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* Ayman Aldahleh (Secretary)<ref>{{Cite web | title=Unicode Executive Officers | url=https://unicode.org/consortium/execofficers.html | publisher=Unicode Consortium | access-date=February 2, 2023 }}</ref>
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| name = Unicode
| native_name = Unicode, Inc.
| founders = {{flatlist|
* [[Joe Becker (Unicode)|Joe Becker]]
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The '''Unicode Consortium''' (legally '''Unicode, Inc.''') is a [[501(c)(3)]] non-profit organization incorporated and based in [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[California]], U.S.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/02/12/qa-mark-davis-president-of-the-unicode-consortium-on-the-rise-of-emojis/|title=Q&A: Mark Davis, president of the Unicode Consortium, on the rise of emojis|last=Wong|first=Queenie|date=February 12, 2016|work=The Mercury News|access-date=April 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Its primary purpose is to maintain and publish the [[Unicode Standard]] which was developed with the intention of replacing existing character encoding schemes
Unicode's success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread adoption in the [[internationalization and localization]] of [[software]].<ref>{{cite news|title=How will you type the new Rupee symbol?|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-will-you-type-the-new-rupee-symbol/126739-11.html|newspaper=IBNLive|date=July 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718220112/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-will-you-type-the-new-rupee-symbol/126739-11.html|archive-date=July 18, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The standard has been implemented in many technologies, including [[XML]], the [[Java (programming language)|Java programming language]], [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]], and modern [[operating system]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Strings and Characters|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/StringsAndCharacters.html|website=The Swift Programming Language (Swift 4.1)|publisher=Apple|access-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref>
Members are usually but not limited to computer software and hardware companies with an interest in text-processing standards,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/10/5/17938428/bagel-emoji-apple-controversy|title=Tacos, dumplings, bagels: the complicated politics of food emoji|last=Sugar|first=Rachel|date=16 October 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509161918/https://www.vox.com/2018/10/5/17938428/bagel-emoji-apple-controversy|archive-date=9 May 2025|work=Vox|access-date=October 27, 2018}}</ref> including [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], the [[Bangladesh Computer Council]], [[Emojipedia]], [[Meta Platforms|Facebook]], [[Google]], [[IBM]], [[Microsoft]], the [[Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs (Oman)|Omani Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs]], [[Monotype Imaging]], [[Netflix]], [[Salesforce]], [[SAP|SAP SE]], [[Tamil Virtual Academy]], and the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = The Unicode Consortium Members
| url = https://www.unicode.org/consortium/members.html
| access-date =2021-10-23|publisher=Unicode, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.unicode.org/2015/09/facebook-joins-as-full-member-of.html|title=Facebook Joins as Full Member of the Unicode Consortium|date=September 15, 2015|author=Unicode, Inc.|website=The Unicode Blog|access-date=August 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Living/emoji-contenders-2019-include-mixed-race-couples-sloth/story?id=58741335|title=Emoji contenders for 2019 include mixed-race couples, a sloth and wheelchairs|last=Pelletiere|first=Nicole|date=October 25, 2018|website=ABC News|language=en|access-date=October 27, 2018}}</ref> Technical decisions relating to the [[Unicode Standard]] are made by the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3718|title=A Summary of Unicode Consortium Procedures, Policies, Stability, and Public Access|last=McGowan|first=R.|website=tools.ietf.org|date=February 2004|doi=10.17487/RFC3718 |language=en|access-date=April 5, 2018|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
== Founding ==
{{For|the history leading up to the Unicode Consortium's foundation|Unicode#History}}
The project to develop a universal character encoding scheme called Unicode was initiated in 1987 by [[Joe Becker (Unicode)|Joe Becker]], [[Lee Collins (Unicode)|Lee Collins]], and [[Mark Davis (Unicode)|Mark Davis]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=History of Unicode : Summary Narrative | url=https://www.unicode.org/history/summary.html | publisher=Unicode Consortium | access-date=April 25, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hyperallergic.com/311488/better-days/|title=Better Days|last=Yau|first=John|date=July 17, 2016|work=Hyperallergic|access-date=November 29, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The Unicode Consortium was incorporated in [[California]] on January 3, 1991,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-pistol-squirt-gun-emoji-apple-20160802-snap-story.html|title=Apple is replacing the pistol emoji with a squirt gun|last=Roy|first=Jessica|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 3, 2016|access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref> with the stated aim to develop, extend, and promote the use of the [[Unicode Standard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/history/|title=Unicode History Corner|publisher=Unicode, Inc.|access-date=August 25, 2017}}</ref> Mark Davis was the president of the Unicode Consortium from when the Consortium was incorporated in 1991 until 2023, when he changed roles to CTO.<ref>{{Cite web | title=New Unicode Consortium CEO | url=https://blog.unicode.org/2023/01/new-unicode-consortium-ceo.html | publisher=Unicode Consortium | access-date=February 2, 2023 }}</ref>
== Work ==
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The Unicode Consortium cooperates with many [[Standards organization|standards development organizations]], including [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2]] and [[W3C]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNICODE - The Unicode Consortium|url=https://www.iso.org/organization/342878.html|access-date=2020-07-11|website=[[International Standards Organization]]}}</ref> While Unicode is often considered equivalent to [[Universal Coded Character Set|ISO/IEC 10646]], and the character sets are essentially identical, the Unicode standard imposes additional restrictions on implementations that ISO/IEC 10646 does not.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Korpela|first=Jukka K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxndiWaFMvMC&q=unicode+ISO+cooperation&pg=PA165|title=Unicode Explained|date=2006-06-21|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media, Inc.]]|isbn=978-0-596-10121-3|language=en}}</ref> Apart from ''The Unicode Standard'' (TUS) and its [[addendum|annexes]] (UAX), the Unicode Consortium also maintains the [[Common Locale Data Repository|CLDR]], collaborated with the IETF on [[Internationalized ___domain name|IDNA]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sikos|first=Leslie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32UnCgAAQBAJ&q=unicode+consortium+IETF+cooperation&pg=PA8|title=Web Standards: Mastering HTML5, CSS3, and XML|date=2014-12-29|publisher=Apress|isbn=978-1-4842-0883-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kühne|first=Mirjam|date=2007-05-07|title=Plenary Report|url=https://www.ietfjournal.org/plenary-report-7/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=IETF Journal|publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force]]|language=en-US}}</ref> and publishes related standards (UTS), reports (UTR), and utilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/reports/index.html#standards |title=Unicode Technical Reports |publisher=Unicode, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://unicode.org/cldr/utility/idna.jsp |title=Unicode Utilities: Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) |publisher=Unicode, Inc.}}</ref>
The group selects the [[emoji]] icons used by the world's smartphones, based on submissions from individuals and organizations who present their case with evidence for why each one is
=== Unicode Technical Committee ===
The Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) meets quarterly to decide whether new characters will be encoded. A quorum of half of the Consortium's full members is required.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-07|title=Approved Minutes of UTC Meeting 160|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19270.htm|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Unicode Consortium|id=L2/19-270}}</ref>
As of
The UTC accepts documents from any organization or individual, whether they are members of the Unicode Consortium or not.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-01|title=Submitting Character Proposals|url=https://unicode.org/pending/proposals.html|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Unicode Consortium}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Berard|first=Bethany|date=2018-09-01|title=I second that emoji: The standards, structures, and social production of emoji|url=https://www.firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/9381|journal=First Monday|doi=10.5210/fm.v23i9.9381|s2cid=52157507|issn=1396-0466 |doi-access= free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The UTC holds its meetings behind closed doors.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Fr9L27V337E Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200505235004/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fr9L27V337E&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fr9L27V337E|title=Beyond the emoji|date=2020-05-04|last=de Jong|first=Mea Dols|type=YouTube video|language=en|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As of July 2020, the UTC rules on both emoji and script proposals at the same meeting.
Due to the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism|COVID-19 pandemic's effect on travel]], the meetings, which used to be hosted on
The UTC prefers to work by [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]], but on particularly contentious issues, votes may be necessary.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-01-23|title=Technical Committee Procedures for the Unicode Consortium|url=https://unicode.org/consortium/tc-procedures.html|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Unicode Consortium}}</ref>{{Rp|§9}} After it meets, the UTC releases a public statement on each proposal it considered.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the volume of
== Publications ==
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