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{{pp-template|small=yes}}
{{IPA key|H:IPA-EN|H:IPAE|H:IPAEN}}
If
Editors should use [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#IPA templates on Wikipedia|IPA templates]] such as {{tl|IPAc-en}} when adding IPA to Wikipedia articles, see [[MOS:PRON#Entering IPA characters|Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters]] for guidance. These templates ensure accessibility and tooltip functionality, see [[Template:IPAc-en|the documentation page]] for usage instructions.
{{Horizontal TOC|nonum=y}}
==Key==
If
{| style="background:none"
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|-
| {{big|{{IPA|dʒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | '''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ð}}}}
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| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|r}}}}{{refn|In most varieties of English, {{IPA|/r/}} is pronounced as an [[Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|Voiced postalveolar approximant]] {{
| style="text-align: left" | '''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y
|-
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|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|L'''O'''T}},
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''or'''al{{refn|In most of the United States, {{IPA|/ɒr/}} is merged with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}, except for a handful of words such as ''borrow'', ''tomorrow'' and ''sorry'', which instead have {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}. In some parts of the Southern and Northeastern US, it is always merged with {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}. In Canada, it is always merged with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|æ}}}}{{refn|Some British sources, such as the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], use {{angbr IPA|a}} instead of {{IPA|/æ/}} to transcribe this vowel. This more closely reflects the actual vowel quality in contemporary [[Received Pronunciation]].{{efn|{{cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/pronunciation/british-english-pronunciations/|title=British English Pronunciations|publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|accessdate=4 September 2023}}}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|TR'''A'''P}},
| {{big|{{IPA|ær}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''arr'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry|Many North American accents have the [[Mary–marry–merry merger|''Mary''–''marry''–''merry'' merger]] and therefore don't distinguish between the corresponding sounds {{IPA|/ɛər/}}, {{IPA|/ær/}}, and {{IPA|/ɛr/}}. Some speakers merge only two of the sounds (most typically {{IPA|/ɛər/}} with one of the short vowels), and less than a fifth of speakers of American English make a full three-way distinction like in RP and similar accents.{{efn|{{cite web|last1=Vaux|first1=Bert|last2=Golder|first2=Scott|year=2003|url=http://dialect.redlog.net/staticmaps/q_15.html|title=How do you pronounce Mary/merry/marry?|work=Harvard Dialect Survey|publisher=Harvard University Linguistics Department}}}}}}
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|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛ}}}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ɛ/}} is transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}} in many dictionaries. However, {{IPA|/eɪ/}} is also sometimes transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}}, especially in North American literature, so {{angbr IPA|ɛ}} is chosen here.}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|DR'''E'''SS}},
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''err'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|eɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''A'''CE}}, v'''a'''gue
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|SQU'''ARE'''}}, M'''ar'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}{{refn|name=centering|{{IPA|/ɛə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪə/}}, or {{IPA|/ʊə/}} may be separated from {{IPA|/r/}} only when a stress follows it. The [[Template:IPAc-en|IPAc-en]] template supports {{IPA|/ɛəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɛəˌr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˌr/}}, and {{IPA|/ʊəˌr/}} as distinct diaphonemes for such occasions.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|K'''I'''T}},
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | m'''irr'''or, S'''ir'''ius
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|iː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|FL'''EE'''CE}}, l'''ea'''gue, pedigr'''ee''', id'''e'''a{{refn|name=smoothing|Words like ''idea, real,'' and ''theatre'' may be pronounced with {{IPA|/ɪə/}} and ''cruel'' with {{IPA|/ʊə/}} in non-rhotic accents such as Received Pronunciation, and some dictionaries transcribe them with {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə/}},{{efn|name=wells-smoothing|{{harvp|Wells|1982|p=240}}.}} but since they are not pronounced with {{IPA|/r/}} in rhotic accents, they are transcribed with {{IPA|/iːə, uːə/}}, not with {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə/}}, in this transcription system.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''EAR'''}}, s'''er'''ious{{refn|name=centering}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}{{refn|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} is often transcribed with {{angbr IPA|əʊ}}, particularly in British literature, based on its modern realization in Received Pronunciation. It is also transcribed with {{angbr IPA|o}}, particularly in North American literature.}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|G'''OA'''T}}{{refn|name=strong-weak}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|G'''OA'''T}}{{refn|name=strong-weak}}<br>mott'''o''', retr'''o'''active, foll'''ow'''er{{refn|name=strong-weak}}{{refn|name=schwa-w|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} in unstressed, prevocalic positions are transcribed as {{IPA|/əw/}} by Merriam-Webster, but no other dictionary uniformly follows this practice.{{efn|{{cite web |last=Windsor Lewis |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Windsor Lewis |date=10 April 2009 |url=http://www.yek.me.uk/archive18.html#blog174 |title=The Elephant in the Room |work=PhonetiBlog}}}} Hence the difference between {{IPA|/əw/}} in Merriam-Webster and {{IPA|/oʊ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} in another source is most likely one in notation, not in pronunciation, so {{IPA|/əw/}} in such cases may be better replaced with {{IPA|/oʊ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} accordingly, to minimize confusion: {{IPA|/ˌsɪtʃəˈweɪʃən/}} → {{IPA|/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/}}, {{IPA|/ˈfɒləwər/}} → {{IPA|/ˈfɒloʊər/}}.}}▼
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ɔːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''OR'''CE}}, h'''oar'''se{{refn|name=horse|Some accents, such as [[Scottish English]], many forms of [[Irish English]] and some conservative [[American English|American]] accents, make a distinction between the vowels in ''horse'' and ''hoarse'' (i.e. they lack the [[horse–hoarse merger|''horse''–''hoarse'' merger]]). Since most modern dictionaries do not differentiate between them, neither does this key.}}
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|-
| | {{big|{{IPA|ɔː}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|TH'''OUGH'''T}}, c'''
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''OR'''TH}}, h'''or'''se{{refn|name=horse}}
|-
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|-
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}{{refn|Some, particularly North American, dictionaries notate {{IPA|/ʌ/}} with the same symbol as {{IPA|/ə/}}, which is found only in unstressed syllables, and distinguish it from {{IPA|/ə/}} by marking the syllable as stressed. Also note that although {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, the IPA symbol for the [[open-mid back unrounded vowel|open-mid back vowel]], is used, the typical modern pronunciation is rather close to the [[near-open central unrounded vowel|near-open central vowel]] {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in some dialects, including Received Pronunciation.}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|STR'''U'''T}}, s'''u'''
| {{big|{{IPA|ɜːr}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''UR'''SE}}, bl'''urr'''y, '''ur'''bane, forew'''or'''d{{refn|In Received Pronunciation, {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} is pronounced as a lengthened schwa, {{IPA|[əː]}}. In General American, it is phonetically identical to {{IPA|/ər/}}. Some dictionaries therefore use {{angbr IPA|əː, ər}} instead of the conventional notations {{angbr IPA|ɜː, ɜr}}. When {{angbr IPA|ər}} is used for {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}, it is distinguished from {{IPA|/ər/}} by marking the syllable as stressed.}}
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| {{big|{{IPA|ər}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|LETT'''ER'''}}, forw'''ar'''d, hist'''or'''y{{refn|name=syllabic}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | rabb'''i'''t, b'''i'''zarre, Lat'''i'''n{{refn|name=strong-weak}}{{refn|{{angbr IPA|ɪ}} represents a strong vowel in some contexts and a weak vowel in others. In accents with the [[weak vowel merger]] such as most Australian and American accents, weak {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is not distinguished from schwa {{IPA|/ə/}}, making ''rabbit'' and ''abbot'' rhyme and ''Lenin'' and ''Lennon'' homophonous. (Pairs like ''roses'' and ''Rosa's'' are kept distinct in American accents because of the difference in morphological structure,{{efn|{{harvp|Flemming|Johnson|2007|pp=94–5}}.}} but may be homophonous in Australian.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|p=601}}.}}) In these accents, weak {{IPA|/ɪl, ɪn, ɪm/}} merge with {{IPA|/əl, ən, əm/}}, so that the second vowel in ''Latin'' may be lost and ''cabinet'' may be disyllabic (see the previous note).}}
| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}
▲| style="text-align: left" |
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|i}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|HAPP'''Y'''}}, med'''i'''ocre{{refn|name=i-u|{{angbr IPA|i}} represents variation between {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in unstressed prevocalic or morpheme-final positions. It is realized with a quality closer to {{IPA|/iː/}} in accents with [[Happy tensing|''happy'' tensing]], such as Australian English, General American, and modern RP, and to {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in others. {{angbr IPA|u}} likewise represents variation between {{IPA|/uː/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in unstressed prevocalic positions.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|iə}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | Californ'''ia'''{{refn|The sequence {{angbr IPA|iə}} may be pronounced as two syllables, {{IPA|[i.ə]}} or {{IPA|[ɪ.ə]}}, or as one, {{IPA|[jə]}} or {{IPA|[ɪə̯]}}. When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the {{sc2|NEAR}} vowel ({{IPA|/ɪər/}}).{{efn|name=wells-smoothing}} This transcription system uses {{angbr IPA|iə}}, not {{angbr IPA|i.ə}}, {{angbr IPA|jə}}, {{angbr IPA|ɪə}}, etc., to cover all these possibilities.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|u}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | fr'''u'''ition{{refn|name=schwa-w}}{{refn|name=i-u}}
| {{big|{{IPA|uə}}}}
| style="text-align: left" | infl'''ue'''nce{{refn|The sequence {{angbr IPA|uə}} may be pronounced as two syllables, {{IPA|[u.ə]}} or {{IPA|[ʊ.ə]}}, or as one, {{IPA|[wə]}} or {{IPA|[ʊə̯]}}. When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the {{sc2|CURE}} vowel ({{IPA|/ʊər/}}).{{efn|name=wells-smoothing}} This transcription system uses {{angbr IPA|uə}}, not {{angbr IPA|u.ə}}, {{angbr IPA|wə}}, {{angbr IPA|ʊə}}, etc., to cover all these possibilities.}}
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Syllabic consonant]]s{{refn|name=syllabic|In a number of contexts, {{IPA|/ə/}} in {{IPA|/ər/}}, {{IPA|/əl/}}, {{IPA|/ən/}}, or {{IPA|/əm/}} is often omitted, resulting in a syllable with no vowel. Some dictionaries show {{IPA|/ə/}} in those contexts in parentheses, superscript, or italics to indicate this possibility, or simply omit {{IPA|/ə/}}. When followed by a weak vowel, the syllable may be lost altogether, with the consonant moving to the next syllable, so that ''doubling'' {{IPA|/ˈdʌb.əl.ɪŋ/}} may alternatively be pronounced as {{IPA|[ˈdʌb.lɪŋ]}}, and ''Edinburgh'' {{IPA|/ˈɛd.ɪn.bər.ə/}} as {{IPA|[ˈɛd.ɪn.brə]}}.<!-- Symbols are deliberately kept diaphonemic since their realizations vary. -->{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|2008|pp=173, 799}}.}} When not followed by a vowel, {{IPA|/ər/}} merges with {{IPA|/ə/}} in non-rhotic accents.}}
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| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{nowrap|'''in'''to'''na'''tion {{IPA|/ˌɪntəˈneɪʃən/}}}}{{refn|name=secondary stress|Scholars disagree on how to analyze [[Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_English#Degrees_of_lexical_stress|degrees of stress]] in English. A particular unstressed syllable with phonetic prominence or a [[Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_English#Unstressed_full_vowels|full (unreduced) vowel]] is analyzed by some scholars as having secondary stress. For simplicity, we follow British rather than American English conventions, only marking secondary stress when it occurs before, not after, the primary stress.}}
| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|.}}}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈhaɪər/}} hire}}, {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/}} higher}}{{refn|Syllable divisions are not usually marked, but the IPA dot {{angbr IPA|.}} may be used when it is wished to make explicit where a division between syllables is (or may be) made.
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ˌ}}}}
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==Dialect variation==
{{further|English phonology|International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects}}
This key represents [[diaphoneme]]s, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate <!--"standard ... English ... pronunciations" is not OK, so "English" alone is not OK-->[[General American]], British [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP) and to a large extent also [[Australian English|Australian]], [[Canadian English|Canadian]], [[Irish English|Irish]] (including [[Ulster English|Ulster]]), [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], [[Scottish English|Scottish]], [[South African English|South African]] and [[Welsh English
* {{angbr IPA|i}} does not represent a phoneme but a variation between {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in unstressed positions. Speakers of dialects with [[happy tensing|''happy'' tensing]] (Australian English, General American, modern RP) should read it as an unstressed {{IPA|/iː/}}, whereas speakers of other dialects (e.g. some Northern England English) should treat it the same as {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. In Scotland, this vowel can be considered the same as the short allophone of {{IPA|/eɪ/}}, as in ''take''. Before {{IPA|/ə/}} within the same word, another possible pronunciation is {{IPA|/j/}} as in '''''y'''et''.
* Many speakers of American, Canadian, Scottish and Irish English pronounce ''cot'' {{IPA|/ˈkɒt/}} and ''caught'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːt/}} the same.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=473–6, 493, 499}}.}} You may simply ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels ''o'' and ''au'' when pronouncing them.
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==See also==
* If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA (for good, free IPA fonts, see the download links in the articles for [[Gentium]], and the more complete [[Charis SIL]]; for a monospaced font, see the complete [[Everson Mono]]).
* For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation|Entering IPA characters}}.
* [[Help:IPA/Conventions for English]]
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==External links==
* [http://www.personal.psu.edu/ejp10/blogs/gotunicode/2008/09/getting-jaws-61-to-recognize-e.html Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols]{{dead link}} – for help on getting the [[screen reader]] [[JAWS (screen reader)|JAWS]] to read IPA symbols
* [http://ipa-reader.
* [https://itinerarium.github.io/phoneme-synthesis/ Phoneme Synthesis] – web-based IPA synthesizer using [[eSpeak]]
{{IPA keys}}
{{Wikipedia help pages}}
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