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[[File:Indian - Elephant Goad - Walters 5161.jpg|upright|thumb|17th century
The '''elephant goad''', '''bullhook''', or '''
A relief at [[Sanchi]] and a fresco at the [[Ajanta Caves]] depict a three-person crew on the war elephant, the driver with an elephant goad, what appears to be a noble warrior behind the driver and another attendant on the posterior of the elephant.<ref name="books.google.com.au">Nossov, Konstantin & Dennis, Peter (2008). ''War Elephants''. illustrated by Peter Dennis. Edition: illustrated. Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-84603-268-7}}
[https://books.google.com/books?id=7j1nZ-9Rdl4C
Nossov and Dennis (2008: p. 19) report that two perfectly preserved elephant goads were recovered from an archaeological site at [[Taxila]] and are dated from 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE according to [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Marshall]]. The larger of the two is {{convert|65
Nossov and Dennis (2008: p. 16) state:
<blockquote>
An ''ankusha'', a sharpened goad with a pointed hook, was the main tool for managing an elephant. The ''ankusha'' first appeared in India in the 6th-5th century BC and has been used ever since, not only there, but wherever elephants served man.<ref>Nossov, Konstantin & Dennis, Peter (2008). ''War Elephants''. illustrated by Peter Dennis. Edition: illustrated. Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-84603-268-7}}
[https://books.google.com/books?id=7j1nZ-9Rdl4C
==Fabrication and construction==
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===Iconography===
[[File:Ganesha Nurpur miniature circa 1810 Dubost p64.jpg|thumb|The [[Hindu]] god [[Ganesha]] holding an elephant goad in his right upper arm]]
The elephant has appeared in cultures across the world. They are a symbol of wisdom in Asian cultures and are famed for their memory and intelligence, where they are thought to be on par with [[cetaceans]]<ref name="fusukt">{{cite web|url=http://tursiops.org/dolfin/guide/smart.html |title=What Makes Dolphins So Smart? |publisher=Discovery Communications |
In iconography and ceremonial ritual tools, the elephant goad is often included in a hybridized tool, for example one that includes elements of [[Vajrakila]], 'hooked knife' or 'skin flail' (Tibetan: gri-gug, Sanskrit: kartika), [[Vajra]] and [[Axe]], as well as the goad functionality for example. Ritual
▲The elephant has appeared in cultures across the world. They are a symbol of wisdom in Asian cultures and are famed for their memory and intelligence, where they are thought to be on par with [[cetaceans]]<ref name="fusukt">{{cite web|url=http://tursiops.org/dolfin/guide/smart.html |title=What Makes Dolphins So Smart? |publisher=Discovery Communications |accessdate=2007-07-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68odq4rDt?url=http://tursiops.org/dolfin/guide/smart.html |archivedate=2012-06-30 }}</ref> and [[hominids]].<ref name = "hfezyk">{{cite web|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/ar/2001/00000062/00000005/art01815|title=Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching |publisher=BBC|accessdate = 2007-07-31}}</ref> [[Aristotle]] once said the elephant was "the beast which passeth all others in wit and mind".<ref name=O>{{cite book | last = O'Connell | first = Caitlin | title = The Elephant's Secret Sense: The Hidden Lives of the Wild Herds of Africa | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 2007 | ___location = [[New York City]] | pages = [https://archive.org/details/elephantssecrets0000ocon/page/174 174, 184] | isbn = 978-0-7432-8441-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/elephantssecrets0000ocon/page/174 }}</ref> The word "elephant" has its origins in the Greek {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἐλέφας|ἐλέφας]]}}, meaning "ivory" or "elephant".<ref name="COED">{{cite book |last=Soanes |first=Catherine |author2=Angus Stevenson |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-929634-0 |year=2006}}</ref>
▲In iconography and ceremonial ritual tools, the elephant goad is often included in a hybridized tool, for example one that includes elements of [[Vajrakila]], 'hooked knife' or 'skin flail' (Tibetan: gri-gug, Sanskrit: kartika), [[Vajra]] and Axe, as well as the goad functionality for example. Ritual Ankusha were often finely wrought of precious metals and even fabricated from [[ivory]], often encrusted with jewels. In Dharmic Traditions the goad/ankusha and rope 'noose/snare/lasso' (Sanskrit: Pāśa) are traditionally paired as tools of subjugation.<ref name="Beer, Robert 2003 p.146">Beer, Robert (2003). ''The handbook of Tibetan Buddhist symbols.'' Serindia Publications, Inc. Source: [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3804Ud9-4IC&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=ankusha+goad+symbol+metaphor&source=bl&ots=FPDIVUMfIv&sig=DecqW0LrsohyflckAlc2fDNajQ0&hl=en&ei=wYThSfPdKMuGkQWDuNXVCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1] (accessed: Sunday April 12, 2009), p.146</ref>
===Hinduism===
In
===Buddhism===
[[B. Alan Wallace|Wallace]] and [[Daniel Goleman|Goleman]] (2006: p. 79) discuss '[[śamatha]]' (Sanskrit), [[Mindfulness (Buddhism)|mindfulness]] and [[introspection]] which they tie to [[metacognition]]:
<blockquote>
Throughout Buddhist literature, the training in shamatha is often likened to training a wild elephant, and the two primary instruments for this are the tether of mindfulness and the goad of introspection.<ref>Wallace, B. Alan with Goleman, Daniel (2006). ''The Attention Revolution: Unlocking the Power of the Focused Mind.'' Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|0-86171-276-5}}. Source: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ygf4pbnbf5kC
"Buddhist psychology classifies introspection as a form of intelligence ([[Wisdom in Buddhism|prajna]]), and its development has long been an important element of Buddhist meditation. A similar mental faculty, usually called matacognition, is now coming under the scrutiny of modern psychologists. Cognitive researchers have defined metacognition as knowing of one's own cognitive and affective processes and states, as well as the ability to consciously and deliberately monitor and regulate those processes and states. This appears to be an especially rich area for collaborative research between Buddhist contemplatives and cognitive scientists." Source: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ygf4pbnbf5kC
Rowlands (2001: p. 124) in discussing consciousness and its [[self-conscious]], [[self-reflexive]] quality of [[apperception]] states that:<blockquote>
The most significant aspect of consciousness, I shall try to show, is its structure, its ''hybrid'' character. Consciousness can be both act and object of experience. Using the somewhat metaphorical notion of ''directing'', we might say that consciousness is not only the directing of awareness but ''can'' be that upon which awareness is directed. Consciousness is not only the act of conscious experience, it can be experience's object. ''[italics preserved from original]''<ref>Rowlands, Mark (2001). ''The nature of consciousness''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-80858-8}}. Source: [https://books.google.com/books?id=eppTvOxkcZ4C
</blockquote>
In the above quotation the metaphor of 'directing' is employed. In 'directing' consciousness or the mind to introspectively
====Tattvasamgraha Tantra====
In the ''[[Tattvasamgraha tantra]]'' (c 7th century), one of the most important tantras of the Buddhist [[Yoga Tantra Class]], the ankusha figures in the visualization of one of the retinue. This tantra explains the process of the visualization of the Vajradhatu Mandala, which is one of the most visually stylized of Buddhist mandalas. The Ankusha is the symbolic attribute for the visualization of the Bodhisattva Vajraraja, an emanation within the retinue of Vajradhatu. This visualization is treated in Tachikawa (c2000: p. 237).<ref>Tachikawa, M. (c2000). 'Mandala visualization and possession'. ''New Horizons in Bon Studies.'' Source: {{cite web |url=http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1275/1/SER15_009.pdf |title=Archived copy |
==Literature==
In [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[The Second Jungle Book|Second Jungle Book]]'' story [[s:The Second Jungle Book/The King's Ankus|"The King's Ankus"]], [[Mowgli]] finds the magnificently-jeweled elephant goad of the title in a hidden treasure chamber. Not realizing the value men place on jewels, he later casually discards it in the jungle, unwittingly leading to a chain of greed and murder amongst those who find it after him.
A jeweled goad also appears in the 1942 film adaptation ''[[Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book]]''.
==See also==
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[[Category:Religious objects]]
[[Category:Animal training]]
[[Category:Livestock]]
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