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*four [[Agencies of the European Union|agencies]], including the [[European Defence Agency|Defence Agency]] (EDA).
The EU command and control structures are much smaller than the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]'s (NATO) Command Structure (NCS), which has been established for territorial defence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helferich |first=John |date=2024 |title=Trapped in the grey zone: NATO-CSDP relations in a new era of European security governance
Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the High Representative, adopted by the Foreign Affairs Council, generally requiring unanimity, to be then implemented by the High Representative.
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In 1970 the [[European Political Cooperation]] (EPC) brought about the [[European Communities]]' (EC) initial foreign policy coordination. Opposition to the addition of security and defence matters to the EPC led to the reactivation of the WEU in 1984 by its member states, which were also EC member states.
European defence integration gained momentum soon after the end of the Cold War, partly as a result of the [[Yugoslavia and the European Economic Community#1988–1992|EC's failure to prevent the Yugoslav Wars]]. In 1992, the WEU was given [[Petersberg Declaration|new tasks]], and the following year the [[Treaty of Maastricht]] founded the EU and replaced the EPC with the [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]] (CFSP) [[Three pillars of the European Union|pillar]]. In 1996 NATO agreed to let the WEU develop a so-called '''European Security and Defence Identity''' ('''ESDI''').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/european_security_defence_identity.html|title=Glossary of summaries - EUR-Lex|website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref> The 1998 [[Saint-Malo declaration|St. Malo declaration]] signalled that the traditionally hesitant [[United Kingdom]] was prepared to provide the EU with autonomous defence structures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/138147|title=EU to spend €1.5bn a year on joint defence|website=EUobserver|date=7 June 2017 }}</ref> This facilitated the transformation of the ESDI into the '''European Security and Defence Policy''' ('''ESDP''') in 1999, when it was transferred to the EU. In 2003 the EU deployed its first CSDP missions, and adopted the [[European Security Strategy]] identifying common threats and objectives. In 2009, the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] introduced the present name, CSDP, while establishing the EEAS, the mutual defence clause and enabling a subset of member states to pursue defence integration within PESCO. In 2011 the WEU, whose tasks had been transferred to the EU, was dissolved. In 2016 [[European Union Global Strategy|a new security strategy]] was introduced, which along with the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]], the [[Brexit|British withdrawal]] from the EU and the [[2016 United States presidential election|election of Donald Trump]] as US president have given the CSDP a new impetus.<ref>{{Cite journal |
===Deployments===
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The European Union Global Strategy (EUGS) is the updated doctrine of the EU to improve the effectiveness of the CSDP, including the defence and security of the members states, the protection of civilians, cooperation between the member states' armed forces, management of immigration, crises etc. Adopted on 28 June 2016,<ref>EEAS [https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf (June 2016) Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe] A Global Strategy for the
European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy</ref> it replaces the [[European Security Strategy]] of 2003. The EUGS is complemented by a document titled "Implementation Plan on Security and Defense" (IPSD).<ref>Council of the European Union [https://www.coe-civ.eu/kh/implementation-plan-on-security-and-defence (2016) Implementation Plan on Security and Defence]</ref>
[[Deterrence theory]] is applied to deter aggressors as one of the core mandates of Common Security and Defence Policy, yet lacks credibility due to insufficient resources.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2017.1370581 | doi=10.1080/13533312.2017.1370581 | title=The Credibility of European Union Military Operations' Deterrence Postures | date=2018 | last1=Nováky | first1=Niklas I. M. | journal=International Peacekeeping | volume=25 | issue=2 | pages=191–216 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Forces==
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In a speech in 2012, Swedish General [[Håkan Syrén]] criticised the spending levels of European Union countries, saying that in the future those countries' military capability will decrease, creating "critical shortfalls".<ref>{{cite news |title=Some EU states may no longer afford air forces-general |first=Adrian |last=Croft |url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSL5E8KJJSL20120919?irpc=932 |work=Reuters |date=19 September 2012 |access-date=31 March 2013}}</ref>
In May 2025, EU member states agreed to launch a €150bn loans-for-arms fund backed by the bloc’s shared budget. The initiative will allow EU countries to borrow from Brussels and spend on weapons systems and platforms through joint procurement.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Foy |first1=Henry |last2=Tamma |first2=Paola |date=2025-05-19 |title=EU agrees to launch €150bn loans-for-arms scheme |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b5c95e3d-74e2-4eb5-a88b-9e650cb93ce2 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>
'''Guide to table:'''
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| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GER}} {{small|[[German Armed Forces|Germany]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || 129 (35 ordered) || || || || 65 IDS & 21 [[Tornado ECR]]|| (35 ordered) || || || || 212
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|GRC}} {{small|[[Military of Greece|Greece]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || || 19 (5 ordered) || 29 || || (40 ordered) || 152<ref name=":1">{{Cite book
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|HUN}} {{small|[[Hungarian Defence Force|Hungary]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || 14 (4 ordered) || || || || || || || || 14
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| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LVA}} {{small|[[Military of Latvia|Latvia]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LTU}} {{small|[[Lithuanian Armed Forces|Lithuania]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || || || || || || 3 || (3 ordered) || 2|| || 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|LUX}} {{small|[[Luxembourg Army|Luxembourg]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || || || 1 || || || || || || || 1
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| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{small|[[Spanish Armed Forces|Spain]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || (1 ordered)|| || || 14 (13 ordered) || 7 || 28 (16 ordered) || || || || 7 [[CASA C-212 Aviocar|C212]] <br>6 [[Cessna Citation V|Citation V]] <br>3 [[Beechcraft Super King Air|King Air 90]] || 65
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|SWE}} {{small|[[Swedish Armed Forces|Sweden]]}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || || 1|| || || 5 || || || (4 ordered) || || 4 [[Saab 340]] || 10
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Shared within EU part of [[Airbus A330 MRTT#Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport Fleet|MMF]]|| 8 (5 ordered) || || || || || || || || || 3 [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]]|| 11
|-class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|EU}} {{small|'''[[EU]]'''}}<ref name="Flightglobal"/> || '''20 (6)'''|| '''10''' || '''4'''|| '''91 (47)'''|| '''71'''|| '''93 (17)'''|| '''34 (1)'''|| '''3 (
|}
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