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| name = Common Security and Defence Policy<br>(European Defence Union)
| image = [[File:Coat of arms of the European Union Military Staff.svg|140px]]
| caption = Arms of the [[European Union Military Staff|Military Staff]] (EUMS), which includes the EU's permanent [[Operational headquarters of the European Union|
| founded = 1999 (as the European Security and Defence Policy)
| current_form = 2009 ([[Treaty of Lisbon]])
| headquarters = [[Military Planning and Conduct Capability|Military]] (MPCC) and [[Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability|Civilian]] (CPCC) Planning and Conduct Capabilities, [[Kortenberg building]], Brussels, Belgium
| website = [https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/common-security-and-defence-policy-csdp_en eeas.europa.eu]
| chief minister = [[
| chief minister_title = [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]]
| minister = [[Lieutenant General|LTG]] [[
| minister_title = [[Director General of the European Union Military Staff|Director General of the Military Staff]]
| commander = [[General officer|GEN]] [[Robert Brieger]]
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The '''Common Security and Defence Policy''' ('''CSDP''') is the [[European Union]]'s (EU) course of action in the fields of defence and [[Defence diplomacy|crisis management]], and a main component of the EU's [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]] (CFSP).
The CSDP involves the deployment of [[List of military and civilian missions of the European Union|military or civilian missions]] to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the [[United Nations Charter]]. Military missions are carried out by [[Defence forces of the European Union|EU forces]] established with secondments from the [[Member state of the European Union|member states]]' armed forces. The CSDP also entails [[alliance|collective self-defence]] amongst member states{{efn|name= Csdp}} as well as a [[Permanent Structured Cooperation]] (PESCO) in which 26 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural [[European integration|integration]]. The [[Structure of the Common Security and Defence Policy|CSDP structure]] – headed by the Union's [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]] (HR/VP), [[
*the [[European Commission]]'s [[Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space|Defence Industry Directorate-General]]
*the [[European External Action Service|External Action Service]]'s (EEAS) [[Crisis Management and Planning Directorate]] (CMPD) and permanent Operation Headquarters (OHQs) for [[Command and control structure of the European Union|command and control]] (C2) at the military/civilian strategic level, i.e. the [[Military Planning and Conduct Capability|MPCC]] and [[Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability|CPCC]].
*a number of [[Foreign Affairs Council]] (FAC) preparatory bodies – such as the [[European Union Military Committee|Military Committee]] (EUMC)
*four [[Agencies of the European Union|agencies]], including the [[European Defence Agency|Defence Agency]] (EDA).
The EU command and control structures are much smaller than the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]'s (NATO) Command Structure (NCS), which has been established for territorial defence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helferich |first=John |date=2024 |title=Trapped in the grey zone: NATO-CSDP relations in a new era of European security governance |journal=International Politics |language=en |doi=10.1057/s41311-024-00647-9 |issn=1740-3898|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has been agreed that NATO's [[Allied Command Operations]] (ACO) may be used for the conduct of the EU's missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, is the EU's first permanent military OHQ. In parallel, the
Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the High Representative, adopted by the Foreign Affairs Council, generally requiring unanimity, to be then implemented by the High Representative.
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| image2 = Organisation of the European Defence Community.svg
| width2 = 380
| caption2 =
| image3 =
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In 1970 the [[European Political Cooperation]] (EPC) brought about the [[European Communities]]' (EC) initial foreign policy coordination. Opposition to the addition of security and defence matters to the EPC led to the reactivation of the WEU in 1984 by its member states, which were also EC member states.
European defence integration gained momentum soon after the end of the Cold War, partly as a result of the [[Yugoslavia and the European Economic Community#1988–1992|EC's failure to prevent the Yugoslav Wars]]. In 1992, the WEU was given [[Petersberg Declaration|new tasks]], and the following year the [[Treaty of Maastricht]] founded the EU and replaced the EPC with the [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]] (CFSP) [[Three pillars of the European Union|pillar]]. In 1996 NATO agreed to let the WEU develop a so-called '''European Security and Defence Identity''' ('''ESDI''').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/european_security_defence_identity.html|title=Glossary of summaries - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref> The 1998 [[Saint-Malo declaration|St. Malo declaration]] signalled that the traditionally hesitant [[United Kingdom]] was prepared to provide the EU with autonomous defence structures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/138147|title=EU to spend €1.5bn a year on joint defence|website=EUobserver|date=7 June 2017 }}</ref> This facilitated the transformation of the ESDI into the '''European Security and Defence Policy''' ('''ESDP''') in 1999, when it was transferred to the EU. In 2003 the EU deployed its first CSDP missions, and adopted the [[European Security Strategy]] identifying common threats and objectives. In 2009, the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] introduced the present name, CSDP, while establishing the EEAS, the mutual defence clause and enabling a subset of member states to pursue defence integration within PESCO. In 2011 the WEU, whose tasks had been transferred to the EU, was dissolved. In 2016 [[European Union Global Strategy|a new security strategy]] was introduced, which along with the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]], the [[Brexit|British withdrawal]] from the EU and the [[2016 United States presidential election|election of Donald Trump]] as US president have given the CSDP a new impetus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Helferich |first1=John |last2=De France |first2=Olivier |date=2022 |title=Les spectres de la défense européenne se raniment |url=https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2022/02/04/les-spectres-de-la-defense-europeenne-se-raniment/ |journal=Le Grand Continent}}</ref>
===Deployments===
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Geographically, EU missions outside the Balkans and the DRC have taken place in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Sudan]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and [[Ukraine]]–[[Moldova]]. There is also a judicial mission in [[Iraq]] ([[EUJUST Lex]]). On 28 January 2008, the EU deployed its largest and most multi-national mission to Africa, [[EUFOR Tchad/RCA]].<ref>[http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=1366&lang=en "EUFOR Tchad/RCA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214224814/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=1366&lang=en |date=14 December 2014 }} consilium.europa.eu</ref> The UN-mandated mission involves troops from 25 EU states (19 in the field) deployed in areas of eastern [[Chad]] and the north-eastern [[Central African Republic]] in order to improve security in those regions. [[EUFOR Tchad/RCA]] reached full operation capability in mid-September 2008, and handed over security duties to the UN (MINURCAT mission) in mid-March 2009.<ref>Benjamin Pohl (2013). [http://euroakadeemia.ee/materjalid/Logic%20of%20the%20EU%20crises%20mang.pdf "The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175238/http://euroakadeemia.ee/materjalid/Logic%20of%20the%20EU%20crises%20mang.pdf |date=14 December 2014 }}, ''European Security'', 22(3): 307–325, {{doi|10.1080/09662839.2012.726220}}, p. 311.</ref>
The EU launched its first maritime CSDP operation on 12 December 2008 ([[Operation Atalanta]]). The concept of the European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) was created on the back of this operation, which is still successfully combatting [[piracy off the coast of Somalia]] almost a decade later. A second such intervention was launched in 2015 to tackle migration problems in the southern Mediterranean ([[EUNAVFOR Med]]), working under the name [[Operation Sophia|Operation SOPHIA]].
Most of the CSDP missions deployed so far are mandated to support [[Security sector governance and reform|security sector reforms]] (SSR) in host-states. One of the core principles of CSDP support to SSR is local ownership. The EU Council defines ownership as "the appropriation by the local authorities of the commonly agreed objectives and principles".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifp-ew.eu/resources/EU_Concept_for_ESDP_support_to_Security_Sector_Reform.pdf|title=EU Concept for ESDP support to Security Sector Reform}}</ref> Despite EU's strong rhetorical attachment to the local ownership principle, research shows that CSDP missions continue to be an externally driven, top-down and supply-driven endeavour, resulting often in the low degree of local participation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title='Here is your mission, now own it!' The rhetoric and practice of local ownership in EU interventions|first=Filip|last=Ejdus|date=2 October 2017|journal=European Security|volume=26|issue=4|pages=461–484|doi=10.1080/09662839.2017.1333495|doi-access=free|hdl=1983/d77fa2b0-82f5-4bc7-82f8-0d796a02c2cd|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
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==Structure==
{{Main|Structure of the Common Security and Defence Policy}}
The CSDP involves [[List of military and civilian missions of the European Union|military or civilian missions]] being deployed to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the [[United Nations Charter]]. Military missions are carried out by [[Defence forces of the European Union|EU forces]] established with contributions from the [[Member state of the European Union|member states]]' armed forces. The CSDP also entails [[alliance|collective self-defence]] amongst member states{{efn|name= Csdp |1=The responsibility of collective self-defence within the CSDP is based on Article 42.7 of TEU, which states that this responsibility does not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain member states, referring to policies of neutrality. See [[Neutral country#European Union|Neutral country§European Union]] for discussion on this subject.According to the [[s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title V: General Provisions on the Union's External Action Service and Specific Provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy#SECTION 2: PROVISIONS ON THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY|Article 42.7]] "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with [[s:Charter of the United Nations#Article 51|Article 51 of the United Nations Charter]]. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States."
Article 42.2 furthermore specifies that [[NATO]] shall be the main forum for the implementation of collective self-defence for EU member states that are also NATO members.}} as well as a [[Permanent Structured Cooperation]] (PESCO) in which 26 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural [[European integration|integration]]. The CSDP structure, headed by the Union's [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]] (HR/VP),
*the [[Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space|Defence Industry Directorate-General]] of the [[European Commission]]
*relevant sections of the [[European External Action Service|External Action Service]] (EEAS) — including the [[European Union Military Staff|Military Staff]] (EUMS) with its so-called [[Military Planning and Conduct Capability]] (MPCC)
*a number of [[Foreign Affairs Council]] (FAC) preparatory bodies – such as the [[European Union Military Committee|Military Committee]] (EUMC)
*four [[Agencies of the European Union|agencies]], including the European [[European Defence Agency|Defence Agency]] (EDA).
While the EU has a [[Command and control structure of the European Union|command and control (C2) structure]], it has no standing permanent military structure along the lines of the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]'s (NATO) [[Allied Command Operations]] (ACO), although it has been agreed that ACO resources may be used for the conduct of the EU's CSDP missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, does however represent the EU's first step in developing a permanent military headquarters. In parallel, the newly established [[European Defence Fund]] (EDF) marks the first time the [[Budget of the European Union|EU budget]] is used to finance multinational defence projects. The CSDP structure is sometimes referred to as the '''European Defence Union''' ('''EDU'''), especially in relation to its prospective development as the EU's defence arm.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="European Commission - PRESS RELEASE"/><ref name="Archived copy"/>{{Efn|Akin to the EU's [[banking union]], [[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union|economic and monetary union]] and [[European Union Customs Union|customs union]].}}
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The European Union Global Strategy (EUGS) is the updated doctrine of the EU to improve the effectiveness of the CSDP, including the defence and security of the members states, the protection of civilians, cooperation between the member states' armed forces, management of immigration, crises etc. Adopted on 28 June 2016,<ref>EEAS [https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf (June 2016) Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe] A Global Strategy for the
European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy</ref> it replaces the [[European Security Strategy]] of 2003. The EUGS is complemented by a document titled "Implementation Plan on Security and Defense" (IPSD).<ref>Council of the European Union [https://www.coe-civ.eu/kh/implementation-plan-on-security-and-defence (2016) Implementation Plan on Security and Defence]</ref>
[[Deterrence theory]] is applied to deter aggressors as one of the core mandates of Common Security and Defence Policy, yet lacks credibility due to insufficient resources.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2017.1370581 | doi=10.1080/13533312.2017.1370581 | title=The Credibility of European Union Military Operations' Deterrence Postures | date=2018 | last1=Nováky | first1=Niklas I. M. | journal=International Peacekeeping | volume=25 | issue=2 | pages=191–216 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Forces==
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In a speech in 2012, Swedish General [[Håkan Syrén]] criticised the spending levels of European Union countries, saying that in the future those countries' military capability will decrease, creating "critical shortfalls".<ref>{{cite news |title=Some EU states may no longer afford air forces-general |first=Adrian |last=Croft |url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSL5E8KJJSL20120919?irpc=932 |work=Reuters |date=19 September 2012 |access-date=31 March 2013}}</ref>
In May 2025, EU member states agreed to launch a €150bn loans-for-arms fund backed by the bloc’s shared budget. The initiative will allow EU countries to borrow from Brussels and spend on weapons systems and platforms through joint procurement.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Foy |first1=Henry |last2=Tamma |first2=Paola |date=2025-05-19 |title=EU agrees to launch €150bn loans-for-arms scheme |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b5c95e3d-74e2-4eb5-a88b-9e650cb93ce2 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>
'''Guide to table:'''
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The combined component strength of the naval forces of member states is some 514 commissioned warships. Of those in service, 4 are [[fleet carrier]]s. The EU also has 4 [[amphibious assault ship]]s and 20 amphibious support ships in service. Of the EU's 49 submarines, 10 are [[Nuclear submarine|nuclear-powered submarines]] while 39 are conventional attack submarines.
[[Operation Atalanta]] (formally European Union Naval Force Somalia) is the first ever (and still ongoing) naval operation of the European Union. It is part of a larger global action by the EU in the [[Horn of Africa]] to deal with the [[Somalia|Somali]] crisis. As of January 2011, twenty-three EU nations participate in the operation.
France and Italy have [[Blue-water navy|blue-water navies]].<ref>Todd, Daniel; Lindberg, Michael (1996). Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56–57. {{ISBN|9780275953102}}</ref>
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| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRE}} {{small|[[Irish Defence Forces|Ireland]]}}<ref>[http://www.military.ie/ Home | Defence Forces]. Military.ie. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> || || || || || || || 8 || || || || 8 || 11,219
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} {{small|[[Italian Armed Forces|Italy]]}}<ref>[http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/navi/Pagine/Homepage.aspx Marina Militare]. Marina.difesa.it. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.</ref> || 2{{efn|[[Italian aircraft carrier Cavour|Aircraft carrier Cavour]];
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LVA}} {{small|[[Military of Latvia|Latvia]]}} || || || || || || || || 5 || || || 5 || 3,025
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| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GRC}} {{small|[[Military of Greece|Greece]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 1,622 || 2,187 || 1,920 || 29 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|HUN}} {{small|[[Hungarian Defence Force|Hungary]]}}<ref name="CAFET"/> || 90 || 634 ||35|| 8 || 471
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRE}} {{small|[[Irish Defence Forces|Ireland]]}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.ie/en/army/organisation/army-corps/artillery/|title=The Artillery Corps|website=www.military.ie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703164107/https://www.military.ie/en/army/organisation/army-corps/artillery/ |archive-date=2015-07-03}}</ref> || ||107 ||36 || ||
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'''Guide to tables:'''
* The tables are sourced from figures provided by [[Flightglobal.com|Flight International]] for the year 2020.
* Aircraft are grouped into three main types (indicated by colours): <span style="color:red">red</span style="color:red"> for combat aircraft, <span style="color:green">green</span style="color:green"> for aerial refueling aircraft, and <span style="color:
* The two "other" columns include additional aircraft according to their type sorted by colour (i.e. the "other" category in red includes combat aircraft, while the "other" category in grey includes both aerial refueling and transport aircraft). This was done because it was not feasible allocate every aircraft type its own column.
* Other aircraft such as trainers, helicopters, UAVs and reconnaissance or surveillance aircraft are not included in the below tables or figures.
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! class="unsortable"| <small>Member state</small>
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]]}}▼
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]]}}▼
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|Gripen]]}}
▲! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Panavia Tornado|Tornado]]}}▼
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]}}▼
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18]]}}
▲! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]}}
▲! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Panavia Tornado|Tornado]]}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|Other}}
! style="background-color:#ffc0c0; width:7.6%;" | {{small|Total}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|AUT}} {{small|[[Austrian Armed Forces|Austria]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || 15 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BEL}} {{small|[[Belgian Armed Forces|Belgium]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BUL}} {{small|[[Military of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || || || || || || (
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CRO}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Croatia|Croatia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CYP}} {{small|[[Cypriot National Guard|Cyprus]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|CZE}} {{small|[[Military of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/>}} || || 14 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|DNK}} {{small|[[Danish Defence|Denmark]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EST}} {{small|[[Military of Estonia|Estonia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FIN}} {{small|[[Finnish Defence Forces|Finland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FRA}} {{small|[[French Armed Forces|France]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GER}} {{small|[[German Armed Forces|Germany]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GRC}} {{small|[[Military of Greece|Greece]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|HUN}} {{small|[[Hungarian Defence Force|Hungary]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || 14
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRE}} {{small|[[Irish Defence Forces|Ireland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} {{small|[[Italian Armed Forces|Italy]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LVA}} {{small|[[Military of Latvia|Latvia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LTU}} {{small|[[Lithuanian Armed Forces|Lithuania]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LUX}} {{small|[[Luxembourg Army|Luxembourg]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|Malta}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Malta|Malta]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|NLD}} {{small|[[Armed forces of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POL}} {{small|[[Polish Armed Forces|Poland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
32 [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-22]] | |-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POR}} {{small|[[Portuguese Armed Forces|Portugal]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ROM}} {{small|[[Romanian Armed Forces|Romania]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVK}} {{small|[[Military of Slovakia|Slovakia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || || || || || || 2 (12 ordered) ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVN}} {{small|[[Military of Slovenia|Slovenia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{small|[[Spanish Armed Forces|Spain]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || 68 (
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SWE}} {{small|[[Swedish Armed Forces|Sweden]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/>
|-class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EU}} {{small|'''[[EU]]'''}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/>|| '''
|}
;Aerial refueling and transport
Line 479 ⟶ 481:
|-
! class="unsortable"| <small>Member state</small>
! style="background-color:#c0ffc0; width:7.6%;" |
! style="background-color:#c0ffc0; width:7.6%;" |
! style="background-color:#c0ffc0; width:7.6%;" |
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]]}}
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[Alenia C-27J Spartan|C-27J]]}}
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" | {{small|[[
! style="background-color:#f3f781; width:7.6%;" |
! style="background-color:; width:7.6%;" | {{small|Other}}
! style="background-color:; width:7.6%;" | {{small|Total}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|AUT}} {{small|[[Austrian Armed Forces|Austria]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BEL}} {{small|[[Belgian Armed Forces|Belgium]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BUL}} {{small|[[Military of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CRO}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Croatia|Croatia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CYP}} {{small|[[Cypriot National Guard|Cyprus]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|CZE}} {{small|[[Military of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/>}} || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|DNK}}{{small|[[Danish Defence|Denmark]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EST}} {{small|[[Military of Estonia|Estonia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FIN}} {{small|[[Finnish Defence Forces|Finland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
6 [[Pilatus PC-12|PC-12NG]]
| 12
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|FRA}} {{small|[[French Armed Forces|France]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GER}} {{small|[[German Armed Forces|Germany]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GRC}} {{small|[[Military of Greece|Greece]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|HUN}} {{small|[[Hungarian Defence Force|Hungary]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IRE}} {{small|[[Irish Defence Forces|Ireland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ITA}} {{small|[[Italian Armed Forces|Italy]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || 4|| 4||
3 [[ | |-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LVA}} {{small|[[Military of Latvia|Latvia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LTU}} {{small|[[Lithuanian Armed Forces|Lithuania]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LUX}} {{small|[[Luxembourg Army|Luxembourg]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|Malta}} {{small|[[Armed Forces of Malta|Malta]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
||4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|NLD}} {{small|[[Armed forces of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POL}} {{small|[[Polish Armed Forces|Poland]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|POR}} {{small|[[Portuguese Armed Forces|Portugal]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ROM}} {{small|[[Romanian Armed Forces|Romania]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SVK}} {{small|[[Military of Slovakia|Slovakia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SLO}} {{small|[[Military of Slovenia|Slovenia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{small|[[Spanish Armed Forces|Spain]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || (1 ordered)||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SWE}} {{small|[[Swedish Armed Forces|Sweden]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || 1||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Shared within EU
|-class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EU}} {{small|'''[[EU]]'''}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || '''
|}
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{{Participation in Euro-Atlantic defence arrangements}}
The [[Berlin Plus agreement]] is the short title of a comprehensive package of agreements made between [[NATO]] and the EU on 16 December 2002.<ref name=NATO1>NATO, ''Berlin Plus agreement'', 21 June 2006.{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/shape/news/2003/shape_eu/se030822a.htm |title=SHAPE Information |access-date=19 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817094713/http://www.nato.int/shape/news/2003/shape_eu/se030822a.htm |archive-date=17 August 2007 }}</ref> These agreements were based on conclusions of NATO's [[1999 Washington summit]], sometimes referred to as the ''CJTF mechanism'',<ref>[[The Heritage Foundation]] report, 4 October 2004: "Through the CJTF mechanism, NATO member states do not have to actively participate actively in a specific mission if they do not feel their vital interests are involved, but their opting out [...] would not stop other NATO members from participating in an intervention if they so desired."
[[File:CSDP utility.svg|550px|center|thumb|Chart presented in 2012 by then [[Director General of the European Union Military Staff|Director General]] of the [[European Union Military Staff|Military Staff]] Lt. gen. [[Ton van Osch]], asserting that the utility of the combined civilian and military components of the EU policy could be considered more effective than NATO for a limited level of conflict.]]
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==EUCAP Somalia==
The EUCAP Somalia<ref>{{Cite web |title=About EUCAP Somalia |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eucap-som/about-eucap-somalia_en?s=332 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=www.eeas.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> is an example of
In December 2024, the Council of European Union extended the [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/12/16/horn-of-africa-and-somalia-operation-atalanta-eutm-and-eucap-somalia-s-mandates-extended-for-two-years/ Mission’s mandate] to February 2027.
The most prominent goals of the Mission are to help Somalia to generate well trained police forces in line with the [https://press.un.org/en/2018/sc13341.doc.htm Somali Transition Plan], contribute to secure one of the EU’s vital maritime trade routes, and assist to draft and implement sound legislative frameworks, including accountability systems.
=== Background ===
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==== From 2012 to 2016 ====
EUCAP Nestor's mandate is divided into two objectives: strengthening the maritime capacities of the beneficiary countries (excluding Somalia) and training a coastal police force and judges in Somalia, the primary aim being to get the countries in the region to work together to strengthen action at sea. EUCAP Nestor operates in five countries: [[Djibouti]], [[Kenya]], [[Seychelles]], Somalia ([[Puntland]]/[[Somaliland]]) and [[Tanzania]]. This is why it is relatively large in terms of staff numbers, with almost 200 people spread across the different countries. These experts
==== From 2016 to 2021 ====
When the name was changed in December 2016, so too was the mandate. EUCAP Somalia will drop its regional ambitions and focus solely on Somalia, and more specifically on the Coast Guard, with a view to strengthening ‘Somali maritime law enforcement capabilities’. The mandate is not limited to piracy, but covers any criminal activity or offence committed on the coast or in the sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decision - 2022/2445 - EN - EUR-Lex |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2022/2445/oj |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>
==== From 2021 to 2024 ====
In December 2020, the Council of the European Union extended
'''Current mandate from 2025 to 2027'''
In December 2024, the Council of European Union extended the [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/12/16/horn-of-africa-and-somalia-operation-atalanta-eutm-and-eucap-somalia-s-mandates-extended-for-two-years/ Mission’s mandate] to February 2027. EUCAP Somalia is tasked to advise, train, and equip the Somali Police Force and to support the development of a legal framework for Somalia’s internal security architecture. The mission’s work also includes providing monitoring support to regional maritime police forces, including the Somaliland and [[Puntland Maritime Police Force|Puntland Maritime Police Forces]], to bolster maritime law enforcement and security. The Mission’s budget for its current mandate is €110 million and total staff of 169 [https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eucap-som/about-eucap-somalia_en?s=332 members].
=== [https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eucap-som/about-eucap-somalia_en?s=332 Three pillars of EUCAP Somalia] ===
# '''Support the development of Somali Police Forces''' by enhancing their capabilities through advising, training and equipping Somali Police Forces in line with the Somali Security Sector Development Plan, ensuring the police are better prepared to maintain security and stability across the country.
# '''Strengthen Maritime Police Capacities''' in and around the three main Somali ports (Mogadishu, Berbera and Bossaso) by providing capacity building on coast guard functions.
# '''Promote the rule of law''' by working with Somali authorities to enhance accountability within the police force and across the criminal justice chain. This includes supporting the development of legal frameworks necessary for the effective functioning of law enforcement, and security actors in both land and maritime domains, fostering governance and accountability.
=== Achievements ===
Since its reconfiguration in 2016, EUCAP Somalia has made significant strides in enhancing Somalia’s maritime security capabilities. Recent achievements include improving the Somali Police Force's (SPF) command, control, and communication capabilities, as well as enhancing their ability to manage security incidents in Mogadishu. EUCAP has deployed a specialized multinational team to support the SPF's Maritime Police Unit and has played a key role in the development of Somaliland’s Coast Guard, conducting joint exercises with [[Operation Atalanta|EUNAVFOR Operation ATALANTA]]. The mission also trained and equipped the Puntland Maritime Police Force, enhancing their capacity to enforce maritime law. Additionally, EUCAP has supported the Somali Attorney General’s Maritime Crimes Unit by providing training in internal procedures and investigations and launching an internship program for young lawyers. Despite the progress, Somalia continues to face challenges in maritime governance due to political instability and resource limitations, but EUCAP remains committed to addressing these issues with Somali authorities and international partners.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2020/sipri-background-papers/european-union-training-mission-somalia-assessment |title=The European Union Training Mission in Somalia: An Assessment |date=November 2020 |publisher=SIPRI |language=en}}</ref>
[https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2025/EUCAP%20infosheet%20Feb%202025.pdf '''Mission's achievements during mandate 2022 - 24''']
* Increased the Somali Police Force command, control and communication capability.
* Trained Somali Police Force trainers for co-training activities.
* Enabling the establishment of the Maritime Rescue and Coordination Center in Mogadishu to enhance maritime security coordination along the Somali coastline and in regional waters.
* Supported the development of Somaliland Coast Guard, including through joint exercises with EUNAVFOR Operation ATALANTA and the provision of maritime equipment.
* Trained mobile training units for Somaliland Coast Guard and Somaliland Police.
* Trained and equipped the Puntland Maritime Police Force - Maritime Police Unit, enhancing their law enforcement capabilities.
* Supporting the maritime crimes unit of the Somali Attorney General's Office in internal procedures and maritime crimes investigations as well as an internship program for young lawyers in Mogadishu and Puntland.
{{Portal|European Union
}}
==See also==
{{Portal|European Union}}
*[[European Union–NATO relations]]
*[[European Union as an emerging superpower]]
*[[Security and defense pacts of the European Union]]
*[[European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure]]
*{{section link|Neutral country#European Union}}
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{{Common Security and Defence Policy}}
{{European Union topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Common Security and Defence Policy| ]]▼
[[Category:Military of the European Union| ]]
▲[[Category:Common Security and Defence Policy]]
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