Intraperitoneal injection: Difference between revisions

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In humans, the method is widely used to administer [[chemotherapy]] drugs to treat some [[cancer]]s, particularly [[ovarian cancer]]. Although controversial, intraperitoneal use in ovarian cancer has been recommended as a [[standard of care]].<ref name="pmid18006894">{{cite journal | vauthors = Swart AM, Burdett S, Ledermann J, Mook P, Parmar MK | title = Why i.p. therapy cannot yet be considered as a standard of care for the first-line treatment of ovarian cancer: a systematic review | journal = Annals of Oncology | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 688–695 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18006894 | doi = 10.1093/annonc/mdm518 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Fluids are injected intraperitoneally in infants, also used for [[peritoneal dialysis]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Intraperitoneal injections are a way to administer therapeutics and drugs through a peritoneal route (body cavity). They are one of the few ways drugs can be administered through injection, and have uses in research involving animals, drug administration to treat ovarian cancers, and much more. Understanding when intraperitoneal injections can be utilized and in what applications is beneficial to advance current drug delivery methods and provide avenues for further research. The benefit of administering drugs intraperitoneally is the ability for the peritoneal cavity to absorb large amounts of a drug quickly. A disadvantage of using intraperitoneal injections is that they can have a large variability in effectiveness and misinjection.<ref name="Laferriere Pang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Laferriere CA, Pang DS | title = Review of Intraperitoneal Injection of Sodium Pentobarbital as a Method of Euthanasia in Laboratory Rodents | journal = Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 254–263 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32156325 | pmc = 7210732 | doi = 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000081 | doi-broken-date = 1 July 2025 }}</ref> Intraperitoneal injections can be similar to oral administration in that hepatic metabolism could occur in both.

== History ==

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Intraperitoneal injections are the preferred method of administration in many experimental studies due to the quick onset of effects post injection. This allows researchers to observe the effects of a drug in a shorter period of time, and allows them to study the effects of drugs on multiple organs that are in the peritoneal cavity at once. In order to effectively administer drugs through IP injections, the stomach of the animal is exposed, and the injection is given in the lower abdomen. The most efficient method to inject small animals is a two-person method where one holds the rodent and the other person injects the rodent at about 10 to 20 degrees in mice and 20 to 45 degrees in rats. The holder retains the arms of the animal and tilts the head lower than the abdomen to create optimal space in the peritoneal cavity.<ref name="Laferriere Pang"/>

There has been some debate on whether intraperitoneal injections are the best route of administration for experimental animal studies. It was concluded in a review article that utilizing IP injections to administer drugs to laboratory rodents in experimental studies is acceptable when being applied to proof-of-concept studies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Al Shoyaib A, Archie SR, Karamyan VT | title = Intraperitoneal Route of Drug Administration: Should it Be Used in Experimental Animal Studies? | journal = Pharmaceutical Research | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pagesarticle-number = 12 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31873819 | pmc = 7412579 | doi = 10.1007/s11095-019-2745-x }}</ref>

A study was conducted to determine the best route of administration to transplant mesenchymal stem cells for colitis. This study compared intraperitoneal injections, intravenous injections, and anal injections. It was concluded that the intraperitoneal injection had the highest survival rate of 87.5%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang M, Liang C, Hu H, Zhou L, Xu B, Wang X, Han Y, Nie Y, Jia S, Liang J, Wu K | title = Intraperitoneal injection (IP), Intravenous injection (IV) or anal injection (AI)? Best way for mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for colitis | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 30696 | pagesarticle-number = 30696 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27488951 | pmc = 4973258 | doi = 10.1038/srep30696 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...630696W }}</ref> This study shows how intraperitoneal injections can be more effective and beneficial than other traditional routes of administration.

One article reviews the injection of sodium pentobarbital to euthanize rodents intraperitoneally.<ref name="Laferriere Pang"/> Killing the rodent through an intraperitoneal route was originally recommended over other routes such as inhalants because it was thought to be more efficient and ethical. The article overviews whether IP is the best option for euthanization based on evidence associated with welfare implications. It was concluded that there is evidence that IP may not be the best method of euthenasia due to possibilities of missinjection.