Multitier programming: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:19, 22 May 2025

Latest revision as of 08:44, 18 July 2025

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Concepts from multitier programming were pioneered by the [[Hop (software)|Hop]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Serrano|first=Manuel|date=2012|title=Multitier programming in Hop.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/journals/cacm/SerranoB12.html|journal=Commun. ACM|volume=55|issue=8|pages=53–59|doi=10.1145/2240236.2240253|s2cid=2152326|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and [[Links (programming language)|Links]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Ezra|title=Formal Methods for Components and Objects |chapter=Links: Web Programming Without Tiers |date=2006|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=4709|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/fmco/CooperLWY06.html|pages=266–296|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74792-5_12|hdl=20.500.11820/ef5f100a-0366-4b85-8ef1-622fd7fbb53a |isbn=978-3-540-74791-8|s2cid=16397220 }}</ref> languages

and have found industrial adoption in solutions such as Ocsigen,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Balat|first=Vincent|date=2006|title=Ocsigen: typing web interaction with objective Caml.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ml/Balat06.html|pages=84–94|doi=10.1145/1159876.1159889|s2cid=6131454|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Opa (programming language)|Opa]],<ref name=":3">Rajchenbach-Teller, D., & Sinot, Franois-Régis. (2010). Opa: Language support for a sane, safe and secure web. ''Proceedings of the OWASP AppSec Research'', ''2010''(1).</ref> [[WebSharper]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Bjornson|first1=Joel|last2=Tayanovskyy|first2=Anton|last3=Granicz|first3=Adam|title=Implementation and Application of Functional Languages |chapter=Composing Reactive GUIs in F# Using WebSharper |date=2010|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |volume=6647 |page=49|___location=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-24276-2_13|isbn=978-3-642-24275-5 }}</ref> [[Meteor (web framework)|Meteor]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Strack, Isaac|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/823718999|title=Getting started with Meteor JavaScript framework|date=January 2012|isbn=978-1-78216-083-0|___location=Birmingham|oclc=823718999}}</ref> or [[Google Web Toolkit|GWT]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Kereki, Federico, 1960-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606556208|title=Essential GWT: building for the web with Google Web toolkit 2|date=2011|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-321-70563-1|___location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|oclc=606556208}}</ref>

Multitier programming provides a ''global view'' on the distributed system. This aspect has been shown similar to other programming paradigms such as [[choreographic programming]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giallorenzo |first1=Saverio |last2=Montesi |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Peressotti |first3=Marco |last4=Richter |first4=David |last5=Salvaneschi |first5=Guido |last6=Weisenburger |first6=Pascal |date=2021 |editor-last=Møller |editor-first=Anders |editor2-last=Sridharan |editor2-first=Manu |title=Multiparty Languages: The Choreographic and Multitier Cases |url=https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2021/14065 |journal=35th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2021) |series=Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs) |___location=Dagstuhl, Germany |publisher=Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik |volume=194 |pages=22:1–22:27 |doi=10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2021.22 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-3-95977-190-0|s2cid=235748561 }}</ref> [[macroprogramming]],<ref name="Casadei 2023">{{cite journal | last=Casadei | first=Roberto | title=Macroprogramming: Concepts, State of the Art, and Opportunities of Macroscopic Behaviour Modelling | journal=ACM Computing Surveys | publisher=Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) | date=2023-01-11 | volume=55 | issue=13s | pages=1–37 | issn=0360-0300 | doi=10.1145/3579353 | s2cid=245837830 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2201.03473 }}</ref> and [[aggregate computing]].<ref name="Beal Pianini Viroli 2015 pp. 22–30">{{cite journal | last1=Beal | first1=Jacob | last2=Pianini | first2=Danilo | last3=Viroli | first3=Mirko | title=Aggregate Programming for the Internet of Things | journal=Computer | publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) | volume=48 | issue=9 | year=2015 | issn=0018-9162 | doi=10.1109/mc.2015.261 | pages=22–30| hdl=11585/520779 | s2cid=26413 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Audrito |first1=Giorgio |last2=Casadei |first2=Roberto |last3=Damiani |first3=Ferruccio |last4=Salvaneschi |first4=Guido |last5=Viroli |first5=Mirko |date=2022 |editor-last=Ali |editor-first=Karim |editor2-last=Vitek |editor2-first=Jan |title=Functional Programming for Distributed Systems with XC |url=https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2022/16248 |journal=36th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2022) |series=Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs) |___location=Dagstuhl, Germany |publisher=Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik |volume=222 |pages=20:1–20:28 |doi=10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2022.20 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-3-95977-225-9|s2cid=249961384 }}</ref>

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*Swift<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=ChongStephen|last2=LiuJed|last3=C|first3=MyersAndrew|last4=QiXin|last5=VikramK|last6=ZhengLantian|last7=ZhengXin|date=2007-10-14|title=Secure web applications via automatic partitioning|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1323293.1294265|journal=ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review|volume=41|issue=6|pages=31–44|language=EN|doi=10.1145/1323293.1294265|hdl=1813/5769 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

*Volta<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manolescu|first=Dragos|date=2008|title=Volta: Developing Distributed Applications by Recompiling.|url=https://dblp.org/rec/journals/software/ManolescuBL08.html|journal=IEEE Software|volume=25|issue=5|pages=53–59|doi=10.1109/MS.2008.131|s2cid=24360031|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

*GWT<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Kereki, Federico, 1960-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606556208|title=Essential GWT: building for the web with Google Web toolkit 2|date=2011|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-321-70563-1|___location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|oclc=606556208}}</ref>

*Meteor<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Strack, Isaac|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/823718999|title=Getting started with Meteor JavaScript framework|date=January 2012|isbn=978-1-78216-083-0|___location=Birmingham|oclc=823718999}}</ref>

*J-Orchestra<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tilevich|first=Eli|title=ECOOP 2002 — Object-Oriented Programming |chapter=J-Orchestra: Automatic Java Application Partitioning |date=2002|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=2374|url=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ecoop/TilevichS02.html|pages=178–204|doi=10.1007/3-540-47993-7_8|hdl=1853/6531 |isbn=978-3-540-43759-8}}</ref>

*Hiphop<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Berry|first1=Gérard|last2=Nicolas|first2=Cyprien|last3=Serrano|first3=Manuel|title=Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGPLAN international workshop on Programming language and systems technologies for internet clients |chapter=Hiphop |date=2011|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2093328.2093337|page=49|___location=New York, New York, USA|publisher=ACM Press|doi=10.1145/2093328.2093337|isbn=978-1-4503-1171-7|s2cid=1280230}}</ref>