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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
There are many methods of [[birth control]] (or [[Birth control|contraception]]) that vary in requirements, [[Side effect|side effects]], and [[effectiveness]]. As the technology, education, and awareness about contraception has evolved, new contraception methods have been theorized and put in application. Although no method of birth control is ideal for every user, some methods remain more effective, affordable or intrusive than others. Outlined here are the different types of [[Safe sex|barrier methods]], [[Hormonal contraception|hormonal methods]], various methods including [[spermicide]]s, [[Emergency contraception|emergency contraceptives]], and surgical methods<ref name="
While many methods may prevent conception, only [[Condom|male]] and [[Female condom|female condoms]] are effective in
==Methods==▼
▲There are many methods of [[birth control]] (or [[Birth control|contraception]]) that vary in requirements, [[Side effect|side effects]], and [[effectiveness]]. As technology, education, and awareness about contraception has evolved, new contraception methods have been theorized and put in application. Although no method of birth control is ideal for every user, some methods remain more effective, affordable or intrusive than others. Outlined here are the different types of [[Safe sex|barrier methods]], [[Hormonal contraception|hormonal methods]], various methods including [[spermicide]]s, [[Emergency contraception|emergency contraceptives]], and surgical methods<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-13|title=Contraception {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> and a comparison between them.
▲While many methods may prevent conception, only [[Condom|male]] and [[Female condom|female condoms]] are effective in order to prevent [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted infections]].
▲==Methods==
===Hormonal methods===
The [[Intrauterine device|IUD (intrauterine device)]] is a T-shaped device that is inserted into the [[uterus]] by a trained medical professional. There are two different types of IUDs
[[Oral contraceptive pill|Oral contraceptives]] are another option, these are commonly known as '[[Combined oral contraceptive pill|the pill]]'. These
Some choose to get an [[Injection (medicine)|injection]] or a shot in order to prevent [[pregnancy]]. This is an option where a [[Health professional|medical professional]] will inject the hormone [[Progestogen (medication)|progestin]] into a woman's arm or [[buttocks]] every 3 months to prevent pregnancy. The [[failure rate]] is 4%.<ref name="
Women can also get an [[
The patch is another simple option, it is a skin patch containing the hormones progestin and estrogen that is absorbed into the [[Circulatory system|blood stream]] preventing [[pregnancy]]. The patch is typically worn on the lower abdomen and replaced once a week. The failure rate for this is 7%.<ref name="
The hormonal vaginal [[Contraceptive vaginal ring|contraceptive ring]] is a ring that contains the hormones [[Progestogen (medication)|progestin]] and [[estrogen]] that a woman inserts into the [[vagina]]. It is replaced once a month and has a failure rate of 7%.<ref name="
===Barrier methods ===
The [[Condom|male condom]] is typically made of [[latex]] (but other materials are available, such as [[Lambskin condom|lambskin]],
A [[contraceptive sponge]] is another contraceptive method Like the diaphragm, the contraceptive sponge contains [[spermicide]] and is inserted into the vagina and placed over the [[cervix]] to prevent [[sperm]] from entering the [[uterus]]. The sponge must be kept in place 6 hours after sexual intercourse before it can be removed and discarded. The failure rate for women who have had a baby before is 27%; for those who have not had a baby, the failure rate is 14%.<ref name="cdc-2020" />
▲The [[Condom|male condom]] is typically made of [[latex]] (but other materials are available, such as [[Lambskin condom|lambskin]], to avoid [[Latex allergy|allergies]]). The male condom is placed over the male's penis and prevents the sperm from entering the partner's body. It can prevent pregnancy, STDs, and HIV if used appropriately. Male condoms can only be used once and are easily accessible at local stores in most countries. The failure rate is 13%.<ref name=":04"/>
The [[female condom]] is worn by the woman; it is inserted into the vagina and prevents the sperm from entering her body. It can help prevent [[Sexually transmitted infection|
===Other methods===
[[Spermicide]]s come in various forms such as: gels, foams, creams, film, suppositories, or tablets. The spermicides create an environment in which sperm can no longer live
In the [[fertility awareness-based method]] a woman who has a predictable and consistent menstrual cycle tracks the days that she is fertile. The typical woman has approximately 9 [[Fertility|fertile]] days a month and either avoids intercourse on those days or uses an alternative birth control method for that period of time. The failure rate is between 2-23%.<ref name="
[[Lactational amenorrhea]] (LAM) is an option for women who have had a baby within the past 6 months and are breastfeeding. This method is only successful if it has been less than 6 months since the birth of the baby, they must be fully breastfeeding their baby, and not having any periods.<ref name="
The '[[Coitus interruptus|pull out method]]' or [[coitus interruptus]] is a method where the male will remove his penis from the vagina before ejaculating;
===Emergency contraceptives===
A [[Copper IUDs|copper IUD]] can be used as an [[Emergency contraception|emergency contraceptive]] as long as it is inserted within 5 days
There are two different types of [[Emergency contraception|emergency contraceptive pills]], one contains [[
Use of an emergency contraceptive should occur as soon as possible after unprotected sexual intercourse to reduce the chance of pregnancy.
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===Surgical methods===
[[Tubal ligation]] is also known as 'tying tubes'
A [[vasectomy]] is a minor surgical procedure where a doctor will cut the [[vas deferens]] and seal the ends to prevent sperm from reaching the penis and ultimately the egg. The method is usually successful after 12 weeks post-procedure or
==User dependence==
Different methods require different levels of diligence by users. Methods with little or nothing to do or remember, or that require a clinic visit less than once per year are said to be ''non-user dependent'', ''forgettable,'' or ''top-tier'' methods.<ref name="Hatcher20th">{{
Many hormonal methods of birth control, and LAM require a moderate level of thoughtfulness. For many hormonal methods, clinic visits must be made every three months to a year to renew the prescription. The pill must be taken every day, the patch must be reapplied weekly, or the ring must be replaced monthly. Injections are required every 12 weeks. The rules for LAM must be followed every day. Both LAM and hormonal methods provide a reduced level of protection against pregnancy if they are occasionally used incorrectly (rarely going longer than 4–6 hours between breastfeeds, a late pill or injection, or forgetting to replace a patch or ring on time). The actual failure rates for LAM and hormonal methods are somewhat higher than the perfect-use failure rates.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
Higher levels of user commitment are required for other methods.<ref
==Side effects==
Different forms of birth control have different potential side effects. Not all, or even most, users will experience side effects from a method. The less effective the method, the greater the risk of pregnancy, and the side effects associated with pregnancy.
Minimal or no
Barrier methods have a risk of allergic reactions. Users sensitive to latex may use barriers made of less allergenic materials - polyurethane condoms, or silicone diaphragms, for example. Barrier methods are also often combined with spermicides, which have possible side effects of genital irritation, vaginal infection, and urinary tract infection.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}▼
▲Minimal or no other side effects are possible with coitus interruptus, fertility awareness-based, and LAM. Some forms of periodic abstinence encourage examination of the cervix; insertion of the fingers into the vagina to perform this examination may cause changes in the vaginal environment. Following the rules for LAM may delay a woman's first post-partum menstruation beyond what would be expected from different breastfeeding practices.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
▲Barrier methods have a risk of allergic reactions. Users sensitive to latex may use barriers made of less allergenic materials - polyurethane condoms, or silicone diaphragms, for example. Barrier methods are also often combined with spermicides, which have possible side effects of genital irritation, vaginal infection, and urinary tract infection.
After IUD insertion, users may experience irregular periods in the first 3–6 months with Mirena, and sometimes heavier periods and worse menstrual cramps with ParaGard. However, continuation rates are much higher with IUDs compared to non-long-acting methods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology, Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Work Group |date=November 2017 |title=Practice Bulletin No. 186: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices
▲ --><ref>{{cite web |last=Bloomquist |first=Michele | name-list-style = vanc | title = Getting Your Tubes Tied: Is this common procedure causing uncommon problems? | work = MedicineNet.com |publisher=WebMD |date=May 2000 |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=51216 |access-date=2006-09-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hauber |first=Kevin C. | name-list-style = vanc |title=If It Works, Don't Fix It! |url=http://www.dontfixit.org/ |access-date=2006-09-25 }}{{MEDRS|date=September 2012}}</ref> Female sterilization is a more significant operation than vasectomy, and has greater risks; in industrialized nations, mortality is 4 per 100,000 tubal ligations, versus 0.1 per 100,000 vasectomies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Awsare NS, Krishnan J, Boustead GB, Hanbury DC, McNicholas TA | title = Complications of vasectomy | journal = Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England | volume = 87 | issue = 6 | pages = 406–10 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16263006 | pmc = 1964127 | doi = 10.1308/003588405X71054 }}</ref>
Because of their systemic nature, hormonal methods have the largest number of possible side effects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Healthwise. |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Hormonal Birth Control |url=http://healthlinksbc.org/kb/content/frame/tw9513.html |access-date=2010-07-06}}</ref> Combined hormonal contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin hormones.<ref name="
▲After IUD insertion, users may experience irregular periods in the first 3–6 months with Mirena, and sometimes heavier periods and worse menstrual cramps with ParaGard. However, continuation rates are much higher with IUDs compared to non-long-acting methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology, Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Work Group|date=November 2017|title=Practice Bulletin No. 186: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064972|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=130|issue=5|pages=e251–e269|doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002400|issn=1873-233X|pmid=29064972|s2cid=35477591 }}</ref> A positive characteristic of IUDs is that fertility and the ability to become pregnant returns quickly once the IUD is removed.<ref name="plannedparenthood.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/iud-4245.htm|title=Planned Parenthood IUD Birth Control - Mirena IUD - ParaGard IUD|access-date=2012-02-26}}</ref>
Hormonal contraceptives can come in multiple forms including injectables. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), a progestin-only injectable, has been found to cause [[amenorrhea]] (cessation of menstruation); however, the irregular bleeding pattern returns to normal over time.<ref name="
▲Combined hormonal contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin hormones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Teal |first1=Stephanie |last2=Edelman |first2=Alison |date=2021-12-28 |title=Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2787541 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=326 |issue=24 |pages=2507–2518 |doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21392|pmid=34962522 |s2cid=245557522 |issn=0098-7484|doi-access=free }}</ref> They can come in formulations such as pills, vaginal rings, and transdermal patches.<ref name=":0" /> Most people who use combined hormonal contraception experience breakthrough bleeding within the first 3 months.<ref name=":0" /> Other common side effects include headaches, breast tenderness, and changes in mood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Barr |first=Nancy Grossman |date=December 15, 2020 |title=Managing Adverse Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/1215/afp20101215p1499.pdf |journal=American Family Physician |volume=82 |issue=12 |pages=1499–1506 |pmid=21166370 |via=American Academy of Family Physicians}}</ref> Side effects from hormonal contraceptives typically disappear over time (3-5 months) with consistent use.<ref name=":1" /> Less common effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis to 2 to 10 per 10 000 women per year and venous thrombotic events (see [[venous thrombosis]]) to 7 to 10 per 10,000 women per year.<ref name=":0" />
▲Hormonal contraceptives can come in multiple forms including injectables. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), a progestin-only injectable, has been found to cause amenorrhea; however, the irregular bleeding pattern returns to normal over time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> DMPA has also been associated with weight gain.<ref name=":1" /> Other side effects more commonly associated with progestin-only products include [[acne]] and [[hirsutism]].<ref name=":1" /> Compared to combined hormonal contraceptives, progestin-only contraceptives typically produce a more regular bleeding pattern.<ref name=":0" />
▲===Sexually transmitted disease prevention===
{{main article|Safe sex}}
[[condom|Male]] and [[female condom]]s provide significant protection against [[sexually transmitted
Other barrier methods, such as [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|
==Effectiveness
Failure rates may be calculated by either the [[Pearl Index]] or a [[decrement table|life table method]]. A "perfect-use" rate is where any rules of the method are rigorously followed, and (if applicable) the method is used at every act of intercourse.▼
===Cost and cost-effectiveness===▼
Family planning is among the most cost-effective of all health interventions.<ref
During the initial five years, vasectomy is comparable in cost to the IUD. Vasectomy is much less expensive and safer than tubal ligation. Since ecological breastfeeding and fertility awareness are behavioral they cost nothing or a small amount upfront for a thermometer
Not using contraceptives is the most expensive option. While in that case there are no method related costs, it has the highest failure rate, and thus the highest failure related costs. Even if one only considers medical costs relating to preconception care and birth, any method of contraception saves money compared to using no method.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}▼
The most effective and the most cost-effective methods are long-acting methods. Unfortunately these methods often have significant up-front costs, and requiring the user to pay a portion of these costs prevents some from using more effective methods.<ref
===Effectiveness calculation===
▲Failure rates may be calculated by either the [[Pearl Index]] or a [[decrement table|life table method]]. A "perfect-use" rate is where
Actual failure rates are higher than perfect-use rates for a variety of reasons:
* Mistakes on the part of those providing instructions on how to use the method.
* Inconsistent use of the method
* Mistakes on the part of the method's users.
* Conscious user non-compliance with the method.
* Insurance providers sometimes impede access to medications (e.g. require prescription refills monthly).<ref>{{
For instance, someone using oral forms of hormonal birth control might be given incorrect information by a health care provider as to the frequency of intake, or for some reason does not take the pill one or several days, or not go to the pharmacy on time to renew the prescription, or the pharmacy might be unwilling to provide enough pills to cover an extended absence.
===Effectiveness comparison===
The table below color codes the '''typical use''' and '''perfect use''' [[failure rate]]s, where the failure rate is measured as the expected number of pregnancies per year per woman using the method:
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
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In the '''user action required''' column, items that are ''non-user dependent'' (require action once per year or less) also have a blue background.
Some methods may be used simultaneously for higher effectiveness rates. For example, using condoms with spermicides the estimated perfect use failure rate would be comparable to the perfect use failure rate of the implant.<ref name="Hatcher20th" /> However, mathematically combining the rates to estimate the effectiveness of combined methods can be inaccurate, as the effectiveness of each method is not necessarily independent
If a method is known or suspected to have been ineffective, such as a condom breaking, or a method could not be used, as is the case for [[rape]] when user action is required for every act of intercourse, [[emergency contraception]] (ECP) may be taken
before making major changes to the table (e.g. adding or removing methods). -->
<!--
This table lists the [[force of mortality|rate of pregnancy]] during the first year of use.<!--▼
User action required - frequency action is required to employ the method.
Sorting - larger is less frequent.
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
▲
|-
! Birth control method !! class=unsortable|Brand/common name !! Typical-use failure rate (%) !! Perfect-use failure rate (%) !! Type !! Implementation !! User action required
|-
| [[Contraceptive implant]]
| [[Implanon]]/Nexplanon,<ref name="trussell2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trussell J |date=May 2011 |title=Contraceptive failure in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=397–404 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.01.021 |pmc=3638209 |pmid=21477680}}</ref> [[Jadelle]],<ref>{{
|-
| [[Vasectomy]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| Male sterilization || style="background:#e0ffff" | {{sort|000.15|0.15}} <br />(1
|-
| [[Combined injectable contraceptive|Combined injectable]]<ref>{{
| Lunelle, Cyclofem || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.20|0.2}} <br />(1
|-
| [[IUD with progestogen]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| Mirena, Skyla, Liletta || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.20|0.2}} <br />(1
|-
| {{color|gray|[[Essure]] (removed from markets)}}<ref>{{
|
|-
| [[Tubal ligation]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| Tube tying, female sterilization || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.50|0.5}} <br />(1
|-
| Bilateral [[salpingectomy]]<ref>{{cite journal |
| Tube removal, "bisalp" || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.75|0.75}} (1
|-
| [[IUD with copper]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| [[Paragard]], Copper T, the coil || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.80|0.8}} <br />(1
|-
| Forschungsgruppe NFP symptothermal method, teaching sessions + application<ref name="trussell2011" /><ref
| Sensiplan by Arbeitsgruppe NFP ([[Malteser International|Malteser Germany]] gGmbh) || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|001.68|1.68}} <br />(1 of 60) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.43|0.43}}<br /> (1
|-
| [[Lactational amenorrhea method|LAM]] for 6 months only; not applicable if menstruation resumes<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors
| Ecological breastfeeding || style="background:#e0ffe0" | {{sort|002.00|2}} <br />(1
|-
| {{color|gray|2002<ref name="leaapproval">{{
| [[Lea's Shield]] || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|005.00|5}} <br />(1
|-
| [[Medroxyprogesterone acetate|MPA]] shot<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | title = Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States | url = http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Contraceptive-Failure-Rates.pdf
| [[Depo Provera]], the shot || style="background:#ffffc0" | {{sort|004.00|4}} <br />(1
|-
| {{color|gray|[[Testosterone (medication)|Testosterone]] injection for male ([[Off-label use|unapproved]], experimental method)}}<ref>{{
| Testosterone Undecanoate || style="background:#ffffc0" | {{sort|006.10|6.1}} <br />(1
|-
| 1999 [[cervical cap]] and spermicide (replaced by second generation in 2003)<ref>{{
| [[FemCap]] || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|007.60|7.6}}{{Failed verification|date=December 2017}} (estimated) <br />(1
|-
| [[Contraceptive patch]]<ref name="ReferenceA" />
| Ortho Evra, the patch || style="background:#ffffc0" | {{sort|007.00|7}} <br />(1
|-
| [[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contraceptive Failure Rates |url=http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Contraceptive-Failure-Rates.pdf/ |
|
|-
| [[Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel]] vaginal ring<ref name="ReferenceA" />
| [[NuvaRing]], the ring || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|007.00|7}} <br />(1
|-
| [[Progestogen only pill]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| POP, minipill || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}}<ref name="contraceptivetechnology.org" /><br />(1 in 11) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.30|0.3}}<br />(1 in 333) || Progestogen + placebo<ref name="placebo" /> || Oral medication || {{sort | 00.010 | Daily}}
|-
| [[Ormeloxifene]]<ref>{{
| Saheli, Centron || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}} <br /> (1 in 11)|| style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|002.00|2}}<br />(1 in 50) || [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|SERM]] || Oral medication || {{sort | 00.070 | Weekly}}▼
▲| Saheli, Centron || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}} || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|002.00|2}} || [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|SERM]] || Oral medication || {{sort | 00.070 | Weekly}}
|-
| Emergency contraception pill || Plan B One-Step® || style=background:#dcdcdc | {{sort|100.00|no data}} || style=background:#dcdcdc | {{sort|100.00|no data}} || Levonorgestrel || Oral medication || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
|[[Calendar-based contraceptive methods#Standard Days Method|Standard Days Method]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| CycleBeads, iCycleBeads || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|012.00|12}} <br />(1
|-
| [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|Diaphragm]] and [[spermicide]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|012.00|12}} <br />(1
|-
| Plastic [[contraceptive sponge]] with spermicide used by nulliparous<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="nulliparous" group="note"/>
| [[Today sponge]], the sponge || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|014.00|14}} <br />(1 in 7) || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}} <br />(1 in 11) || Barrier
|-
| {{color|gray|2002<ref name="leaapproval" /> cervical cap and [[spermicide]] used by parous (discontinued in 2008)
| [[Lea's Shield]] || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|015.00|15}} <br />(1
|-
| {{color|gray|1988 [[cervical cap]] and [[spermicide]] (discontinued in 2005) used by nulliparous}}<ref name="nulliparous" group="note"/>
| [[Prentif]] || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|016.00|16}} <br />(1 in 6.25) || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}}<br />(1 in 11) || Barrier
|-
|
| Condom || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|013.00|13}} <br />(1
|-
| [[
| || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|021.00|21}} <br />(1
|-
| [[Coitus interruptus]]<ref name="ReferenceA" />
|
|- <!-- Please see discussion under Sorting order and 4 May revert before editing the symptoms-based fertility awareness entry. -->
| Symptoms-based [[fertility awareness]] ex. symptothermal and calendar-based methods<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref group="note">No formal studies meet the standards of ''Contraceptive Technology'' for determining typical effectiveness. The typical effectiveness listed here is from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]'s National Survey of Family Growth, which grouped symptoms-based methods together with calendar-based methods. See [[Fertility awareness#Effectiveness]].</ref><ref group="note">The term [[fertility awareness]] is sometimes used interchangeably with the term [[natural family planning]] (NFP), though NFP usually refers to use of periodic abstinence in accordance with [[Catholic]] beliefs.</ref>
| TwoDay method, [[Billings ovulation method]], [[Creighton Model]] || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|024.00|24 }} <br />(1
|-
| [[Calendar-based methods]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| The rhythm method, Knaus-Ogino method, Standard Days method || style="background:#dcdcdc" | {{sort|100.00|no data}} || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|005.00|5}}<br />(1 in 20) || Behavioral || Calendar-based || {{sort | 00.010 | Daily}}
|-
| Plastic [[contraceptive sponge]] with spermicide used by parous<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="parous" group="note" />
| Today sponge, the sponge || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|027.00|27}} <br />(1
|-
| [[Spermicide|Spermicidal]] gel, suppository, or film<ref name="ReferenceA" />
| || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|028.00|21}} <br />(1
|-
| {{color|gray|1988 [[cervical cap]] and [[spermicide]] used by parous (discontinued in 2005)
| [[Prentif]] || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|032.00|32}}<br />(1 in 3) || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|026.00|26}} <br />(1 in 4)|| Barrier
|-
| None (unprotected intercourse)<ref name="trussell2011" />▼
| || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|
▲| None (unprotected intercourse)<ref name=trussell2011/>
|- class=sortbottom
! Birth control method !! class=unsortable|Brand/common name !! Typical-use failure rate (%) !! Perfect-use failure rate (%) !! Type !! Implementation !! User action required
Line 253:
===Table notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}
▲==Cost and cost-effectiveness==
▲Family planning is among the most cost-effective of all health interventions.<ref name=Tsui>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsui AO, McDonald-Mosley R, Burke AE | title = Family planning and the burden of unintended pregnancies | journal = Epidemiologic Reviews | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 152–74 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20570955 | pmc = 3115338 | doi = 10.1093/epirev/mxq012 }}</ref> Costs of contraceptives include method costs (including supplies, office visits, training), cost of method failure ([[ectopic pregnancy]], [[Miscarriage|spontaneous abortion]], induced abortion, birth, child care expenses) and cost of side effects.<ref name=Trussell2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Trussell J, Lalla AM, Doan QV, Reyes E, Pinto L, Gricar J | title = Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States | journal = Contraception | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–14 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19041435 | pmc = 3638200 | doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.08.003 }}</ref> Contraception saves money by reducing [[unintended pregnancy|unintended pregnancies]] and reducing transmission of [[sexually transmitted infection]]s. By comparison, in the US, method related costs vary from nothing to about $1,000 for a year or more of reversible contraception.
▲Since ecological breastfeeding and fertility awareness are behavioral they cost nothing or a small amount upfront for a thermometer and / or training. Fertility awareness based methods can be used throughout a woman's reproductive lifetime.
▲Not using contraceptives is the most expensive option. While in that case there are no method related costs, it has the highest failure rate, and thus the highest failure related costs. Even if one only considers medical costs relating to preconception care and birth, any method of contraception saves money compared to using no method.
==See also==
▲The most effective and the most cost-effective methods are long-acting methods. Unfortunately these methods often have significant up-front costs, requiring the user to pay a portion of these costs prevents some from using more effective methods.<ref name=Cleland>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cleland K, Peipert JF, Westhoff C, Spear S, Trussell J | title = Family planning as a cost-saving preventive health service | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 364 | issue = 18 | pages = e37 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21506736 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp1104373 }}</ref> Contraception saves money for the public health system and insurers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jennifer J. Frost|last2=Lawrence B. Finer|last3=Athena Tapales|date=2008|title=The Impact of Publicly Funded Family Planning Clinic Services on Unintended Pregnancies and Government Cost Savings|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_health_care_for_the_poor_and_underserved/v019/19.3.frost.html|journal=Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=778–796|doi=10.1353/hpu.0.0060|pmid=18677070|s2cid=14727184|issn=1548-6869}}</ref>
*[[Male contraceptive]]
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{{Birth control methods}}
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