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{{Short description|Type of programming language}}
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{{Data transformation}}
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[[ImageFile:XML To XML Transformation.pngsvg|thumb|right|300px|An XML to XML transformation]]
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An '''XML transformation language''' is a [[programming language]] designed specifically to transform an ''input'' [[XML]] document into an ''output'' XML document which satisfies some specific goal.
 
There are two special cases of transformation:
* '''XML to XML''': the ''output document'' is an XML document.
* '''XML to Data''': the ''output document'' is a [[byte stream]].
 
==XML to XML==
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==XML to Data==
The '''XML (EXtensible Markup Language) to Data''' transformation contains some important cases. The most notable one is '''XML to HTML (HyperText Markup Language)''', as an [[HTML]] document ''is not'' an XML document.
 
==SGML origins==
The earliest transformation languages predate the advent of XML as an SGML profile, and thus accept input in arbitrary [[SGML]] rather than specifically XML. These include the SGML-to-SGML '''link process definition''' (LPD) format defined as part of the SGML standard itself; in SGML (but not XML), the LPD file can be referenced from the document itself by a {{code|LINKTYPE}} declaration, similarly to the [[document type declaration|{{code|DOCTYPE}} declaration]] used for a [[document type definition|DTD]].<ref>{{cite book |isbn=0-19-853737-9 |work=The SGML Handbook |title=Clause 12—Markup Declarations: Link Process Definition |last=Goldfarb |first=Charles F. |author-link=Charles Goldfarb |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |___location=[[Oxford]] |year=1990 |pages=433–449}}</ref> Other such transformation languages, addressing some of the deficiencies of LPDs, include [[Document Style Semantics and Specification Language]] (DSSSL) and [[OmniMark#Processing_structured input (XML, SGML)|OmniMark]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://xml.coverpages.org/kimber-link95.html |title=Why I Want the SGML LINK Feature |first=W. Eliot |last=Kimber |website=CoverPages.org}}</ref> Newer transformation languages tend to target XML specifically, and thus only accept XML, not arbitrary SGML.
 
==Existing languages==
;* '''XSLT''': [[XSL Transformations|XSLT]] is the best known XML transformation language. The XSLT 1.0 W3C recommendation was published in 1999 together with [[XPath]] 1.0, and it has been widely implemented since then. XSLT 2.0 has become a W3C recommendation since January 2007 and implementations of the specification like [[Saxon XSLT|Saxon 8]] are already available.
;* '''XQuery''': [[XQuery]] is a full functional language, despite having "query" in the name. It is a ''de facto'' standard used by Microsoft, Oracle, DB2, Mark LogicMarkLogic, etc., is the foundation for the [[XRX (web application architecture)|XRX]] web programming model, and has a W3C recommendation for versions 1.0. XQuery is not written in XML itself like XSLT is, so its syntax is much lighter. The language is based on [[XPath 2.0]]. XQuery programs cannot have [[Side effect (computer science)|side-effects]], just like XSLT and provides almost the same capabilities (for instance: declaring variables and functions, iterating over sequences, using W3C schema types), even though the program syntax are quite different. XQuery is logic driven, using FOR, WHERE and function composition (e.g. fn:concat("<html>", generate-body(), "</html>")). In contrast, XSLT is data-driven (push processing model) where certain conditions of the input document trigger the execution of templates rather than the code executing in the order in which it is written.
;* '''XProc''': [[XProc]] is an XML Pipeline language. The XProc 1.0 W3C Recommendation was published in May 2010.
* '''XML document transform''': Is a Microsoft standard for performing simple transforms on XML documents. Primarily for creating IIS Web.config files (Config Transforms), other implementations allow it to be used for generic config files as build time (Slow Cheetah) or from the command line (CTT).
;* '''STX''': [[Streaming Transformations for XML|STX]] (Streaming Transformations for XML) is inspired by XSLT but has been designed to allow a one-pass transformation process that never prevents streaming. Implementations are available in Java ([https://web.archive.org/web/20030603110922/http://joost.sourceforge.net/ Joost]) and Perl ([https://archive.today/20030923074321/http://www.gingerall.com/charlie/ga/xml/p_stx.xml?s=org XML::STX]).
;* '''XML Script''': [[XML Script]] is an imperative scripting language inspired by [[Perl]] that uses the XML syntax. XML Script supports [[XPath]] and its proprietary DSLPath for selecting nodes from the input tree.
; '''FXT''': [[FXT]] is a functional XML transformation tool, implemented in [[ML (programming language)|Standard ML]].
;* '''XDuceFXT''': [[XDuce]]FXT is a typedfunctional language with aXML lightweighttransformation syntaxtool, comparedimplemented toin XSLT.[[ML It(programming is written inlanguage)|Standard ML]].
* '''XDuce''': [[XDuce]] is a typed language with a lightweight syntax, compared to XSLT. It is written in ML.
;* '''CDuce''': [[CDuce]] extends [[XDuce]] to a general-purpose [[functional programming language]], see [http://www.cduce.org/ CDuce homepage].
; '''XStream''': [[XStream]] is a simple functional transformation language for XML documents based on CAML. XML transformations written in XStream are evaluated in streaming: when possible, parts of the output are computed and produced while the input document is still being parsed. Some transformations can thus be applied to huge XML documents which would not even fit in memory. The XStream compiler is distributed under the terms of the [[CeCILL]] [[free software license]].▼
* '''XACT''': XACT is a Java-based system for programming XML transformations. Notable features include XML templates as immutable values and a static analysis to ensure type safety using XML Schema types ([http://www.brics.dk/Xact/ XACT home page]).
; '''Xtatic''': [[Xtatic]] applies methods from [[XDuce]] to [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], see [http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/xtatic/ Xtatic homepage].▼
* '''XFun''': XFun is a functional language X-Fun for defining transformations between XML data trees, while providing shredding instructions. X-Fun can be understood as an extension of Frisch's [[XStream]] language with output shredding, while pattern matching is replaced by tree navigation with XPath expressions. ([http://hal.inria.fr/hal-00806343])
; '''HaXml''': [[HaXml]] is a library and collection of tools to write XML transformations in [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]]. Its approach is very consistent and powerful. Also see [http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/fp/HaXml/ this paper about HaXml published in 1999] and [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-matters14.html this IBM developerWorks article]. See also the more recent [http://www.flightlab.com/~joe/hxml/ HXML] and Haskell XML Toolbox ([http://www.fh-wedel.de/~si/HXmlToolbox/ HXT]), which is based on the ideas of HaXml and HXML but takes a more general approach to XML processing.▼
▲;* '''XStream''': [[XStream]] is a simple functional transformation language for XML documents based on CAML. XML transformations written in XStream are evaluated in streaming: when possible, parts of the output are computed and produced while the input document is still being parsed. Some transformations can thus be applied to huge XML documents which would not even fit in memory. The XStream compiler is distributed under the terms of the [[CeCILL]] [[free software license]].
; '''XMLambda''': XMLambda (XMλ) is described in a 1999 paper by [[Erik Meijer (computer scientist)|Erik Meijer]] and [[Mark Shields (computer scientist)|Mark Shields]]. No implementation is available. See [http://www.cartesianclosed.com/pub/xmlambda/ XMLambda home page].▼
▲;* '''Xtatic''': [[Xtatic]] applies methods from [[XDuce]] to [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], see [http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/xtatic/ Xtatic homepage].
; '''FleXML''': [[FleXML]] is an XML processing language first implemented by Kristofer Rose. Its approach is to add actions to an XML [[Document Type Definition|DTD]] specifying processing instructions for any subset of the DTD's rules.▼
▲;* '''HaXml''': [[HaXml]] is a library and collection of tools to write XML transformations in [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]]. Its approach is very consistent and powerful. Also see [http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/fp/HaXml/ this paper about HaXml published in 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018124509/http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/fp/HaXml/ |date=2014-10-18 }} and [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-matters14.html this IBM developerWorks article]. See also the more recent [https://web.archive.org/web/20060422010402/http://www.flightlab.com/~joe/hxml/ HXML] and Haskell XML Toolbox ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080622124011/http://www.fh-wedel.de/~si/HXmlToolbox/ HXT]), which is based on the ideas of HaXml and HXML but takes a more general approach to XML processing.
; '''Scala''': [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]] is a general-purpose functional and object-oriented language with specific support for XML transformation in the form of XML pattern matching, literals, and expressions, along with standard XML libraries.▼
▲;* '''XMLambda''': XMLambda (XMλ) is described in a 1999 paper by [[Erik Meijer (computer scientist)|Erik Meijer]] and [[Mark Shields (computer scientist)|Mark Shields]]. No implementation is available. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20051123030818/http://www.cartesianclosed.com/pub/xmlambda/ XMLambda home page].
; '''LINQ to XML''': [[LINQ to XML]] is a .NET 3.5 syntax and programming API available in C#, VB and some other .NET languages. LINQ is primarily designed as a query language, but it also supports XML transforms.▼
▲;* '''FleXML''': [[FleXML]] is an XML processing language first implemented by Kristofer Rose. Its approach is to add actions to an XML [[Document Type Definition|DTD]] specifying processing instructions for any subset of the DTD's rules.
▲;* '''Scala''': [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]] is a general-purpose functional and object-oriented language with specific support for XML transformation in the form of XML pattern matching, literals, and expressions, along with standard XML libraries.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=XML Processing in Scala|first1=Dino|last1=Fancellu|first2=William|last2=Narmontas|date=June 2014|journal=XML London 2014|doi=10.14337/XMLLondon14.Narmontas01|pages=63–75|article-number=4 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-0-9926471-1-7|doi-access=free}}</ref>
▲;* '''LINQ to XML''': [[LINQ to XML]] is a .NET 3.5 syntax and programming API available in C#, VB and some other .NET languages. LINQ is primarily designed as a query language, but it also supports XML transforms.
 
==See also==
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* [[Web template system]]
* [[Template engine (web)]]
* [[Tritium (programming language)]]
 
==References==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Xml Transformation Language}}▼
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:XML-based standards]]▼
[[Category:Transformation languages|*]]▼
 
▲{{DEFAULTSORT:Xml Transformation Language}}
[[fr:Langage de transformation XML]]
▲[[Category:Transformation languages|*]]
[[ja:XML変換言語]]
▲[[Category:XML-based standards ]]
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