Go! (programming language): Difference between revisions

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{{distinguishShort description|GoMulti-paradigm (programming language)}}

{{for|the language released in 2009 by Google|Go (programming language)}}

{{Infobox programming language

| name = Go!

Line 5 ⟶ 6:

| caption =

| paradigm =

[[multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[concurrent programming language|concurrent]], [[logic programming|logic]], [[functional programming|functional]], [[object-orientedimperative programming|object-orientedimperative]], ([[imperativeobject-based programminglanguage|imperativeobject-based]])

| year = {{Start date and age|2003}}

| designer = [[Francis McCabe]], [[Keith Clark (computer scientist)|Keith Clark]]

| developer =

| latest_release_version =

| latest_release_date =

| latest_test_version = 9-30-07

| latest_test_date = {{releaseStart date|mf=yes and age|2007|9|30}}

| typing = [[strong typing|strong]]

| implementations =

| dialects =

| influenced_by = [[Prolog]],<ref Aprilname="infowk"/>

| operating_system =

| license = [[GPLv2]]

| website =

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}}

'''Go!''' is an [[Agent-based model|agent-based]] programming language in the tradition of [[Logic programming|logic-based programming]] languages like [[Prolog]].<ref name="infowk">{{cite magazine |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351 |title=Google 'Go' Name Brings Accusations Of 'Evil' |magazine=InformationWeek |date=2009-11-11 |access-date=2009-11-14 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722010320/http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was introduced in a 2003 paper by Francis McCabe and [[Keith Clark (computer scientist)|Keith Clark]].<ref name="aamas"/>

'''Go!''' is a [[concurrent programming language]], first publicly documented by [[Keith Clark]] and Francis McCabe in 2003<ref>Clark and McCabe, AAMAS'03, 2003</ref> and included as part of the Network Agents project at [[Sourceforge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sourceforge.net/projects/networkagent/ |title=Network Agents |publisher=Sourceforge.net |date= |accessdate=2009-11-14}}</ref>. It is oriented to the needs of programming secure, production quality, agent based applications. It is [[multithreaded]], [[strong typing|strongly typed]] and [[Functional programming|higher order]] (in the functional programming sense). It has relation, function, and action procedure definitions. Threads execute action procedures, calling functions and querying relations as need be. Threads in different agents communicate and coordinate using asynchronous messages. Threads within the same agent can also use shared dynamic relations acting as memory stores.

== Design ==

Its nature as a multi-paradigm programming language, integrating logic, functional, object-oriented, and imperative programming styles,<ref name=informatica-survey>Bordini et al., Informatica, 2006</ref> is particularly applied to ontology-based modeling, as exploited for the [[Semantic Web]] in allowing a type system where [[Web Ontology Language|OWL]] classes can be represented in the type system.<ref>Clark and McCabe, Applied Intelligence, 2006</ref> The design of Go!, according to Bordini et al.'s survey,<ref name=informatica-survey /> also took into consideration critical issues such as security, transparency, and integrity, in regards to the adoption of logic programming technology. Agents in Go! contain both reactive and deliberative aspects, and coordinate using BDI structures,<ref>Fisher et al., Computational Intelligence, 2007</ref> and their style of expression has influenced the modeling of agent systems in [[Erlang]].<ref>Varela et al., Erlang Workshop'04</ref>

The authors of Go! describe it as "a [[multi-paradigm programming language]] that is oriented to the needs of programming secure, production quality and agent-based applications. It is [[multi-threaded]], strongly typed and [[higher order function|higher order]] (in the functional programming sense). It has relation, function and action procedure definitions. Threads execute action procedures, calling functions and querying relations as needed. Threads in different agents communicate and coordinate using asynchronous messages. Threads within the same agent can also use shared dynamic relations acting as [[Linda (coordination language)|Linda]]-style [[tuple space|tuple stores]]."<ref name="aamas">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=K.L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F.G. |title=Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems |chapter=Go! For multi-threaded deliberative agents |year=2003 |pages=964–965 | doi=10.1145/860575.860747 |isbn=978-1581136838 |citeseerx=10.1.1.117.184 |s2cid=2047545 }}</ref>

Google's programming language [[Go (programming language)|Go]] (note lack of [[exclamation point]]) has, since its 2009 release, been the subject of an as yet unresolved naming controversy with Go! due to its very similar name.<ref>{{cite web|last=Claburn |first=Thomas |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351 |title=Google 'Go' Name Brings Accusations Of 'Evil' |publisher=InformationWeek |date=2009-11-11 |accessdate=2009-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=9 |title=Issue 9 - go - I have already used the name for *MY* programming language |publisher=code.google.com |date=2009-11-10 |accessdate=2009-11-14}}</ref>

The authors also propose that the language is suitable for representing [[Ontology (information science)|ontologies]] due to its integration of [[logic programming|logic]], [[functional programming|functional]] and [[imperative programming|imperative]] styles of programming.<ref name="applied">{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s10489-006-8511-x | title=Ontology oriented programming in go! | date=2006 | last1=Clark | first1=K. L. | last2=McCabe | first2=F. G. | journal=Applied Intelligence | volume=24 | issue=3 | pages=189–204 }}</ref>

== Communication model ==

Threads within a single Go! process, hence in the same agent, can also communicate by manipulating dynamic relation objects, comparable with [[Linda_(coordination_language)|Linda]] tuple stores,<ref name=informatica-survey /> used to coordinate their activities. A related combination of tuple-based shared stores and Semantics has been taken up as the communication mechanism in the approaches of [http://www.tripcom.org/ TripCom]{{cn}} and [[SOA4All]].{{cn}}

== Example ==

The following example illustrates the '"ontology-oriented'" type and declarations style of Go!.:<ref name=applied />

<syntaxhighlight lang="prolog">

GenderSex ::= male | female.

person <˜~ {dayOfBirth:[] => day. age:[]=>integer.

The following example illustrates the 'ontology-oriented' type and declarations style of Go!.

age:[] => integer.

sex:[] => Sex.

gender:[]=>Gender. name:[] => string.

home:[] => string.

home:[]=>string. lives:[string]{}}.

person:[string, day,Gender Sex, string] $= person.

<source lang="javascript">

Gender::= male | female.

person(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm)..{

person <˜ {dayOfBirth:[]=>day. age:[]=>integer.

dayOfBirth() => Born.

gender:[]=>Gender. name:[]=>string.

age() => yearsBetween(now(), Born).

home:[]=>string. lives:[string]{}}.

gender sex() => Sx.

person:[string,day,Gender,string]$=person.

name() => Nm.

person(Nm,Born,Sx,Hm)..{

dayOfBirth home() =>Born Hm.

lives(Pl) :- Pl = home().

age() => yearsBetween(now(),Born).

yearsBetween:[integer, day] => integer.

gender()=>Sx.

yearsBetween(...) => ..

name()=>Nm.

home()=>Hm.

lives(Pl) :- Pl=home().

yearsBetween:[integer,day]=>integer.

yearsBetween(...) => ..

}.

newPerson:[string,day,Gender,string]=>person.

newPerson(Nm,Born,Sx,Hm)=>$person(Nm,Born,Sx,Hm).

</source>

newPerson:[string, day,Gender Sex, string] => person.

The <code>::=</code> rule defines a new [[algebraic data type]], a [[data type]] with only data constructors.

newPerson(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm) => $person(Nm, Born, Sx, Hm).

The <code><˜</code> rule defines an interface type - it indicates what properties are characteristic of a person and also gives type constraints on these properties. It documents that age is a functional property with an integer value, that lives is a unary relation over strings, and that dayOfBirth is a functional property with a value that is an object of type day.

</syntaxhighlight>

*The <code>::=</code> rule defines a new [[algebraic data type]], a [[data type]] with only data constructors.

*The <code><˜~</code> rule defines an interface type - it indicates what properties are characteristic of a <code>person</code> and also gives type constraints on these properties. It documents that <code>age</code> is a functional property with an integer value, that <code>lives</code> is a unary relation over strings, and that <code>dayOfBirth</code> is a functional property with a value that is an object of type <code>day</code>.

*The <code>$=</code> type rule indicates that there is also a theory label, with the functor "<code>person"</code>, for a theory that defines the characteristic properties of the <code>person</code> type - implements the <code>person</code> interface - in terms of four given parameters of types <code>string</code>, <code>day</code> , Gender<code>Sex</code>, and <code>string</code>.

==Conflict with Google==

The <code>$=</code> type rule indicates that there is also a theory label, with the functor "person", for a theory that defines the characteristic properties of the person type - implements the person interface - in terms of four given parameters of types string, day, Gender, and string.

In November 2009, [[Google]] released a similarly named [[Go (programming language)|Go programming language]] (with no [[exclamation point]]). McCabe asked Google to change the name of their language as he was concerned they were "steam-rolling over us".<ref name="infowk"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=9 |title=Issue 9 - go - I have already used the name for *MY* programming language |date=2009-11-10 |access-date=2009-11-14}}</ref> The issue received attention among technology news websites, with some of them characterizing Go! as "obscure".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.geek.com/articles/news/google-didnt-google-go-before-naming-their-programming-language-20091113/ |title=Google didn't google "Go" before naming their programming language |last=Brownlee |first=John |date=2009-11-13 |publisher=Geek.com |access-date=2010-01-18 |archive-date=2012-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506104459/http://www.geek.com/articles/news/google-didnt-google-go-before-naming-their-programming-language-20091113 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The issue thread opened on the subject was closed by a Google developer on 12 October 2010 with the custom status "Unfortunate" and with the following comment: "there are many computing products and services named Go. In the 11 months since our release, there has been minimal confusion of the two languages."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/golang/go/issues/9#issuecomment-66047478|title=I have already used the name for *MY* programming language · Issue #9 · golang/go|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==

{{reflistReflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin}}

{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=K.L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F.G. |year=2003 |title= Go! for multi-threaded deliberative agents |journal=International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AAMAS'03) |pages=964 - 965 |url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=860575.860747 | doi=10.1145/860575.860747 }}

* {{cite paperweb |last1=Clark |first1=K. L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F. G. |year=2003 |title=Ontology Oriented Programming in Go! |url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~klc/DistKR.pdf }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=K. L. |last2=McCabe |first2=F. G. |year=2004 |title=Go!—A Multi-Paradigm Programming Language for Implementing Multi-Threaded Agents |journal=[[Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence]] |volume=41 |issue=2-42–4 |pages=171 - 206171–206 |url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=998367 |doi=10.1023/B:AMAI.0000031195.87297.d9 |citeseerx=10.1.1.133.1069 |s2cid=6992205 }}

* {{cite journal |last1author=Clark |first1=K.LR. |last2=McCabe |first2=F.G.Bordini |year=2006 |title=OntologyA orientedSurvey programmingof inProgramming go!Languages and Platforms for Multi-Agent Systems |journal=Applied IntelligenceInformatica |volume=2430 |issuepages=333–44 |pagesurl=189http://www.informatica.si/vol30.htm |display-authors=etal 204 |url-status=dead |archive-url=httphttps://portalweb.acmarchive.org/citationweb/20091115151833/http://www.cfm?id=1127540 |doi=10informatica.1145si/860575vol30.860747htm |archive-date=2009-11-15}}

* {{cite journal |author=M. Fisher et al. |year=2007 |title=Computational Logics and Agents - A Roadmap of Current Technologies and Future Trends |journal=Computational Intelligence |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=61 - 9161–91 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118495224/issue |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130106033209/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118495224/issue |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8640.2007.00295.x |display-authors=etal |citeseerx=10.1.1.114.6149 |s2cid=3393868}}

* {{cite journal |author=R. Bordini et al. |year=2006 |title=A Survey of Programming Languages and Platforms for Multi-Agent Systems |journal=Informatica |volume=30 |pages=33 - 44 |url=http://www.informatica.si/vol30.htm }}

*{{cite book|last=McCabe|first=Francis G.|title=Lets Go!|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0975444913|date=February 7, 2007|publisher=Network Agent Press|isbn=978-0-9754449-1-7}}

* {{cite journal |author=M. Fisher et al. |year=2007 |title=Computational Logics and Agents - A Roadmap of Current Technologies and Future Trends |journal=Computational Intelligence|volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=61 - 91 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118495224/issue }}

* {{cite conference |author=C. Varela et al.|year=2004 |title=On Modelling Agent Systems with Erlang | conference=ACM SIGPLAN Erlang Workshop '04 |conferenceurlurl=http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/erlang/workshop/2004/ |display-authors=etal |access-date=2009-11-12 |archive-date=2009-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115113314/http://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/erlang/workshop/2004/ |url-status=dead}}

{{refendRefend}}

== External links ==

* [httphttps://homepage.macgithub.com/frankmccabe/FileSharing1.htmlgo DownloadGithub page]

* [http://99-bottles-of-beer.net/language-go!-289.html Code sample on 99-bottles-of-beer.net]

* [http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0975444913 Lets Go! textbook by Francis McCabe]

{{compu-lang-stub}}

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