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Adding short description: "Repeated thinking about negative events" |
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{{Short description|Repeated thinking about negative events}}
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'''Perseverative cognition'''<ref name="BPT2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Brosschot | first1 = J.F. | last2 = Pieper | first2 = S. | last3 = Thayer | first3 = J.F. | year = 2005 | title = Expanding Stress Theory: Prolonged Activation And Perseverative Cognition
It has been shown to have [[physiological]] effects, such as increased heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol, in daily life as well as under controlled laboratory conditions.<ref name="ZD2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Zoccola | first1 = P.M. | last2 = Dickerson | first2 = S.D. | last3 = Yim | first3 = I. S. | year = 2011 | title = Trait and state perseverative cognition and the cortisol awakening response ==Definition==
The definition of perseverative cognition is: "the repeated or chronic activation of the cognitive representation of one or more psychological stressors".<ref name="BGT2006"/><ref name = "VBGT2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Verkuil | first1 = B. | last2 = Brosschot | first2 = J.F. | last3 = Gebhardt | first3 = W.A. | last4 = Thayer | first4 = J.F. | year = 2010 | title = When worries make you sick: A review of perseverative cognition, the default stress response and somatic health
Perseverative cognition may partly be [[Unconsciousness|unconscious]].<ref name="B2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Brosschot | first1 = J.F. | year = 2010 | title = Markers of chronic stress: Prolonged physiological activation and (un)conscious perseverative cognition
== Perseverative cognition hypothesis ==
The ''perseverative cognition hypothesis''<ref name="BGT2006" /> holds that stressful events begin to affect people's [[health]] when they think about them repetitively or continuously (that is, '[[wiktionary:perseveration|perseverate]] [[Cognition|cognitively]]').
== Physiological effects and disease ==
{{See also|Health psychology}}
▲'''The 'perseverative cognition hypothesis{{'}}'''<ref name="BGT2006" /> holds that stressful events cannot affect people's health, unless they think repetitively or continuously (that is, 'perseverate cognitively') about these stressful events. Stressful events themselves are often too short, as are the physiological responses to them. Therefore the physiological responses during these stressors are unlikely to cause bodily harm. More importantly, many stressful events are merely worried about, or feared in the future, while they often do not happen or do not have the feared consequences. Nevertheless, the body reacts with prolonged physiological responses to continuous thoughts (perseverative cognition) about these stressors. Therefore it is the perseverative cognition, and not the stressors that can eventually lead to disease. In scientific terms, it is said that perseverative cognition is a [[wikt:Special:Search/mediator|mediator]] of the detrimental effects of [[stress (psychological)|stress]] on one's health. Since its publication scientific evidence for this hypothesis has been accumulating.<ref name="VBGT2010"/><ref name = "GS2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Geurts | first1 = S.A. | last2 = Sonnentag | first2 = S. | year = 2006 | title = Recovery as an explanatory mechanism in the relation between acute stress reactions and chronic health impairment | url = | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environtal Health | volume = 32 | issue = 6| pages = 482–92 | doi = 10.5271/sjweh.1053 }}</ref><ref name = "LC2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Larsen | first1 = B.A | last2 = Christenfeld | first2 = N.J.S. | year = 2009 | title = Cardiovascular Disease and Psychiatric Comorbidity: The Potential Role of Perseverative Cognition | url = | journal = Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology | volume = 2009| issue = | pages = 1–8| doi = 10.1155/2009/791017 | pmid = 20029626 | pmc = 2790803 }}</ref><ref name = "FMBK2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Flaxman | first1 = P. E. | last2 = Ménard | first2 = J. | last3 = Bond | first3 = F. W. | last4 = Kinman | first4 = G. | year = 2012 | title = Academics' experiences of a respite from work: Effects of self-critical perfectionism and perseverative cognition on postrespite well-being | url = | journal = Journal of Applied Psychology | volume = 97 | issue = 4| pages = 854–865 | doi = 10.1037/a0028055 | pmid=22545621}}</ref>
Cognitive perseverance not only impacts mental and physical processing, but it also has the possibility of impacting [[sleep]], as explored in one article.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Makovac|first1=Elena|last2=Fagioli|first2=Sabrina|last3=Rae|first3=Charlotte L.|last4=Critchley|first4=Hugo D.|last5=Ottaviani|first5=Cristina|date=January 2020|title=Can't get it off my brain: Meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on perseverative cognition|journal=Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging|volume=295|pages=111020|doi=10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.111020|pmid=31790922|issn=0925-4927|doi-access=free}}</ref> In this article, the impact of obsessive worrying regarding jobs, therefore creating perseverative cognition, on sleep was explored. They found that there was a correlation between excessive job centered perseverative cognition and a lack of good sleep. Perseverative cognition impacts several parts of life. Another article<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Ottaviani|first1=Cristina|last2=Medea|first2=Barbara|last3=Lonigro|first3=Antonia|last4=Tarvainen|first4=Mika|last5=Couyoumdjian|first5=Alessandro|date=April 2015|title=Cognitive rigidity is mirrored by autonomic inflexibility in daily life perseverative cognition|journal=Biological Psychology|volume=107|pages=24–30|doi=10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.02.011|pmid=25749107|s2cid=9641909 |issn=0301-0511}}</ref> talks about how poor sleep could happen when one had perseverative cognition. The article uses the term mind wandering to talk about “persistent and repetitive” thoughts<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Kibler|first=Jeffrey L.|date=February 2018|title=An Extension of the Perseverative Cognition Hypothesis to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology: Cardiovascular Recovery in Relation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Severity and Cognitive Appraisals of Stress|journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress|volume=31|issue=1|pages=25–34|doi=10.1002/jts.22252|pmc=6190589|issn=0894-9867|pmid=29388694}}</ref> and correlates with other mental disorders. Perseverative cognition can affect more than physical components, as stated earlier. The same article<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Ottaviani|first=Cristina|date=2018-04-01|title=Brain-heart interaction in perseverative cognition|journal=Psychophysiology|volume=55|issue=7|pages=e13082|doi=10.1111/psyp.13082|pmid=29607505|issn=0048-5772|doi-access=free}}</ref> also talked about how mental rigidity ties in with perseverative cognition and impacts individuals in multiple ways.
▲Wikipedia page). Further, it is the thought about the stress, or rather the obsessing over it, that causes stress and disease to be linked to it. Perseverative cognition also focuses on the effects that worry over things that will occur in the future have on the physical body and mind (Footnote 2 on Wikipedia). This could suggest that obsessive worrying over past events or the future could lead to physical issues.
▲ There are some physical evidences of the effects of Perseverative cognition, as noted in an analysis article (Footnote 7). The article found that cortisol levels, as well as the average heart rates of individuals, were higher when Perseverative Cognitive processes were present (footnote 7). Another article (Footnote 8) says that “worrying about stressful events increases the total amount of time that stress has a ‘wear and tear’ effect on the human body.” Studies (footnote 17) have been done that show links between cognitive perseverance and increased heart rates. The consistent, ruminating thoughts circulating in one’s mind could lead to physical responses.
▲ In another article, it is discussed that perseverative cognition increases heart rate, and also impacts parts of the brain, notably in the prefrontal and amygdala areas (Footnote 16). There is a connection between the brain and the heart when it comes to perseverative cognition. When present, it impacts not only mental facilities, but also physical components (Footnote 16). One article describes the physical components as a response to the thoughts, “as if the individual were facing an external stressor” (Footnote 18). The article also talks about how obsessive thoughts of worry lead to greater depression. Cognitive perseverance leads to multiple issues, ranging from mood to heart rate.
In addition, perseverative cognition has potential to make other mental illnesses worse. In another article, its effect on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Footnote 20). They found that with severe PTSD and the perseverative cognition, it correlated with less recovery regarding cardiovascular disease. ▼
▲
==See also==
* [[Health psychology]]
* [[Metacognitive therapy]]
* [[Chronic stress]]
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