-that-can-reach-united-states-report-19626908.htm |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
===Codenames===
The Pakistani military issued
The unofficial names, such as [[Ghauri (missile)|Ghauri]],
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Military designation !! Codename
!Role!! Deployment !! Unit !! Branch |-
| Hatf-I || [[Hatf-I|Hatf]]
|[[Short-range ballistic missile|SRBM]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hatf 1 |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-1/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Missile Threat |language=en-US}}</ref>|| 1992 || {{small|[[Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Army Strategic Forces Command]]}} || {{army|PAK}}
|-
| Hatf-II || [[Abdali-I|Abdali]]
|[[Short-range ballistic missile|SRBM]]|| 2002 || {{small|Army Strategic Forces Command}} || {{army|PAK}} |-
| Hatf-III || [[Ghaznavi (missile)|Ghaznavi]]
|[[Short-range ballistic missile|SRBM]]|| 2004 || {{small|Army Strategic Forces Command}} || {{army|PAK}} |-
| Hatf-IV || [[Shaheen-I|Shaheen]]
|[[SRBM]]|| 2003 || {{small|Army Strategic Forces Command}}|| {{army|PAK}}
|-
| Hatf-V || [[Ghauri (missile)|Ghauri]]
|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]]|| 2003 || {{small|Army Strategic Forces Command}} || {{army|PAK}} |-
| Hatf-VI || [[Shaheen II
|[[MRBM]]|| 2011 || {{small| |-
| Hatf-VII || [[Babur (cruise missile)|Babur]]
|[[Subsonic ammunition|Subsonic]] [[Cruise missile|Cruise Missile]] | 2011 || {{small|Army Strategic Forces Command}} <br>{{small|Naval Strategic Forces Command}} || {{army|PAK}}<br>{{navy|PAK}} |-
| Hatf-VIII || [[Ra'ad
|[[Standoff weapon|Standoff]] [[Air-launched cruise missile|ALCM]]|| 2012 || {{small|Air Force Strategic Forces Command}} || {{air force|PAK}}
|-
| Hatf-
|[[Short-range ballistic missile|SRBM]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasr (Hatf 9) |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hatf-9/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Missile Threat |language=en-US}}</ref>|| 2011 || {{small|Army Strategic Forces Command}} || {{army|PAK}}
|}
=== Tactical missile development ===
{{Main|Hatf-I|Nasr (missile)|l1 = Hatf|l2 = Nasr}}
The [[Hatf-I]] ([[English language|English tr.]]: "Target") was the first project
Despite claims of success by the Pakistani administration, the Pakistani military
Lessons and experiences ===Short–medium range development===
[[File:SRBM Comparison.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Comparison by [[Missile Defense Agency|MDA]] of India and Pakistan's [[SRBM|short-range]] systems.]]
The [[
In 1995,
During this time, the [[Shaheen-I|Shaheen program]] was pursued and developed by the [[National Defence Complex]] (NDC). Despite facing technological setbacks the ''Shaheen'' program continued to evolve, producing its first prototype in 1999.<ref name="Khalid Hanif, original article at Jang Newspapers">{{cite web |last1=Khalid |first1=Hanif |title=How 'Shaheen' Was Developed |url=https://fas.org/news/pakistan/1999/fbis-nes-1999-0422.htm |access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=Khalid Hanif, original article at Jang Newspapers}}</ref> The program proved sustainable, producing improved variants.<ref name="Missile Threat">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Seeks To Counter Indian ABM Defenses |url=http://missilethreat.com/missile-class/shaheen-3/ |access-date=22 November 2014 |website=missilethreat.com |publisher=Missile Threat}}</ref> The [[Ababeel (missile)|Ababeel]] was developed with [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]] capability to counter India's missile defence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan conducts first flight test of Ababeel surface-to-surface missile |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1310452/pakistan-conducts-first-flight-test-of-ababeel-surface-to-surface-missile |access-date=24 January 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>
The ''Hatf'' program
===Cruise missile technology===
[[File:Babur cruise missile 3.jpg|thumb|250px|right|{{small|The ''Babur'' in Pakistani military markings being showcased in Karachi in 2006.}}]]Development on understanding and developing cruise missile technology began in Pakistan when India
▲Development on understanding and developing cruise missile technology began when India started its [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme|missile defense program]] in 1998. During the tense environment between [[Second Nawaz Sharif ministry|Sharif administration]], [[Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee premiership]] and [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]], the development of cruise missile was started with India acquiring the [[S-300 missile system|S-300 ''Grumble'']] from [[Russia]] while attempting to negotiate with the United States to induct the [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot PAC-3]] to supplement its ''Grumble'' system— all of these development had adversely affected Pakistan's land-based deterrence mechanism.{{rp|388}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012"/>
In 2017, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of the ''[[Babur (cruise missile)|Babur-III]]'' missile from an [[Submarine-launched missile|underwater mobile
▲For Pakistan, it took years until [[2005 in Pakistan|2005]] to make its cruise missile program feasible when the first [[Babur (cruise missile)| ''Babur'']] (Pakistani military designation: ''Hatf-VII'') was test-fired by the army, amid surprising the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-17/pakistan/33901443_1_nuclear-capable-hatf-vii-terrain-contour | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918122437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-17/pakistan/33901443_1_nuclear-capable-hatf-vii-terrain-contour | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-09-18 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Pakistan test-fires nuclear-capable Babur missile with 700 km range}}</ref> In 2007, the Pakistan announced the development and test-firing of ''[[Ra'ad]]'' (Pakistani military designation: ''Hatf-VIII''), which validates the air-launched capability of Pakistan's cruse missiles.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3492864.ece | title=Pak test fires Hatf VII nuclear missile | date=5 June 2012 | ___location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu}}</ref>
▲In 2017, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of the ''Babur-III'' missile from an underwater mobile platform– a long desired and sought-after capability for the Navy that it effectively established Pakistan's [[second-strike capability]] from sea.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-missiles-idUSKBN14T1EL|title=Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile'|date=10 January 2017|access-date=26 July 2017|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arynews.tv/en/pakistan-test-fires-first-submarine-launched-cruise-missile-babur-3/|title=Pakistan test-fires first submarine cruise missile Babur-3|website=AryNews.tv|date=9 January 2017|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-38563330|title=Pakistan 'launches first cruise missile from submarine'|work=BBC News|date=9 January 2017|access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of missiles of Pakistan]]
* [[Khan Research Laboratories]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
Line 121 ⟶ 131:
[[Category:Research projects]]
[[Category:Programs of the Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:SUPARCO missions]]
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