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{{Short description|American computer manufacturer}}
'''Librex Computer Systems Inc.''' was a short-lived American subsidiary of the [[Nippon Steel|Nippon Steel Corporation]] that manufactured [[Laptop|notebook computers]] from 1990 to 1992.<ref name=Quinlan1991>{{cite journal | last=Quinlan | first=Tom | date=November 4, 1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32 | title=Librex moves to desktop with batch of portables | work=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=13 | issue=44 | page=32 | via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Rockman1996>{{cite journal | last=Rockman | first=Simon | date=June 1996 | url=https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerWorldMagazine/PCW%20199606%20June%20Created%20From%20PCW%20Cover%20CD/page/n91/ | title=Retro Computing | work=Personal Computer World | publisher=Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen | volume=19 | issue=6 | pages=202, 232 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref>▼
{{Infobox company
| name=Librex Computer Systems Inc.
| logo=Librex Computer Systems wordmark.svg
| founded={{start date and age|1990|06}} in [[San Jose, California]]
| defunct={{end date and age|1993|04}}
| type=Subsidiary
| industry=Computer
| products=[[Laptop|Notebook]]s
| key_people=Toshiji Tanaka, president and [[Chief financial officer|CFO]]
| parent=[[Nippon Steel|Nippon Steel Corporation]]
}}▼
▲'''Librex Computer Systems Inc.''' was a short-lived American subsidiary of the [[Nippon Steel|Nippon Steel Corporation]] that manufactured [[Laptop|notebook computers]] from 1990 to 1992.<ref name=
==History==
===Background and foundation (1986–1990)===
Librex Computer Systems was incorporated in [[San Jose, California]], in June 1990;<ref name=Electronic_News1990>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=August 27, 1990 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_electronic-news_1990-08-27_36_1824/page/n2/ | title=Nippon Steel U.S. Subsidiary Plans CPU Market Entry in '91 |
The incorporation of Librex came at a time when Nippon Steel, at the time the largest [[steelmaking]] company in the world in terms of sales, was increasingly [[Diversification (marketing strategy)|diversifying]] its operations. Although computer companies investing in Japanese steel companies and vice versa was somewhat commonplace in the turn of the 1990s technology industry—EISD had ties to several American computer companies—Nippon Steel set out Librex to operate independently, which was described as a rarity. Said Susan MacKnight of the Washington-based Japan Economic Institute, no other steel company had "set up a wholly owned subsidiary [in] anything outside the steel business in this country" up to that point.<ref name=Richards1990 /> Along with Librex in the United States, Nippon Steel set up Nippon Steel Computer [[Public limited company|PLC]] in [[Langley, Berkshire]].<ref name=New_York_Times1992 />
Nippon Steel EISD, which only operated domestically, influenced the foundation of Librex, as executives within Nippon Steel expressed the desire for the company to have its own name-brand commodity computer.<ref name=Rockman1996 /> Starting in 1986, EISD had formed joint ventures with the American companies [[IBM]], [[Concurrent Computer Corporation]], [[Supertek Computers]], [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Calcomp|CalComp]], and [[3M]] and Japan companies [[Hitachi]] and [[Itochu]] to help develop EISD's hardware and software products.<ref name=Electronic_News1990 /><ref name=Schmitz1990>{{cite journal | last=Schmitz | first=Tom | date=September 9, 1990 | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-09-09-9003150509-story.html | title=Nippon Steel Will Build Laptops in Silicon Valley |
===First products (1990–1991)===
Librex contracted the mass manufacturing of the company's initial product lineup, a duo of notebook computers, to an unnamed American firm.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sexton | first=Tara | date=August 27, 1990 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A8783238/GPS?sid=wikipedia | title=New Nippon Steel Division to Launch Line of Computers | journal=PC Week | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=7 | issue=34 | page=24 | via=Gale}}</ref> The Librex office in San Jose mostly handled sales and marketing and other operational duties, although the office did possess limited manufacturing facilities.<ref name=CBR1990 /> The Librex 386SX and Librex 286—two notebook computers based on [[Intel]]'s [[Intel 80386SX|80386SX]] and [[Intel 80286|80286]] processors respectively—were unveiled at [[COMDEX|COMDEX/Fall]] in November 1990.<ref name=Fitzgerald1990>{{cite journal | last=Fitzgerald | first=Michael | date=November 12, 1990 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uq5aBOwhFnoC&pg=PA144 | title=Pick your portable | journal=Computerworld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=XXVI | issue=46 | page=144 | via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Krohn1990 /> The former was released on time in December 1990; the Librex 386SX was released in limited quantities that month,<ref name=Krohn1990>{{cite journal | last=Krohn | first=Nico | date=November 12, 1990 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 | title=Japanese Steel Maker Tries U.S. Notebook Market | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=12 | issue=46 | page=27 | via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Skillings1990>{{cite journal | last=Skillings | first=Jonathan | date=November 12, 1990 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A9589291/GPS?sid=wikipedia | title=386SX chip dominates scene in new laptop releases | journal=PC Week | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=7 | issue=45 | page=17 | via=Gale}}</ref> shipping en masse in March 1991.<ref>{{cite journal | last=O'Brien | first=Bill | date=March 12, 1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GF_6VuE4h2MC&pg=PT114 | title=Battery-Powered 386SXs and 386DXs | journal=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=10 | issue=5 | pages=111–187 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|114}} The Librex 386SX was mostly positively received in ''[[InfoWorld]]'', ''[[ABA Journal]]'', and ''[[PC Magazine]]''.<ref name=Garza1991>{{cite journal | last=Garza | first=Victor R. | date=October 7, 1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zT0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74 | title=Librex wades into the 386SX | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=XXVI | issue=13 | page=40 | via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Mass1991>{{cite journal | editor-last=Mass | editor-first=Debra Cassens | date=November 1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvJHc73NRKwC&pg=PA97 | title=Of First Impressions: New Products for Attorneys | journal=ABA Journal | publisher=American Bar Association | volume=77 | pages=95–97 | via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Howard1992a>{{cite journal | last=Howard | first=Bill | date=April 14, 1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoKUhNoOys4C&pg=PP178 | title=High-End Notebook PCs | journal=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=11 | issue=7 | pages=113–181 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|156}} ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' praised Librex for its unusually generous warranty policy for the price point of the Librex 386SX, which offered free replacement of defective notebooks within 24 hours for the first 100 days of ownership.<ref name=OReilly1991>{{cite journal | last=O'Reilly | first=Richard | date=September 30, 1991 | url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-09-30-1991273119-story.html | title=Nippon Steel enters U.S. computer market with new laptop models | journal=The Baltimore Sun | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622052207/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-09-30-1991273119-story.html | archivedate=June 22, 2021}}</ref>
===Subsequent lineups and dissolution (1991–1993)===
In November 1991, Librex unveiled the M486 and M386SL lines of notebooks. They were based on Intel's [[Intel 80486|486]] and [[Intel 80386SL|386SL]] processors respectively and were compatible with an optional [[docking station]]. Interfacing to the laptop through a 130-pin connector, the docking station added two 16-bit [[Industry Standard Architecture|ISA]] expansion slots, a [[SCSI]] hard drive adapter, a passthrough for serial, parallel, and external monitor cables, and three 3.5-inch disk drive bays. Slated for an early 1992 release,<ref name=Quinlan1991>{{cite journal | last=Quinlan | first=Tom | date=November 4, 1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32 | title=Librex moves to desktop with batch of portables | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=13 | issue=44 | page=32 | via=Google Books}}</ref> they were shortly followed up by the introduction of the Librex T386SX, featuring a modular design that extended into the design of the caddy for the internal hard drive, which could be removed toollessly for replacement or stored away as a security precaution. It took proprietary [[Random-access memory|RAM]] modules for memory upgrades, supporting up to 12 MB of RAM from the stock 4 MB. The T386SX's floppy drive was external only, connected to the notebook via a detachable cable.<ref name=Lee1992>{{cite journal | last=Lee | first=Yvonne | date=March 16, 1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3D0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30 | title=Librex introduces mix, match notebook | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=14 | issue=11 | page=30 | via=Google Books}}</ref> The T386SX's case bore a rubberized coating to make it scratch-resistant and slip-proof.<ref name=Levin1992 /> It was the first and only Librex laptop to feature [[PC Card]] slots.<ref name=Fitzgerald1992>{{cite journal | last=Fitzgerald | first=Michael | date=March 23, 1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fxsaF0QuVEC&pg=PA36 | title=i486-based notebooks hit market | journal=Computerworld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=XXVI | issue=12 | page=36 | via=Google Books}}</ref> Like the Librex 386SX, it received mostly good reviews.<ref name=Levin1992>{{cite journal | last=Levin | first=Carol | date=August 1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqQJaNzN9IcC&pg=PA40 | title=First Looks: Librex T386SX | journal=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=11 | issue=14 | pages=40–41 | via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Mass1992>{{cite journal | editor-last=Mass | editor-first=Debra Cassens | date=September 1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUPdREzSRGkC&pg=PA89 | title=Of First Impressions: New Products for Attorneys | journal=ABA Journal | publisher=American Bar Association | volume=79 | pages=89–90 | via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Howard1992b>{{cite journal | last=Howard | first=Bill | date=December 22, 1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9TVJ_G_sk8C&pg=PA238 | title=Portable Computers: On the Road | journal=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=11 | issue=22 | pages=153–265 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|238}}
Although Librex's laptops continued to receive high marks for their build quality, the company saw pressure in the crowded notebook market by the beginning of 1992.<ref name=Eisenstodt1992>{{cite web | last=Eisenstodt | first=Gale | date=January 24, 1992 | url=https://www.afr.com/companies/nippon-steel-learns-from-diversification-19920124-kaoas | title=Nippon Steel Learns from Diversification | work=Australian Financial Review | agency=Forbes Reprint | publisher=Nine Entertainment | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011033237/https://www.afr.com/companies/nippon-steel-learns-from-diversification-19920124-kaoas | archivedate=October 11, 2022}}</ref> Amid falling profit margins, Nippon Steel announced in August 1992 that they would dissolve both Librex in the U.S. and Nippon Steel Computer PLC in the United Kingdom,<ref name=New_York_Times1992 /> in what was called "the first visible fallout from the [[price war]]" hitting the portable computer market in the early 1990s, according to [[International Data Corporation|IDC]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lee | first=Yvonne | date=September 7, 1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26 | title=Librex shuts down its U.S. operations | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=14 | issue=36 | page=26 | via=Google Books}}</ref> Librex pulled their products from the market that month but continued to support customers until March 1993 while they discussed selling their capital and intellectual property to potential buyers.<ref name=Wall_Street_Journal1992>{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=August 31, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398376981 | title=Nippon Steel to Close Computer Subsidiaries In U.S. and Britain | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=1 | id={{ProQuest|398376981}} }}</ref> Librex partially reversed its stance, releasing the R386SL notebook—its last product—in late 1992 and slightly postponing its dissolution date to April 1993.<ref name=Howard1992b />{{rp|240}} Polywell Computers of San Francisco ultimately bought the tooling for Librex's notebook computers, selling Librex-based Polywell notebooks in the United States in 1993.<ref name=Howard1993>{{cite journal | last=Howard | first=Bill | date=August 1993 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H53CIZnYLZwC&pg=PA224 | title=The Portable Puzzle | journal=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=12 | issue=14 | pages=126–269 | via=Google Books}}</ref>
In its three years of existence, Librex managed to attain the rank of the 47th largest personal computer maker in the United States by August 1992.<ref name=New_York_Times1992 /> Dan Crane, vice president of sales and marketing for Librex, reflected in 1996 that Nippon Steel's remote management imposed handicaps in selling Librex's products at attractive prices: "Nippon Steel simply didn't have the cultural infrastructure needed to compete here ... [having a] rather cool, ultraslim notebook for 1992 with quantities and prices that were [arbitrarily] set in 1991", in part due to management honoring the initial quotes it gave to retail and direct sales partners, refusing to ask for adjustments after the fact.<ref name=Doyle1996>{{cite journal | last=Doyle | first=T. C. | date=July 1, 1996 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/194167590 | title=Pacific Power | journal=VARbusiness | publisher=CMP Publications | page=68 | id={{ProQuest|194167590}} }}</ref>
Librex's San Jose headquarters at 1140 Ringwood Court later became home to [[Synaptics]].<ref name=Krohn1990 /><ref>{{cite journal | last=Donato-Weinstein | first=Nathan | date=January 28, 2014 | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2014/01/27/synaptics-grows-again-with-10-million.html | title=Synaptics grows again with $10 million property purchase | journal=Silicon Valley Business Journal | publisher=American City Business Journals | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913234027/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2014/01/27/synaptics-grows-again-with-10-million.html | archivedate=September 13, 2014}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist
{{Nippon Steel|state=expanded}}
[[Category:1990 establishments in California]]
[[Category:1993 disestablishments in California]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1990]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 1993]]
[[Category:Computer companies established in 1990]]
[[Category:Computer companies disestablished in 1993]]
[[Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Defunct computer systems companies]]
[[Category:Former joint ventures]]
[[Category:Nippon Steel]]
[[Category:Laptops]]
[[Category:Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
▲}}
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