Ternate language: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language

|name=Ternate

|altname=<!--Ternatese, Ternatean-->

|nativename=ترناتي‎

|states=[[Indonesia]]

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|speakers2=20,000 L2 speakers (1981)<ref name=e25/>

|familycolor=Papuan

|fam1=[[West Papuan languages|West Papuan]]?

|fam2=[[North Halmahera languages|North Halmahera]]

|fam3=Ternate–Tidore

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|glotto=tern1247

|glottorefname=Ternate

|script=[[Latin script]] ([[Malay alphabet|Rumi]])<br>Historically [[Arabic script]] ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]])<ref name=fsa>{{Cite book | author = Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq | title = Bijdragen tot de kennis der residentie Ternate | language = nl | ___location = Leiden | publisher = E.J. Brill | year = 1890 | pagespage = 193 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IxMVAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite webencyclopedia | first = Ch.F. | last = van Fraassen | title = Ternatan/Tidorese | editor-first = David | editor-last = Levinson | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of World Cultures | year = 1993 | volume = 5 | ___location = Boston, MA | isbn = 0-8168-8840-X | publisher = G.K. Hall & Co. | via = encyclopedia.com | url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ternatantidorese | title = Ternatan/Tidorese access- Dictionary definition of Ternatan/Tidorese | publisherdate = encyclopedia.com2024-07-10 | language = en}}</ref><ref name="filologi">{{citation |first = Oman |last = Fathurahman |title = Filologi Indonesia Teori dan Metode |year = 2015 |access-date = 2022-09-07 |___location = Jakarta |isbn = 978-623-218-153-3 |oclc = 1001307264 |page = 128 |publisher = Prenada Media |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8GMCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |language = id}}</ref>

}}

'''Ternate''' is a language of northern [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], eastern [[Indonesia]]. It is spoken by the {{link-interwiki|[[Ternate people|id|Suku Ternate|lt=Ternate people}}]], who inhabit the island of [[Ternate]], as well as many other areas of the archipelago. It is the dominant indigenous language of [[North Maluku]], historically important as a regional [[lingua franca]]. A [[North Halmahera languages|North Halmahera language]], it is unlike most languages of Indonesia which belong to the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] family.<ref name=":0" />

Due to the historical role of the [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate Sultanate]], Ternate influence is present in many languages of eastern Indonesia,. notBorrowings onlyfrom withinTernate extend beyond the Maluku Islands, but also reaching the regions of central and northern [[Sulawesi]].<ref>{{Cite book | first = F.S. | last = Watuseke | chapter = The Ternate Language | translator-first = Clemens L. | translator-last = Voorhoeve | translator-link = Clemens L. Voorhoeve | editor-first = Tom | editor-last = Dutton | editor-link = Tom Dutton (linguist) | title = Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 1 | series = Pacific Linguistics A-73 | year = 1991 | pages = 223–244 | url = https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145736/1/PL-A73.pdf | ___location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | isbn = 0-85883-393-X | doi = 10.15144/PL-A73.223 | oclc = 24406501 | language = en }} ; see p. 224.</ref> Languages such as [[Taba language|Taba]] and [[West Makian language|West Makian]] have borrowed much of their polite lexicons from Ternate,<ref>{{cite book| first = C.L. | last = Voorhoeve |author-link = Clemens L. Voorhoeve | chapter = The West Makian language, North Moluccas, Indonesia: a fieldwork report | editor-first = C.L. | editor-last = Voorhoeve | title = The Makian languages and their neighbours | url = https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144389/1/PL-D46.pdf | year = 1982 | isbn = 0858832771 |___location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | series = Pacific Linguistics D-46 | doi = 10.15144/PL-D46.1 | oclc = 12421689 | at = 1–74 }} ; see p. 47 (1.5).</ref><ref>{{Cite book | editor-first = K. Alexander | editor-link = K. Alexander Adelaar | editor-last = Adelaar | editor-first2 = Nikolaus P. |editor-last2 = Himmelmann | editor-link2 = Nikolaus P. Himmelmann | title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar |author-link=John Bowden (linguist) | first = John | last = Bowden | chapter = Taba | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-203-82112-1 | ___location= Abingdon/New York | publisher = Routledge | oclc = 53814161 | doi = 10.4324/9780203821121 | pages = 769–792 }} ; see p. 770.</ref> while the languages of northern Sulawesi have incorporated many Ternate vocabulary items related to kingship and administration.<ref>{{Cite book | chapter = The North Sulawesi microgroups: In search of higher level connections | author-link = James Sneddon | first = J.N. |last = Sneddon | editor-first = J.N. |editor-last=Sneddon | title = Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics I | year = 1989 | publisher = Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA | pages = 83–107 |___location = Jakarta | chapter-url = http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v31-p83-107.pdf}} ; see p. 92.</ref> The language has been a source of lexical and grammatical borrowing for [[North Moluccan Malay]], the local variant of Malay, which has given rise to other eastern Indonesian offshoots of Malay, such as [[Manado Malay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Paul Michael |title=F.S.A. de Clercq's ''Ternate: The Residency and its Sultanate'' |date=1999 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Libraries |edition=Smithsonian Institution Libraries digital |pagepages=7i–xviii |language=en |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/anthropology/ternate/introduction.pdf}} ; see p. vii (for Ternate grammatical influence on NMM).</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Allen |first1=Robert B. |titlelast2=Hayami-Allen |first2=Rika |chapter=Orientation in the Spice Islands |datechapter-url=2002http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/allen2002orientation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225213702/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4pdf8/allen2002orientation.pdf |workarchive-date=2022-12-25 |editor-first=Marlys |editor-last=Macken |title=Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 2000.|page___location=21Tempe|year = 2002 |pages= 21–38 |isbn = 1-881044-29-7 |oclc = 50506465 |publisher=Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies |last2=Hayami-Allen |first2=Rika |mode=cs1}} ; see p. 21.</ref>

Ternate has loanwords from Malay, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and Javanese.{{sfnp|Hayami-Allen|2001|p=42}}

== Location and use ==

It is geographically widespread. It is spoken on the island of Ternate as well as elsewhere in the North Maluku province, with Ternate communities inhabiting the western coast of [[Halmahera]], [[Mount Hiri|Hiri]], [[Obi Islands|Obi]], [[Kayoa]], and the [[Bacan Islands]].<ref name="pcd">{{Citation | first = C.L. |last = Voorhoeve |author-link = Clemens L. Voorhoeve | title = Papers in New Guinea linguistics. No. 26 | date = 1988 | isbn = 0-85883-370-0 | ___location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | oclc = 220535054 | pages = 181–209 | doi = 10.15144/PL-A76.181 | chapter = The languages of the North Halmaheran stock | series = Pacific Linguistics A-76 | chapter-url = }}</ref><ref name="LeBarAppell">{{Citation |editor-first = George N. |editor-last = Appell |first = E.K.M. |last = Masinambow |chapter = Ternatans |title = Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia |volume = 1: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar |year = 1972 |isbn = 978-0-87536-403-2 |publisher = Human Relations Area Files Press |page = 120 |oclc = 650009 |___location = New Haven |chapter-url = }}</ref> Historically, Ternate served as the primary language of the [[Sultanate of Ternate]],<ref name=warnk/> famous for its role in the [[spice trade]]. It has established itself as a [[lingua franca]] of the North Maluku region.<ref name="bigenc"/><ref>{{citation |first = Iem |last = Brown |editor-first1 = Iem |editor-last1 = Brown |title = The Territories of Indonesia |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lfPJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |chapter = Maluku Islands and Papua (North Maluku) |pages = 175–182 |date = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-135-35541-8 |oclc = 881430426 |___location = London–NewLondon/New York |publisher = Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203403013}} ; see p. 177.</ref>

This language should be distinguished from [[North Moluccan Malay|Ternate Malay]] (North Moluccan Malay), a local [[Malay-based creole languages|Malay-based creole]] which it has heavily influenced. Ternate serves as the first language of ethnic Ternateans, mainly in the rural areas, while Ternate Malay is nowadays used as a means of interethnic and trade communication, particularly in the urban part of the island.<ref name=lb/><ref>{{Cite web | last = Litamahuputty | first = Betty | title = Description of Ternate Malay | publisher = [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]], [[Jakarta]] station | date = March 10, 2007 | url = http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/ternate.php | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070610225430/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/ternate.php | archive-date = June 10, 2007 }}</ref> More recently, there has been a [[language shift]] from Ternate towards Malay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahdi Ahmad |last2=Sumarlam Sumarlam |last3=Djatmika Djatmika |last4=Sri Marmanto |title=Pemertahanan bahasa Ternate pada masyarakat multilingual |journal=Prasasti: Conference Series |date=13 August 2016 |url=https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/prosidingprasasti/article/view/1574 |language=id |pages=466–473 |doi=10.20961/pras.v0i0.1574 |doi-broken-date=112 AugustJuly 20232025 }}</ref><ref name="JurnalEtnohistori">{{Citation |first1 = Farida |last1 = Maricar |first2 = Ety |last2 = Duwila |title = Vitalitas bahasa Ternate di Pulau Ternate |date = 2017 |journal = Jurnal Etnohistori: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebudayaan Dan Kesejarahan |volume = 4 |number = 2 |pages = 136–151 |url = https://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/etnohis/article/view/1003 |language = id |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200903152910/https://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/etnohis/article/view/1003 |archive-date = 2020-09-03 }}</ref> It can be assumed that itsthe role of Ternate as a lingua franca has greatly waned.<ref name="pcd" /> While the Ternate people are scattered all over eastern Indonesia,<ref name="bigenc">{{Cite web |title=ТЕРНАТАНЦЫ |url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4189519 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Большая российская энциклопедия |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20220814041910/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4189519 |archive-date = 2022-08-14

|language=ru }}</ref> it is not known how many expatriate Ternateans still speak the language.<ref name="pcd" />

In Indonesian, it is generally known as ''bahasa Ternate''; however, the term ''bahasa Ternate asli'' is sometimes used to distinguish it from Ternate Malay.<ref name="lb">{{Cite journal |last=Litamahuputty |first=Betty |date=2012 |title=A description of Ternate Malay |url=http://wacana.ui.ac.id/index.php/wjhi/article/download/66/60 |journal=Wacana |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pagepages=335333–369 |doi=10.17510/wacana.v14i2.66|doi-access=free }} ; see p. 335.</ref>

==Written records==

The Ternate language has been recorded with the [[Arabic script]] since the 15th century, while the [[Latin alphabet]] is used in modern writing.<ref name=fsa/><ref name{{sfnp|Hayami-Allen|2001|p=rha/>7}} Ternate and [[Tidore language|Tidore]] are notable for being the only indigenous [[Papuan languages|non-Austronesian languages]] of the region to have established literary traditions prior to first European contact.<ref name=warnk>{{Cite journal |last=Warnk |first=Holger |year=2010 |title=The coming of Islam and Moluccan-Malay culture to New Guinea c.1500–1920 |journal=Indonesia and the Malay World |language=en |volume=38 |issue=110 |pages=109–134 |doi=10.1080/13639811003665454|s2cid=162188648 }} ; see p. 112, fn. 2.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Paul Michael |date=1988 |title=From mantra to mataráa: Opacity and transparency in the language of Tobelo magic and medicine (Halmahera Island, Indonesia) |journal=Social Science & Medicine |language=en |volume=27 |issue=5 |pagepages=430425–436 |doi=10.1016/0277-9536(88)90365-6 |pmid=3067356 }} ; see p. 430.</ref> Other languages of the North Halmahera region, which were not written down until the arrival of Christian missionaries, have received significant lexical influence from Ternate.<ref>{{cite book |author-link = Andrew Dalby |first = Andrew |last=Dalby |title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More than 400 Languages |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-1-4081-0214-5 |___location = London |publisher = BloomsburyA Publishing& C Black |oclc = 842286334 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA620 | page=620 |language = en}}</ref>

==Classification==

Ternate is a member of the [[North Halmahera languages|North Halmahera language family]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | last = Lewis | first = M. Paul | title = Ternate - A language of Indonesia (Maluku) | work = Ethnologue: Languages of the World| publisher = SIL International | year = 2009 | url = https://www.ethnologue.com/16/show_language/tft|edition=16th}}</ref> which is classified by some as part of a larger [[West Papuan languages|West Papuan family]], a proposed linking of the North Halmahera languages with the Papuan languages of the [[Bird's Head Peninsula]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |author-link=David Gil (linguist) |first = David |last = Gil |chapter = The Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area |___location = Berlin/Boston | doi = 10.1515/9781501501685-008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_BeCAAAQBAJ |editor-last=Enfield |editor-first=Nick |editor-last2=Comrie |editor-first2=Bernard |editor-link2 = Bernard Comrie |title=Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9781501501685 |editor-lastpages=Enfield266–355 |editor-first=Nick}} |page=269; |editor-last2=Comriesee |editor-first2=Bernard}}p. 269.</ref> It is most closely related to the [[Tidore language]], which is native to the southern neighboring island. The distinction between Ternate and Tidore appears tomore berooted based onin sociopolitical factors rather than linguistic differences.<ref name=:1>{{citation|url-status=dead|url=https://wlp.shh.mpg.de/3/abstracts/Bowden.pdf|titlecontribution=Emic and Etic Classifications of Languages in the North Maluku Region|first=John|last=Bowden|viaauthor-link=MaxJohn PlanckBowden Institute(linguist)|title=Workshop foron Evolutionarythe AnthropologyLanguages of Papua 3, 20–24 January 2014, Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia|access-date=2022-08-01|archive-date=2019-10-20|archivecontribution-url=https://webindoling.archive.org/web/20191020091817/https:/com/wlp.shh.mpg.de/3/abstracts/Bowden.pdf|access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref><ref name=jb/> While many authors have described these varieties as separate languages,<ref name="jb">{{Cite journal |last=Bowden |first=John |author-link=John Bowden (linguist) |date=2005 |title=Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay |url=http://www.concentric-linguistics.url.tw/upload/articlesfs141402110859119523.pdf |journal=Concentric: Studies in Linguistics |volume=31 |issue=2 |pagepages=139133–158 |doi=10.6241/concentric.ling.200512_31(2).0006}} ; see p. 139.</ref> some classifications identify them as dialects of a single language, collectively termed as either "Ternate" or "Ternate-Tidore".<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://118.98.223.79/petabahasa/infobahasa2.php?idb=482&idp=Maluku%20Utara | titlearchive-url = Ternatehttps://web.archive.org/web/20180618025639/http://118.98.223.79/petabahasa/infobahasa2.php?idb=482&idp=Maluku%20Utara | archive-date Peta= Bahasa2018-06-18 | languagetitle = id}}</ref><refTernate | work name="rha">{{Cite bookPeta Bahasa |title=A Descriptivepublisher Study= ofBadan thePengembangan Languagedan ofPembinaan Ternate,Bahasa the| Northernlanguage Moluccas, Indonesia= id}}</ref>{{sfnp|last=Hayami-Allen |first=Rika |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |year=2001 |languagep=en1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2VCDwAAQBAJ |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |editor-last=Palmer |editor-first=Bill |date=20172018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9783110295252 |pageauthor-link=577Gary Holton (linguist) |author-link2 = Marian Klamer |first1=Gary |last1 = Holton |first2 = Marian |last2 = Klamer |chapter = The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird‘s Head |___location = Berlin/Boston |doi = 10.1515/9783110295252-005 |pages=569–640 |hdl=1887/3463908 }} ; see p. 577.</ref>

==Phonology==

Ternate, like other North Halmahera languages, is not a [[tonal language]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

|-

|+Ternate consonant phonemes{{sfn|Hayami-Allen|2001|p=23}}

! colspan=2|

! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]

Line 56 ⟶ 58:

|-

! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|m}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|n}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|ɲ}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|ŋ}}

|

|-

! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]/[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]

! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|p}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|t}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|tʃ}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|k}}

|

|-

! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|b}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|d}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|dʒ}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|ɡ}}

|

|-

! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|f}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|s}}

|

|

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|h}}

|-

! rowspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]

! <small>[[central consonant|central]]</small>

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|w}}

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|j}}

|

| {{IPAlink|j}}

|

| {{IPAlink|h}}

|-

! <smalLsmall>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|l}}

|

|

Line 102 ⟶ 104:

! colspan=2| [[Flap consonant|Flap]]

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|ɾ}}

|

|

Line 112 ⟶ 114:

{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

|-

|+Ternate vowel phonemes{{sfn|Hayami-Allen|2001|p=27}}

! colspan=2|

! [[Front vowel|Front]]

Line 119 ⟶ 121:

|-

! colspan=2| [[High vowel|High]]

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|i}}

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|u}}

|-

! colspan=2| [[Mid vowel|Mid]]

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|e}}

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|o}}

|-

! colspan=2| [[Low vowel|Low]]

|

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|a}}

|

|}

Line 136 ⟶ 138:

==References==

<references />

===Bibliography===

* {{Cite thesis |title=A Descriptive Study of the Language of Ternate, the Northern Moluccas, Indonesia |last=Hayami-Allen |first=Rika |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |year=2001 |url=http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3038240 |language=en}}

{{West Papuan languages}}