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The '''recovery model''', '''recovery approach''' or '''psychological recovery''' is an approach to [[mental disorder]] or [[substance dependence]] that emphasizes and supports a person's potential for recovery. Recovery is generally seen in this model as a personal [[quest|journey]] rather than a set outcome, and one that may involve developing [[hope]], a secure base and sense of self, supportive [[interpersonal relationship|relationships]], [[empowerment]], [[social inclusion]], [[Coping (psychology)|coping skills]], and [[value (personal and cultural)|meaning]].<ref>{{cite journal|title="I'm in this world for a reason": Resilience and recovery among American Indian and Alaska Native two-spirit women|journal = Journal of Lesbian Studies|first1=Jessica H. L.|last1=Elm|first2=Jordan P.|last2=Lewis|first3=Karina L.|last3=Walters|first4=Jen M.|last4=Self|date=1 October 2016|volume=20|issue=3–4|pages=352–371|doi=10.1080/10894160.2016.1152813|pmid=27254761|pmc = 6424359}}</ref> Recovery sees symptoms as a continuum of the norm rather than an aberration and rejects sane-insane dichotomy.
William Anthony,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mha.ohio.gov/Portals/0/assets/Supports/RecoverytoWork/toward-a-vision-of-recovery.pdf |title=Toward a Vision of Recovery |last=Anthony |first=William |publisher=Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation |access-date=2015-05-26 |archive-date=2016-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230122924/http://mha.ohio.gov/Portals/0/assets/Supports/RecoverytoWork/toward-a-vision-of-recovery.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Director of the Boston Centre for Psychiatric Rehabilitation developed a
The
According to a study, a combined social and physical environment intervention has the potential to
==History==
In [[medicine|general medicine]] and [[psychiatry]], recovery has long been used to refer to the end of a particular experience or episode of [[illness]]. The broader concept of "recovery" as a general philosophy and model was first popularized in regard to recovery from [[substance abuse]]/[[drug addiction]], for example within [[twelve-step program]]s or the [[California sober|California Sober method]].
Mental health recovery emerged in [[Geel#A model of psychiatric care|Geel, Belgium]] in the 13th century. [[Dymphna|Saint Dymphna]]—the patron saint of mental illness—was martyred there by her father in the 7th century. [https://www.visit-geel.be/en/the-church-of-st-dymphna The Church of Saint Dymphna] (built in 1349) became a pilgrimage destination for those seeking help with their psychiatric conditions. By the late 1400s, so many pilgrims were coming to Geel that the townspeople began hosting them as guests in their homes. This tradition of community recovery continues to this day.
<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = van Bilsen | first1 = Henck P. J. G. | year = 2016 | title = Lessons to be learned from the oldest community psychiatric service in the world: Geel in Belgium | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/696139AC7D0510562534886F4A4763B2/S2056469400002126a.pdf | journal = BJPsych Bulletin | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 207–211 | doi = 10.1192/pb.bp.115.051631 | pmid = 27512591 | pmc = 4967781 | access-date=March 19, 2023 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.belganewsagency.eu/the-remarkable-story-of-geel-700-years-of-community-based-mental-health-care The remarkable story of Geel: 700 years of community-based mental health care]</ref><ref>{{citation | last1 = Stevis-Gridneff | first1 = Matina | last2 = Ryckewaert | first2 = Koba | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/21/world/europe/belgium-geel-psychiatric-care.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20230425140349/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/21/world/europe/belgium-geel-psychiatric-care.html | archive-date = 2023-04-25 |title = Radical Experiment in Mental Health Care, Tested Over Centuries | work = New York Times | year=2023}}</ref>
More widespread application of recovery models to psychiatric disorders is comparatively recent. The concept of recovery can be traced back as far as 1840, when [[John Thomas Perceval]], son of Prime Minister [[Spencer Perceval]], wrote of his personal recovery from the psychosis that he experienced from 1830 until 1832, a recovery that he obtained despite the "treatment" he received from the "lunatic" doctors who attended him.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190919204034/http://www.recoverywithinreach.org:80/Recovery/history History of the Recovery Movement]</ref> But by consensus the main impetus for the development came from within the [[Psychiatric survivors movement|consumer/survivor/ex-patient movement]], a grassroots self-help and advocacy initiative, particularly within the [[United States]] during the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="USsurgeon">Office of the Surgeon General and various United States Government agencies (1999) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200930094830/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/nn/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584932X120-doc Mental Health: A report of the Surgeon General. Section 10: Overview of Recovery]</ref> The professional literature, starting with the [[psychiatric rehabilitation]] movement in particular, began to incorporate the concept from the early 1990s in the United States, followed by New Zealand and more recently across nearly all countries within the "[[First World]]".<ref name="RecoveryEmergent">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramon S, Healy B, Renouf N |title=Recovery from mental illness as an emergent concept and practice in Australia and the UK |journal=Int J Soc Psychiatry |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=108–22 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17472085 |doi=10.1177/0020764006075018|s2cid=25732602 }}</ref> Similar approaches developed around the same time, without necessarily using the term recovery, in Italy, the Netherlands and the UK.
Developments were fueled by a number of long-term outcome studies of people with "major mental illnesses" in populations from virtually every continent, including landmark cross-national studies by the [[World Health Organization]] from the 1970s and 1990s, showing unexpectedly high rates of complete or partial recovery, with exact statistics varying by region and the criteria used. The cumulative impact of personal stories or [[testimony]] of recovery has also been a powerful force behind the development of recovery approaches and policies. A key issue became how service consumers could maintain the ownership and authenticity of recovery concepts while also supporting them in professional policy and practice.<ref name="Deegan88">{{cite journal | author = Deegan PE | year = 1988 | title = Recovery: The lived experience of rehabilitation | url = http://www.bu.edu/cpr/repository/articles/pdf/deegan1998.pdf | journal = Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal | volume = 11 | issue = 4| page = 4 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926115018/http://www.bu.edu/cpr/repository/articles/pdf/deegan1998.pdf | archive-date = 2007-09-26 | doi = 10.1037/h0099565 }}</ref>
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===Connectedness and supportive relationships===
A common aspect of recovery is said to be the presence of others who believe in the person's potential to recover<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Francis East|first1=Jean|last2=Roll|first2=Susan J.|date=2015|title=Women, Poverty, and Trauma: An Empowerment Practice Approach: Figure 1|journal=Social Work|language=en|volume=60|issue=4|pages=279–286|doi=10.1093/sw/swv030|pmid=26489348|issn=0037-8046}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Hopper|first1=Elizabeth K.|last2=Bassuk|first2=Ellen L.|last3=Olivet|first3=Jeffrey|date=2010-04-07|title=Shelter from the Storm: Trauma-Informed Care in Homelessness Services Settings~!2009-08-20~!2009-09-28~!2010-03-22~!|journal=The Open Health Services and Policy Journal|volume=3|issue=2|pages=80–100|doi= 10.2174/1874924001003020080 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |doi-access=free|s2cid=10319681|issn=1874-9240
===Hope===
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===Empowerment and building a secure base===
Building a positive culture of healing is essential in the recovery approach. Since recovering is a long process, a strong supportive network can be helpful.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Jacobson | first1=Nora | last2=Greenley | first2=Dianne | title=What Is Recovery? A Conceptual Model and Explication | journal= Psychiatric Services| volume=52 | issue=4 | year=2001 | issn=1075-2730 | doi=10.1176/appi.ps.52.4.482 | pmid=11274493 | pages=482–485| s2cid=2624547
==Concepts of recovery==
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What constitutes 'recovery', or a recovery model, is a matter of ongoing debate both in theory and in practice. In general, professionalized clinical models tend to focus on improvement in particular symptoms and functions, and on the role of treatments, while consumer/survivor models tend to put more emphasis on [[peer support]], empowerment and real-world personal experience.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bellack AS |title=Scientific and consumer models of recovery in schizophrenia: concordance, contrasts, and implications |journal=Schizophr Bull |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=432–42 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16461575 |pmc=2632241 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbj044 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Recovering from Illness or Recovering your Life? Implications of Clinical Versus Social Models of Recovery from Mental Health Problems for Employment Support Services |journal=Disability & Society |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=403–418 |date=June 2002 |doi=10.1080/09687590220140340 |author1=Secker, J |author2=Membrey, H |author3=Grove, B |author4=Seebohm, Patience. |s2cid=144793249 }}</ref><ref>Carlos Pratt, Kenneth J. Gill, Nora M. Barrett, Kevin K. Hull, Melissa M. Roberts (2002) ''Psychiatric Rehabilitation''</ref> "Recovery from", the medical approach, is defined by a dwindling of symptoms, whereas "recovery in", the peer approach, may still involve symptoms, but the person feels they are gaining more control over their life.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stuart |first1=Simon Robertson |last2=Tansey |first2=Louise |last3=Quayle |first3=Ethel |title=What we talk about when we talk about recovery: a systematic review and best-fit framework synthesis of qualitative literature |journal=[[Journal of Mental Health]] |date=20 September 2016 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=291–304 |doi=10.1080/09638237.2016.1222056|pmid=27649767 |s2cid=4426778 |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/26692801/160710_Stuart_et_al._Recovery_SR_for_PURE_with_cover_page_figure_and_tables.pdf |hdl=20.500.11820/84053d0a-9b25-47ff-9bdb-963bf6c70312 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Similarly, recovery may be viewed in terms of a [[social model of disability]] rather than a [[medical model of disability]], and there may be differences in the acceptance of diagnostic "labels" and treatments.<ref name="InclusionRecovery"/>
A review of research suggested that writers on recovery are rarely explicit about which of the various concepts they are employing. The reviewers classified the approaches they found in to broadly "rehabilitation" perspectives, which they defined as being focused on life and meaning within the context of enduring disability, and "clinical" perspectives which focused on observable remission of symptoms and restoration of functioning.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Concepts of recovery: competing or complementary? |journal=Curr Opin Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=664–7 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16639093 |doi= 10.1097/01.yco.0000184418.29082.0e |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/4828_pnt |vauthors=Davidson L, Lawless MS, Leary F |s2cid=28715315 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> From a [[psychiatric rehabilitation]] perspective, a number of additional qualities of the recovery process have been suggested, including that it: can occur without professional intervention, but requires people who believe in and stand by the person in recovery; does not depend on believing certain theories about the cause of conditions; can be said to occur even if symptoms later re-occur, but does change the frequency and duration of symptoms; requires recovery from the consequences of a psychiatric condition as well as the condition itself; is not [[linear]] but does tend to take place as a series of small steps; does not mean the person was never really psychiatrically disabled; focuses on wellness not illness, and on consumer choice.<ref>Anthony, W.A., Cohen, M., Farkas, M, & Gagne, C. (2002). Psychiatric Rehabilitation. 2nd edition. Boston: Boston University Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation. {{ISBN|1-878512-11-0}}</ref>
A consensus statement on mental health recovery from US agencies, that involved some consumer input, defined recovery as a journey of healing and transformation enabling a person with a mental health problem to live a meaningful life in a community of his or her choice while striving to achieve his or her full potential. Ten fundamental components were elucidated, all assuming that the person continues to be a "consumer" or to have a "mental disability".<ref>US Dept of Health and Human Services and SAMHSA Center for Mental Health Services (2004) [http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/sma05-4129/ National Consensus Statement on Mental Health Recovery] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907014314/http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/sma05-4129 |date=2008-09-07 }}</ref> Conferences have been held on the importance of the "elusive" concept from the perspectives of consumers and psychiatrists.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Recovery Movement Gains Influence In Mental Health Programs |journal=Psychiatric News |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=10 |date=January 3, 2003 |url=http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/38/1/10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030802211827/http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/38/1/10 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 2, 2003 }}</ref>
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===Recovery from substance dependence===
Particular kinds of recovery models have been adopted in [[drug rehabilitation]] services. While interventions in this area have tended to focus on [[harm reduction]], particularly through [[Opioid replacement therapy|substitute prescribing]] (or alternatively requiring total abstinence) recovery approaches have emphasized the need to simultaneously address the whole of people's lives, and to encourage aspirations while promoting equal access and opportunities within society. Some examples of harm reduction services include overdose reversal medications (such as [[Narcan]]), substance testing kits, supplies for sterile injections, HIV, HBV, and HCV at-home testing equipment– and trauma-informed care in the form of group therapy, community building/events, case management, and rental assistance services.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://academic.oup.com/sw/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/sw/49.3.353 |access-date=2023-04-27 |journal=Social Work |doi=10.1093/sw/49.3.353 |title=Harm Reduction: A New Perspective on Substance Abuse Services |year=2004 |last1=MacMaster |first1=S. A. |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=356–363 |pmid=15281690 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The purpose of this model is to rehabilitate those experiencing addiction in a [[holistic]] way rather than through law enforcement and criminal justice-based intervention which can fail to address victims’ circumstances on a need-by-need basis.<ref name="NYU Press"/> From the perspective of services the work may include helping people with "developing the skills to prevent relapse into further illegal drug taking, rebuilding broken relationships or forging new ones, actively engaging in meaningful activities and taking steps to build a home and provide for themselves and their families. Milestones could be as simple as gaining weight, re-establishing relationships with friends, or building self-esteem. What is key is that recovery is sustained.".<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2008/05/22161610/5 The Road to Recovery: A New Approach to Tackling Scotland's Drug Problem] by the Scottish Government, May 29, 2008</ref> Key to the philosophy of the recovery movement is the aim for an equal relationship between "Experts by Profession" and "Experts by Experience".<ref>{{cite book|last=Drew|first=Emma|author-link=Emma Drew|title=The Whole Person Recovery Handbook}}</ref>
=== Trauma-Informed Recovery ===
Trauma-Informed care is a philosophy for recovery that combines the conditions and needs of people recovering from mental illness and/or substance abuse into one framework. This framework combines all of the elements of the Recovery Approach and adds an awareness of trauma. Advocates of trauma-informed care argue the principles and strategies should be applied to individuals experiencing mental illness, substance dependence, and trauma as these three often occur simultaneously or as result of each other.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=Maxine|last2=Fallot|first2=Roger D.|date=2001|title=Envisioning a trauma-informed service system: A vital paradigm shift|journal=New Directions for Mental Health Services|language=en|volume=2001|issue=89|pages=3–22|doi=10.1002/yd.23320018903|pmid=11291260}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> The paradigms surrounding trauma-informed care began to shift in 1998 and 1999. In 1998, the Center for Mental Health Services, the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, and the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention collaborated to fund 14 sites to develop integrated services in order to address the interrelated effects of violence, mental health, and substance abuse.<ref name=":7" /> In 1999, the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors passed a resolution recognizing the impact of violence and trauma<ref name=":7" /> and developed a toolkit of resources for the implementation of trauma services in state mental health agencies.<ref name=":1" /> Trauma-informed care has been supported in academia as well. Scholars claim that neglecting the role of trauma in a person's story can interfere with recovery in the form of misdiagnosis, inaccurate treatment, or retraumatization.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> Some principles of trauma-informed care include validating survivor experiences and resiliency, aiming to increase a survivor's control over her/his/their recovery, creating atmospheres for recovery that embody consistency and confidentiality, minimizing the possibilities of triggering past trauma, and integrating survivors/recovering persons in service evaluation.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> In practice, trauma-informed care has shown to be most effective when every participant in a service providing context to be committed to following these principles.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> In addition, these principles can apply to all steps of the recovery process within a service providing context, including outreach and engagement, screening, advocacy, crisis intervention, and resource coordination.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The overall goal in trauma-informed care is facilitating healing and empowerment using strengths-based empowerment practices and a comprehensive array of services that integrate co-occurring disorders and the multitude of needs a recovering person might have, such as drug treatment, housing, relationship building, and parenting support.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />
These approaches are in contrast to traditional care systems. Advocates of trauma-informed care critique traditional service delivery systems, such as standard hospitals, for failing to understand the role of trauma in a
There are other challenges to trauma-informed care besides limits in the United States healthcare system that can make trauma-informed care ineffective for treating persons recovering from mental illness or substance dependence. Advocates of trauma-informed care argue implementation requires a strong commitment from leadership in an agency to train staff members to be trauma-aware, but this training can be costly and time-consuming.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /> "Trauma-informed care" and "trauma" also have contested definitions and can be hard to measure in a real world service setting.<ref name=":1" /> Another barrier to trauma-informed care is the necessity of screening for histories of trauma.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /> While agencies need to screen for histories of trauma in order to give the best care, there can be feelings of shame and fear of being invalidated that can prevent a recovering person from disclosing their personal experiences.<ref name=":2" />
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Other criticisms focused on practical implementation by service providers include that: the recovery model can be manipulated by officials to serve various political and financial interests including withdrawing services and pushing people out before they're ready; that it is becoming a new [[orthodoxy]] or bandwagon that neglects the empowerment aspects and structural problems of societies and primarily represents a [[middle class]] experience; that it hides the continued dominance of a medical model; and that it potentially increases social exclusion and marginalizes those who don't fit into a recovery narrative.<ref name="George2008">George, C. (2008) [http://www.psychminded.co.uk/recovery-approach-in-mental-health-is-idea-whose-time-has-come/ 'Recovery' approach in mental health is idea 'whose time has come'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803144017/https://www.psychminded.co.uk/recovery-approach-in-mental-health-is-idea-whose-time-has-come/ |date=2020-08-03 }} Psychminded.co.uk Retrieved on 29 Aug 2008</ref>
There have been specific tensions between recovery models and "evidence-based practice" models in the transformation of US mental health services based on the recommendations of the [[New Freedom Commission on Mental Health]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Daly, R. |title=Tensions Complicate Efforts to Transform MH Systems |journal= Psychiatric News|volume=42 |issue=13 |pages=14–15 |date=July 6, 2007 |doi=10.1176/pn.42.13.0014 }}</ref> The commission's emphasis on recovery has been interpreted by some critics as saying that everyone can fully recover through sheer will power and therefore as giving false hope and implicitly blaming those who may be unable to recover.<ref>Torrey (2003) [http://www.psychlaws.org/PressRoom/stmtNewFreedomCommissionfailssickest.htm Treatment Advocacy Center Statement] Newswire. Retrieved on Aug 12 2008</ref> However, the critics have themselves been charged with undermining consumer rights and failing to recognize that the model is intended to support a person in their personal journey rather than expecting a given outcome, and that it relates to social and political support and empowerment as well as the individual.<ref name="McLean2003part2">McLean, A. (2003) [http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_8/Recovering1-McLean.html Recovering Consumers and a Broken Mental Health System in the United States: Ongoing Challenges for Consumers/ Survivors and the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Part II: Impact of Managed Care and Continuing Challenges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107122745/http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_8/Recovering1-McLean.html |date=2016-11-07 }} International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 8, 58-70.</ref>
Various stages of resistance to recovery approaches have been identified amongst staff in traditional services, starting with "Our people are much sicker than yours. They won't be able to recover" and ending in "Our doctors will never agree to this". However, ways to harness the energy of this perceived resistance and use it to move forward have been proposed.<ref>Lori Ashcraft, William A. Anthony (2008) [http://www.behavioral.net/article/addressing-resistance-recovery Addressing Resistance to Recovery:Strategies for working with staff resistant to change] Behavioral Healthcare: Tools for Transformation, March</ref> In addition, staff training materials have been developed by various organisations, for example by the National Empowerment Center.<ref>Ahern L, Fisher D. Personal Assistance in Community Existence: A Recovery Guide. Lawrence, Mass: National Empowerment Center; 1999.</ref><ref>Ahern L, Fisher D. PACE/Recovery Curriculum. Lawrence, Mass: National Empowerment Center; 2001.</ref><ref>Fisher D, Chamberlin J. PACE/Recovery Peer Training Recovery Curriculum. Lawrence, Mass: National Empowerment Center; 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahern L, Fisher D |title=Recovery at your own PACE (Personal Assistance in Community existence) |journal=J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=22–32 |date=April 2001 |doi=10.3928/0279-3695-20010401-11 |pmid=11324174 }}</ref>
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===Assessment===
A number of standardized questionnaires and assessments have been developed to try to assess aspects of an individual's recovery journey. These include the Milestones of Recovery (MOR) Scale, Recovery Enhancing Environment (REE) measure, Recovery Measurement Tool (RMT), Recovery Oriented System Indicators (ROSI) Measure,<ref>Website of the National Association of State Mental Health Directors [http://www.nasmhpd.org/spec_e-report_fall04measures.cfm Tools In Development: Measuring Recovery at the Individual, Program, and System Levels] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417203321/http://www.nasmhpd.org/spec_e-report_fall04measures.cfm |date=2007-04-17 }}</ref> Stages of Recovery Instrument (STORI),<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Andresen R, Caputi P, Oades L |title=Stages of recovery instrument: development of a measure of recovery from serious mental illness |journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=40 |issue=11–12 |pages=972–80 |year=2006 |pmid=17054565 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01921.x |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&context=hbspapers |doi-access=free }}</ref> and numerous related instruments.<ref>Theodora Campbell-Orde, M.P.A., Judi Chamberlin, Jenneth Carpenter, M.S.W., & H. Stephen Leff, Ph.D. (2005) [http://www.tecathsri.org/product_description.asp?pid=129 Measuring the Promise: A Compendium of Recovery Measures, Volume II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205314/http://www.tecathsri.org/product_description.asp?pid=129 |date=2014-01-04 }}</ref>
The data-collection systems and terminology used by services and funders are said to be typically incompatible with recovery frameworks, so methods of adapting them have been developed.<ref>Lori Ashcraft, William A. Anthony (2007) [http://www.behavioral.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=64D490AC6A7D4FE1AEB453627F1A4A32&tier=4&id=64B71A73E917458AB8E40C683719BE0F Data Collection With Recovery In Mind: Involve service users as much as possible] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813224948/http://www.behavioral.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=64D490AC6A7D4FE1AEB453627F1A4A32&tier=4&id=64B71A73E917458AB8E40C683719BE0F |date=2010-08-13 }} Behavioral Healthcare: Tools for Transformation, September</ref> It has also been argued that the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (and to some extent any system of categorical [[classification of mental disorders]]) uses definitions and terminology that are inconsistent with a recovery model, leading to suggestions that the next version, the DSM-V, requires: greater sensitivity to cultural issues and gender; to recognize the need for others to change as well as just those singled out for a diagnosis of disorder; and to adopt a dimensional approach to assessment that better captures individuality and does not erroneously imply excess psychopathology or chronicity.<ref>Michael T. Compton (2007) [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/565489_print Recovery: Patients, Families, Communities] Conference Report, Medscape Psychiatry & Mental Health, October 11–14, 2007</ref>
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Some US states, such as [[California]] (see the [[California Mental Health Services Act]]), [[Wisconsin]] and [[Ohio]], already report redesigning their mental health systems to stress recovery model values like hope, healing, empowerment, social connectedness, human rights, and recovery-oriented services.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacobson N, Greenley D |title=What is recovery? A conceptual model and explication |journal= Psychiatric Services|volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=482–5 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11274493 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.52.4.482|doi-access=free}}</ref>
At least some parts of the [[Canadian Mental Health Association]], such as the [[Ontario]] region, have adopted recovery as a guiding principle for reforming and developing the mental health system.<ref>{{cite web
===New Zealand and Australia===
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===UK and Ireland===
In 2005, the [[National Institute for Mental Health in England]] (NIMHE) endorsed a recovery model as a possible guiding principle of mental health service provision and public education.<ref>NIMHE (2005) [http://kc.nimhe.org.uk/upload/Recovery%20Guiding%20Statement.pdf Guiding Statement on Recovery.]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[National Health Service]] is implementing a recovery approach in at least some regions, and has developed a new professional role of Support Time and Recovery Worker.<ref>{{cite web | title=Support, time, recovery (STR) workers | website=London Development Centre | date=12 February 2007 | url=http://www.londondevelopmentcentre.org/page.php?s=1&p=2462 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429193849/http://www.londondevelopmentcentre.org/page.php?s=1&p=2462 | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 April 2007}}</ref> [[Centre for Mental Health]] issued a 2008 policy paper proposing that the recovery approach is an idea "whose time has come"<ref name= "George2008"/><ref>Shepherd, G., Boardman, J., Slade, M. (2008) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628190454/http://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/pdfs/Making_recovery_a_reality_policy_paper.pdf] Centre for Mental Health</ref> and, in partnership with the NHS Confederation Mental Health Network, and support and funding from the Department of Health, manages the Implementing Recovery through Organisational Change (ImROC) nationwide project that aims to put recovery at the heart of mental health services in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/recovery/index.aspx|title=What is recovery?|access-date=2012-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626054014/http://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/recovery/index.aspx|archive-date=2012-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Scottish Executive]] has included the promotion and support of recovery as one of its four key mental health aims and funded a [[Scottish Recovery Network]] to facilitate this.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishrecovery.net/content/|title=Contents, Acknowledgements, About this project & Chapter summaries « Scottish Recovery Network|first=Andrew|last=Hopkins|access-date=2007-05-09|archive-date=2007-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513170225/http://www.scottishrecovery.net/content/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A 2006 review of nursing in Scotland recommended a recovery approach as the model for mental health nursing care and intervention.<ref>Scottish Executive (2006) [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/04/18164814/19 Rights, Relationships and Recovery: The Report of the National Review of Mental Health Nursing in Scotland]</ref> The Mental Health Commission of [[Ireland]] reports that its guiding documents place the service user at the core and emphasize an individual's personal journey towards recovery.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mhcirl.ie/File/framedevarecov.pdf |title=A Recovery Approach within the Irish Mental Health Services: A Framework for Development |last=Higgins |first=Agnes |year=2008 |publisher=Mental Health Commission |access-date=2016-02-04 |archive-date=2016-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705064126/http://www.mhcirl.ie/File/framedevarecov.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==See also==
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