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[[File:Ballston TOD.jpg|thumb|[[Ballston Quarter]] in [[Arlington, Virginia]], part of the [[Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area]], is transit-oriented, mixed-use and densified, giving a "downtown" feel in an [[edge city]].]]
[[File:Bitola 2007.JPG|thumb|right|Traditional mixed-use development pattern in a city center: [[Bitola]], [[North Macedonia]]]]
'''Mixed
|title=Quality Growth Toolkit: Mixed-use Development|publisher=Atlanta Regional Commission|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128011547/http://www.atlantaregional.com/File%20Library/Local%20Gov%20Services/gs_cct_mixedusetool_1109.pdf|archive-date=2011-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Rewati|last2=Roy|first2=Uttam Kumar|date=2019-11-01|title=Taxonomy of urban mixed land use planning|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=88|pages=104102|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104102|bibcode=2019LUPol..8804102R |s2cid=201338748|issn=0264-8377}}</ref> Mixed-use development may be applied to a single building, a block or neighborhood, or in zoning policy across an entire city or other administrative unit. These projects may be completed by a private developer, (quasi-)governmental agency, or a combination thereof. A mixed-use development may be a new construction, reuse of an existing building or [[brownfield site]], or a combination.<ref>O’Connell, Evan. Submission to the Cork City Development Plan 2021-2028: Re: Mixed Planning System. https://consult.corkcity.ie/ga/system/files/materials/1399/2492/Submission%20to%20the%20Cork%20City%20Development%20Plan%202021-2028_%20Re_%20Mixed%20Planning%20System.pdf</ref>
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Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns. However, with [[Industrialisation|industrialization]], governmental zoning regulations were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing, from residential areas. Public health concerns and the protection of property values stood as the motivation behind this separation.<ref name=":3" />
In the United States, the [[Single-family zoning|practice of zoning for single-family residential use]] was instigated to safeguard communities from negative [[Externality|externalities]], including air, noise, and light pollution, associated with heavier industrial practices.<ref name=":3" /> These zones were also constructed
The heyday of separate-use [[zoning in the United States]] came after World War II when planner and [[New York City Parks Commissioner]], [[Robert Moses]], championed superhighways to break up functions and neighborhoods of the city. The antithesis to these practices came from activist and writer, [[Jane Jacobs]], who was a major proponent of mixed-use zoning, believing it played a key role in creating an organic, diverse, and vibrant streetscape.<ref name=":5" /> These two figures went head-to-head during much of the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Jacobs|url=https://www.pps.org/article/jjacobs-2|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.pps.org}}</ref> Since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as it works to combat [[urban sprawl]] and increase economic vitality.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007|title=Chicago Zoning Ordinance|url=https://www.metroplanning.org/uploads/cms/documents/chicago-zoning-ordinance.pdf|website=Metropolitan Planning Council}}</ref>
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In most of Europe, government policy has encouraged the continuation of the city center's role as a main ___location for business, retail, restaurant, and entertainment activity, unlike in the United States where zoning actively discouraged such mixed use for many decades. In England, for example, hotels are included under the same umbrella as "residential," rather than commercial as they are classified under in the US.<ref name=":8" /> France similarly gravitates towards mixed-use as much of Paris is simply zoned to be "General Urban," allowing for a variety of uses. Even zones that house the mansions and villas of the aristocrats focus on historical and architectural preservation rather than single family zoning.<ref name=":8" /> Single family zoning is also absent in Germany and Russia where zoning codes make no distinction between different types of housing.<ref name=":8" />
America's attachment to private property and the traditional 1950s suburban home, as well as deep racial and class divides, have marked the divergence in mixed-use zoning between the continents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirt|first=Sonia|date=2012-11-01|title=Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don't) Zone|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412212451029|journal=Journal of Planning Literature|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=375–393|doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|s2cid=154219333|issn=0885-4122|url-access=subscription}}</ref> As a result, much of Europe's central cities are mixed use "by default" and the term "mixed-use" is much more relevant regarding new areas of the city where an effort is made to mix residential and commercial activities – such as in Amsterdam's [[Eastern Docklands]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|title = Mixed Use by Default| journal=Journal of Planning Literature| volume=27| issue=4| pages=375–393|year = 2012|last1 = Hirt|first1 = Sonia|s2cid = 154219333|author1-link = Sonia Hirt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/09654310500242048|title = Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands| journal=European Planning Studies| volume=13| issue=7| pages=967–983|year = 2005|last1 = Hoppenbrouwer|first1 = Eric| last2=Louw| first2=Erik|s2cid = 154169103}}</ref>
==Contexts==
Expanded use of mixed-use zoning and mixed-use developments may be found in a variety of contexts, such as the following (multiple such contexts might apply to one particular project or situation):<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/
* as part of [[smart growth]] planning strategies
* in '''traditional urban neighborhoods''', as part of urban renewal and/or infill, i.e., upgrading the buildings and public spaces and amenities of the neighborhood to provide more and/or better housing and a better quality of life—examples include [[Barracks Row]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[East Liberty, Pittsburgh]]
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===Economic===
Mixed-use developments are home to significant employment and housing opportunities.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal| url=https://doi.org/10.1177/875697281704800607| doi=10.1177/875697281704800607| title=Competitive Precinct Projects: The Five Consistent Criticisms of "Global" Mixed-Use Megaprojects| year=2017| last1=Harris| first1=Mike| journal=Project Management Journal| volume=48| issue=6| pages=76–92| s2cid=117672467| url-access=subscription}}</ref> Many of these projects are already located in established downtown districts, meaning that development of public transit systems is incentivized in these regions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Mixed-Use Development |url=https://www.gaebler.com/Advantages-And-Disadvantages-Of-Mixed-Use-Development.htm |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Gaebler.com Resources for Entrepreneurs |language=en}}</ref> By taking undervalued and underutilized land, often former heavy industrial, developers can repurpose it to increase land and property values.<ref name=":1" /> These projects also increase housing variety, density, and oftentimes affordability through their focus on multifamily, rather than [[Single-family zoning|single-family]] housing compounds.<ref name="planning.org">{{Cite web|title=American Planning Association, "Planning and Community Health Research Center: Mixed Use Development|url=http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health/mixedusedevelopment.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207034351/https://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health/mixedusedevelopment.htm|archive-date=2013-02-07|access-date=2012-11-01}}</ref> A more equal balance between the supply and demand of jobs and housing is also found in these districts.<ref name=":5">Xiaoping Liu, Ning Niu, Xingjian Liu, He Jin, Jinpei Ou, Limin Jiao & Yaolin Liu (2018) Characterizing mixed-use buildings based on multi-source big data, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 32:4, 738-756, {{doi|10.1080/13658816.2017.1410549}}</ref>
===Social===
[[File:Pentagon Row.jpg|thumb|Apartments with ground floor retail and ice skating rink at Pentagon Row in Arlington, VA.]]
This development pattern is centered around the idea of "live, work, play," transforming buildings and neighborhoods into multi-use entities. Efficiency, productivity, and quality of life are also increased with regards to workplaces holding a plethora of amenities.<ref name=":2" /> Examples include gyms, restaurants, bars, and shopping. Mixed-use neighborhoods promote community and socialization through their bringing together of employees, visitors, and residents.<ref name=":2" /> A distinctive character and sense-of-place is created by transforming single use districts that may run for eight hours a day (ex. commercial office buildings running 9am - 5pm) into communities that can run eighteen hours a day through the addition of cafes, restaurants, bars, and nightclubs.<ref name="planning.org" /> Safety of neighborhoods in turn may be increased as people stay out on the streets for longer hours.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Trench|first1=Sylvia|last2=Oc|first2=Taner|last3=Tiesdell|first3=Steven|date=1992|title=Safer Cities for Women: Perceived Risks and Planning Measures|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40113842|journal=The Town Planning Review|volume=63|issue=3|pages=279–296|doi=10.3828/tpr.63.3.r16862416261h337|jstor=40113842|issn=0041-0020|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
===Environmental===
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Mixed-use neighborhoods and buildings have a strong ability to adapt to changing social and economic environments. When the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] hit, New York retailers located on long, commercially oriented blocks suffered severely as they were no longer attracting an audience of passersby. By combining multiple functions into one building or development, mixed-use districts can build resiliency through their ability to attract and maintain visitors.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaffin|first=Joshua|date=2021-10-09|title=Manhattan's office towers are a tale of the haves and the have-nots|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0fc60c68-7e8f-492d-ae4c-f66272793212|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211191208/https://www.ft.com/content/0fc60c68-7e8f-492d-ae4c-f66272793212|archive-date=2022-12-11|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-23}}</ref>
More sustainable transportation practices are also fostered. A study of [[Guangzhou|Guangzhou, China]], done by the Journal of Geographical Information Science, found that taxis located in regions where buildings housed a greater variety of functions had greatly reduced traveling distances.<ref name=":5" /> Shorter traveling distances, in turn, support the use of [[Micromobility|micro-mobility]]. Pedestrian and [[Bicycle-friendly|bike-friendly]] infrastructure are fostered due to increased density and reduced distances between housing, workplaces, retail businesses, and other amenities and destinations.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal| url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2013.12090352| doi=10.1080/10835547.2013.12090352| title=An Empirical Study of the Efficacy of Mixed-Use Development: The Seattle Experience| year=2013| last1=Delisle| first1=James| last2=Grissom| first2=Terry| journal=Journal of Real Estate Literature| volume=21| pages=25–57| url-access=subscription}}</ref> Additionally, mixed-use projects promote health and wellness, as these developments often provide better access (whether it be by foot, bicycle, or transit) to farmer's markets and grocery stores.<ref name="planning.org" /> However, hybrid metropolises, areas that have large and tall buildings which accommodate a combination of public and private interests, do not show a decrease in carbon emissions in comparison to metropolitan areas that have a low, dense configuration. This is possibly because hybrid metropolises are prone to attract car traffic from visitors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zagow |first1=Maged |title=Does mixed-use development in the metropolis lead to less carbon emissions? |journal=Urban Climate |date=1 December 2020 |volume=34 |page=100682 |doi=10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100682 |bibcode=2020UrbCl..3400682Z |s2cid=224862707 }}</ref>
== Drawbacks ==
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=== United States ===
[[File:Pearldistrict.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Mixed-use spaces developed in Portland, Oregon]]
In the United States, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) collaborates with local governments by providing researchers developing new data that estimates how a city can be impacted by mixed-use development. With the EPA putting models in the spreadsheet, it makes it much easier for municipalities, and developers to estimate the traffic, with Mixed-use spaces. The linking models also used as a resource tool measures the geography, demographics, and land use characteristics in a city. The Environmental Protection Agency has conducted an analysis on six major metropolitan areas using land usage, household surveys, and GIS databases. States such as California, Washington, New Mexico, and Virginia have adopted this standard as statewide policy when assessing how urban developments can impact traffic. Preconditions for the success of mixed-use developments are employment, population, and [[consumer spending]]. The three preconditions ensure that a development can attract quality tenants and financial success. Other factors determining the success of the mixed-use development is the proximity of production time, and the costs from the surrounding market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/mixed-use-trip-generation-model|title=Mixed-Use Trip Generation Model|date=2013-04-28}}</ref>
====Portland====
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