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{{Short description|Test in user experience design}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Distinguish|Card sorter}}
'''Card sorting''' is a technique in [[user experience design]] in which a person tests a group of subject experts or users to generate a [[dendrogram]] (category tree) or [[folksonomy]]. It is a useful approach for designing [[information architecture]], workflows, menu structure, or web site navigation paths.
Card sorting uses a relatively low-tech approach. The person conducting the test (usability analyst, user experience designer, etc.) first
|title=Card Sorting to Discover the Users' Model of the Information Space
|website=Nielsen Norman Group
|url=http://www.useit.com/papers/sun/cardsort.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505030209/http://www.useit.com/papers/sun/cardsort.html
|archive-date=2012-05-05
|url-status=dead
|first=Jakob|last=Nielsen
|authorlink=Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)
|date=May 1995}}</ref>
Groups can be
|title=Card Sorting: How Many Users to Test
|website=Nielsen Norman Group
|url=http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20040719.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027101903/http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20040719.html
|archive-date=2012-10-27
|url-status=dead
|first=Jakob|last=Nielsen
|authorlink=Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)
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}}</ref>
A card sort is commonly undertaken when designing a navigation structure for an environment that offers a variety of content and functions, such as a web site.<ref name="Boxes and Arrows"
|url=http://boxesandarrows.com/card-sorting-a-definitive-guide/
|title=Card sorting: a definitive guide
|website=Boxes and Arrows
|date=April 7, 2004
|first1=Donna|last1=Maurer|first2=Todd|last2=Warfel
}}</ref><ref name="uk.net.web.authoring" >{{cite newsgroup
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|date=April 29, 2008
}}</ref><ref name="Syntagm" >{{cite web
|title=
|url=http://www.syntagm.co.uk/design/
|website=Design for Usability
|publisher=
}}</ref><ref name="Head First Web Design" >{{cite book▼
|access-date=April 4, 2017
|last1=Watrall |first1=Ethan |last2=Siarto |first2=Jeff
|title=Head First Web Design
|url={{google books|FMYCsT-cZDUC|plainurl=yes}}
|chapter=Organizing Your Site: ‘So you take a left at the green water tower…’
|chapter-url={{google books|FMYCsT-cZDUC|page=69|plainurl=yes}}
|pages=[{{google books|FMYCsT-cZDUC|page=81|plainurl=yes}} 81]–[{{google books|FMYCsT-cZDUC|page=100|plainurl=yes}} 100]
|year=2009
|isbn=978-0-596-52030-4
|oclc=880220576
|___location=Sebastopol, CA
|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]
|via=Google Books
}}</ref> In that context, the items to organize are those significant in the environment. The way the items are organized should make sense to the target audience and cannot be determined from [[first principles]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
The field of [[information architecture]] is founded on the study of the structure of information. If an accepted and standardized [[Taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]] exists for a subject, it would be natural to apply that taxonomy to organize both the information in the environment, and any navigation to particular subjects or functions.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} Card sorting is useful when:
* The variety of items to organize is so great that no existing taxonomy is accepted as organizing the items.
* Similarities among the items make them difficult to divide clearly into categories.
* Members of the audience that uses the environment differ significantly in how they view the similarities among items and the appropriate groupings of items.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2017}}
To perform a card sort:
# A person representative of the audience receives a set of index cards with terms written on them.
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==Variants==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2017}}
===
In an '''open card sort''', participants create their own names for the categories. This helps reveal not only how they mentally classify the cards, but also what terms they use for the categories. Open sorting is '''generative'''; it is typically used to discover patterns in how participants classify, which in turn helps generate ideas for organizing information.
===
In a '''closed card sort''', participants are provided with a predetermined set of category names. They then assign the index cards to these fixed categories. This helps reveal the degree to which the participants agree on which cards belong under each category. Closed sorting is '''evaluative'''; it is typically used to judge whether a given set of category names provides an effective way to organize a given collection of content.
===
In a '''reverse card sort''' (more popularly called [[tree testing]]), an existing structure of categories and sub-categories is tested. Users are given tasks and are asked to complete them navigating a collection of cards. Each card contains the names of subcategories related to a category, and the user should find the card most relevant to the given task starting from the main card with the top-level categories. This ensures that the structure is evaluated in isolation, nullifying the effects of navigational aids, visual design, and other factors. Reverse card sorting is '''evaluative'''—it judges whether a predetermined hierarchy provides a good way to find information.
===Modified-Delphi card sorting===
Created by [[Celeste Paul]], The Modified-Delphi card sort is based on the [[Delphi method]]. Rather than each participant creating their own card sort, only the first participant does a full card sort of organizing and arranging items. The next participant iterates on the first participant's model, then the third participant iterates on the second's model, and so on. The idea is that with each iteration the card sort gets more refined with fewer participants and consensus is built sooner. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Celeste Lyn |title=A modified Delphi approach to a new card sorting methodology |journal=Journal of Usability Studies |date=November 2008 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=7–30 |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2835577.2835579}}</ref>
==Analysis==
Various methods can be used to analyze the data. The purpose of the analysis is to extract patterns from the population of test subjects, so that a common set of categories and relationships emerges. This common set is then incorporated into the design of the environment, either for navigation or for other purposes. Card sorting is also evaluated through [[dendrogram]]s. There is some indication that different evaluation methods for card sorting provide different results.<ref>{{cite
|last=Nawaz|first=Ather
|title=A Comparison of Card-sorting Analysis Methods
|
|url=http://openarchive.cbs.dk/handle/10398/8587
|date=
|___location=Matsue, Japan
|hdl=10398/8587
}} {{open access}}</ref>
Card sorting is an established technique with an emerging literature.<ref>{{cite book |last=Spencer |first=Donna |date=2009 |title=Card Sorting: Designing Usable Categories |url=http://www.rosenfeldmedia.com/books/card-sorting/ |publisher=Rosenfeld Media |___location=Brooklyn, NY |isbn=
==
A number of web-based tools are available to perform card sorting. The perceived advantage of web-based card sorting is that it reaches a larger group of participants at a lower cost. The software can also help analyze the sort results. A perceived disadvantage of a remote card sort is the lack of personal interaction between card sort participants and the card sort administrator, which may produce valuable insights.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tullis|first1=Tom|title=Card-sorting Tools|url=http://measuringuserexperience.com/cardsorting/index.htm|website=Measuring User Experience|page=1|accessdate=29 August 2017|date=3 March 2015}}</ref>
==See
* [[Cluster analysis]]
* [[Group concept mapping]]
* [[Q methodology]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Coxon |first=Anthony Peter Macmillan |date=1999 |title=Sorting Data: Collection and Analysis |url={{google books|1Uz6GVbwlcIC|plainurl=yes}} |via=Google Books |isbn=978-0-8039-7237-7 |publisher=SAGE |series=Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences |volume=127 |issn=0149-192X }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=William |last=Hudson |url=http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/card_sorting.html |title=Card Sorting |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction |edition=2nd |editor1-last=Soegaard |editor1-first=Mads |editor2-last=Dam |editor2-first=Rikke Friis |publisher=Interaction Design Foundation }}
*
[[Category:Folksonomy]]
[[Category:Usability]]▼
[[Category:Human–computer interaction]]
[[Category:Qualitative research]]
[[Category:Survey methodology]]
▲[[Category:Usability]]
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