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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{GOCE in use}}[[File:Effectivenessofcontraceptives.png|thumb|450px|Effectiveness of contraceptive methods with respect to birth control. Only condoms are useful to prevent [[sexually transmitted infections]].]]▼
▲
There are many methods of [[birth control]] (or [[Birth control|contraception]]) that vary in requirements, [[Side effect|side effects]], and [[effectiveness]]. As the technology, education, and awareness about contraception has evolved, new contraception methods have been theorized and put in application. Although no method of birth control is ideal for every user, some methods remain more effective, affordable or intrusive than others. Outlined here are the different types of [[Safe sex|barrier methods]], [[Hormonal contraception|hormonal methods]], various methods including [[spermicide]]s, [[Emergency contraception|emergency contraceptives]], and surgical methods<ref name="cdc-2020">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-13|title=Contraception {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> and a comparison between them. ▼
▲There are many methods of [[birth control]] (or [[Birth control|contraception]]) that vary in requirements, [[Side effect|side effects]], and [[effectiveness]]. As the technology, education, and awareness about contraception has evolved, new contraception methods have been theorized and put in application. Although no method of birth control is ideal for every user, some methods remain more effective, affordable or intrusive than others. Outlined here are the different types of [[Safe sex|barrier methods]], [[Hormonal contraception|hormonal methods]], various methods including [[spermicide]]s, [[Emergency contraception|emergency contraceptives]], and surgical methods<ref name="cdc-2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-13 |title=Contraception {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> and a comparison between them.
While many methods may prevent conception, only [[Condom|male]] and [[Female condom|female condoms]] are effective in preventing [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted infections]].
==Methods==
===Hormonal methods===
The [[Intrauterine device|IUD (intrauterine device)]] is a T-shaped device that is inserted into the [[uterus]] by a trained medical professional. There are two different types of IUDs: copper or [[Hormonal intrauterine device|hormonal]].<ref name="cdc-2020" /> The [[Copper IUDs|copper IUD]] (also known as a copper T intrauterine device) is a non-hormonal option of birth control. It is wrapped in copper which creates a toxic environment for [[sperm]] and eggs, thus preventing pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copper IUD (ParaGard) - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/paragard/about/pac-20391270 |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.mayoclinic.org}}</ref> The failure rate of a copper IUD is approximately 0.8% and can prevent pregnancy for up to 10 years. The [[Hormonal IUDs|hormonal IUD]] (also known as levonorgestrel intrauterine system or LNg IUD) releases a small amount of the hormone called [[Progestogen (medication)|progestin]] that can prevent pregnancy for 3–8 years with a failure rate of 0.1-0.4%.<ref name="cdc-2020" /> IUDs can be removed by a trained medical professional at any time before the expiration date to allow for pregnancy.
[[Oral contraceptive pill|Oral contraceptives]] are another option, these are commonly known as '[[Combined oral contraceptive pill|the pill]]'. These
Some choose to get an [[Injection (medicine)|injection]] or a shot in order to prevent [[pregnancy]]. This is an option where a [[Health professional|medical professional]] will inject the hormone [[Progestogen (medication)|progestin]] into a woman's arm or [[buttocks]] every 3 months to prevent pregnancy. The [[failure rate]] is 4%.<ref name="cdc-2020" />
Women can also get an [[
The patch is another simple option, it is a skin patch containing the hormones progestin and estrogen that is absorbed into the [[Circulatory system|blood stream]] preventing [[pregnancy]]. The patch is typically worn on the lower abdomen and replaced once a week. The failure rate for this is 7%.<ref name="cdc-2020" />
The hormonal vaginal [[Contraceptive vaginal ring|contraceptive ring]] is a ring that contains the hormones [[Progestogen (medication)|progestin]] and [[estrogen]] that a woman inserts into the [[vagina]]. It is replaced once a month and has a failure rate of 7%.<ref name="cdc-2020" />
===Barrier methods ===
The [[Condom|male condom]] is typically made of [[latex]] (but other materials are available, such as [[Lambskin condom|lambskin]], if either partner has a [[latex allergy]]). The male condom is placed over the male's penis and prevents the sperm and semen from entering the partner's body. It can prevent pregnancy, and STIs such as, but not limited to, HIV if used appropriately. Male condoms are disposable (each condom can only be used once) and are easily accessible at local stores in most countries. Condoms have a failure rate of 2% when used correctly during every act of intercourse, and 13% when used 'typically', which includes cases where they are used inconsistently or incorrectly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Contraceptive Effectiveness in the United States {{!}} Guttmacher Institute |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-effectiveness-united-states |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.guttmacher.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cdc-2020" />
The [[female condom]] is worn by the woman; it is inserted into the vagina and prevents the sperm from entering her body. It can help prevent [[Sexually transmitted infection|
===Other methods===
[[Spermicide]]s come in various forms such as: gels, foams, creams, film, suppositories, or tablets. The spermicides create an environment in which sperm can no longer live. Though typically used in addition to the male condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap, they can also be used by themselves. They are put into the vagina no more than an hour before intercourse and kept inside the vagina for 6–8 hours after intercourse. The failure rate is 21%.<ref name="cdc-2020" />
In the [[fertility awareness-based method]] a woman who has a predictable and consistent menstrual cycle tracks the days that she is fertile. The typical woman has approximately 9 [[Fertility|fertile]] days a month and either avoids intercourse on those days or uses an alternative birth control method for that period of time. The failure rate is between 2-23%.<ref name="cdc-2020" />
[[Lactational amenorrhea]] (LAM) is an option for women who have had a baby within the past 6 months and are breastfeeding. This method is only successful if it has been less than 6 months since the birth of the baby, they must be fully breastfeeding their baby, and not having any periods.<ref name="cdc-2020" /> The method is almost as effective as an oral contraceptive if the 3 conditions are strictly followed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breastfeeding as Birth Control {{!}} Information About LAM |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/breastfeeding |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref>
The '[[Coitus interruptus|pull out method]]' or [[coitus interruptus]] is a method where the male will remove his penis from the vagina before ejaculating; this prevents [[Fertilisation|sperm from reaching the egg]] and can prevent pregnancy. This method has to be done correctly every time and is best if used in addition to other forms of birth control. It has a failure rate of approximately 22%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Effectiveness of the Pull-Out Method? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/withdrawal-pull-out-method/how-effective-is-withdrawal-method-pulling-out |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref>
===Emergency contraceptives===
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A [[Copper IUDs|copper IUD]] can be used as an [[Emergency contraception|emergency contraceptive]] as long as it is inserted within 5 days after intercourse.<ref name="cdc-2020" />
There are two different types of [[Emergency contraception|emergency contraceptive pills]], one contains [[levonorgestrel]] and can prevent pregnancy if taken within 3 days of intercourse. The other contains [[ulipristal acetate]] and can prevent pregnancy if taken within 5 days of intercourse. This option can be used if other birth control methods fail.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Kind of Emergency Contraception Is Best For Me? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/morning-after-pill-emergency-contraception/which-kind-emergency-contraception-should-i-use |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref>
Use of an emergency contraceptive should occur as soon as possible after unprotected sexual intercourse to reduce the chance of pregnancy.
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==User dependence==
Different methods require different levels of diligence by users. Methods with little or nothing to do or remember, or that require a clinic visit less than once per year are said to be ''non-user dependent'', ''forgettable,'' or ''top-tier'' methods.<ref name="Hatcher20th">{{
Many hormonal methods of birth control, and LAM require a moderate level of thoughtfulness. For many hormonal methods, clinic visits must be made every three months to a year to renew the prescription. The pill must be taken every day, the patch must be reapplied weekly, or the ring must be replaced monthly. Injections are required every 12 weeks. The rules for LAM must be followed every day. Both LAM and hormonal methods provide a reduced level of protection against pregnancy if they are occasionally used incorrectly (rarely going longer than 4–6 hours between breastfeeds, a late pill or injection, or forgetting to replace a patch or ring on time). The actual failure rates for LAM and hormonal methods are somewhat higher than the perfect-use failure rates.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
Higher levels of user commitment are required for other methods.<ref
==Side effects==
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Barrier methods have a risk of allergic reactions. Users sensitive to latex may use barriers made of less allergenic materials - polyurethane condoms, or silicone diaphragms, for example. Barrier methods are also often combined with spermicides, which have possible side effects of genital irritation, vaginal infection, and urinary tract infection.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
Sterilization procedures are generally considered to have a low risk of side effects, though some persons and organizations disagree.<ref>{{
After IUD insertion, users may experience irregular periods in the first 3–6 months with Mirena, and sometimes heavier periods and worse menstrual cramps with ParaGard. However, continuation rates are much higher with IUDs compared to non-long-acting methods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology, Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Work Group |date=November 2017 |title=Practice Bulletin No. 186: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices
Because of their systemic nature, hormonal methods have the largest number of possible side effects.<ref>{{
Hormonal contraceptives can come in multiple forms including injectables. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), a progestin-only injectable, has been found to cause [[amenorrhea]] (cessation of menstruation); however, the irregular bleeding pattern returns to normal over time.<ref name="teal-2021" /><ref name="barr-2020" /> DMPA has also been associated with weight gain.<ref name="barr-2020" /> Other side effects more commonly associated with progestin-only products include [[acne]] and [[hirsutism]].<ref name="barr-2020" /> Compared to combined hormonal contraceptives, progestin-only contraceptives typically produce a more regular bleeding pattern.<ref name="teal-2021" />
===Sexually transmitted
{{main article|Safe sex}}
[[condom|Male]] and [[female condom]]s provide significant protection against [[sexually transmitted
Other barrier methods, such as [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|diaphragms]] may provide limited protection against infections in the upper genital tract. Other methods provide little or no protection against sexually transmitted
==Effectiveness==
===Cost and cost-effectiveness===
Family planning is among the most cost-effective of all health interventions.<ref
During the initial five years, vasectomy is comparable in cost to the IUD. Vasectomy is much less expensive and safer than tubal ligation. Since ecological breastfeeding and fertility awareness are behavioral they cost nothing or a small amount upfront for a thermometer or training. Fertility awareness based methods can be used throughout a woman's reproductive lifetime.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
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Not using contraceptives is the most expensive option. While in that case there are no method related costs, it has the highest failure rate, and thus the highest failure related costs. Even if one only considers medical costs relating to preconception care and birth, any method of contraception saves money compared to using no method.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
The most effective and the most cost-effective methods are long-acting methods. Unfortunately these methods often have significant up-front costs, and requiring the user to pay a portion of these costs prevents some from using more effective methods.<ref
===Effectiveness calculation===
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Actual failure rates are higher than perfect-use rates for a variety of reasons:
* Mistakes on the part of those providing instructions on how to use the method.
* Inconsistent use of the method
* Mistakes on the part of the method's users.
* Conscious user non-compliance with the method.
* Insurance providers sometimes impede access to medications (e.g. require prescription refills monthly).<ref>{{
For instance, someone using oral forms of hormonal birth control might be given incorrect information by a health care provider as to the frequency of intake, or for some reason does not take the pill one or several days, or not go to the pharmacy on time to renew the prescription, or the pharmacy might be unwilling to provide enough pills to cover an extended absence.
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In the '''user action required''' column, items that are ''non-user dependent'' (require action once per year or less) also have a blue background.
Some methods may be used simultaneously for higher effectiveness rates. For example, using condoms with spermicides the estimated perfect use failure rate would be comparable to the perfect use failure rate of the implant.<ref name="Hatcher20th" /> However, mathematically combining the rates to estimate the effectiveness of combined methods can be inaccurate, as the effectiveness of each method is not necessarily independent.<ref>{{
If a method is known or suspected to have been ineffective, such as a condom breaking, or a method could not be used, as is the case for [[rape]] when user action is required for every act of intercourse, [[emergency contraception]] (ECP) may be taken 72 to 120 hours after [[sexual intercourse]]. Emergency contraception should be taken shortly before or as soon after intercourse as possible, as its efficacy decreases with increasing delay. Although ECP is considered an emergency measure, levonorgestrel ECP taken shortly before sexual intercourse may be used as a primary method for women who have sexual intercourse only a few times a year and want a hormonal method, but
before making major changes to the table (e.g. adding or removing methods). -->
<!--
Line 145 ⟶ 149:
|-
| [[Contraceptive implant]]
| [[Implanon]]/Nexplanon,<ref name="trussell2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Trussell J |date=May 2011 |title=Contraceptive failure in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=397–404 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.01.021 |pmc=3638209 |pmid=21477680}}</ref> [[Jadelle]],<ref>{{
|-
| [[Vasectomy]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| Male sterilization || style="background:#e0ffff" | {{sort|000.15|0.15}} <br />(1 in 666) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.10|0.1}} <br />(1 in 1000) || Sterilization || Surgical procedure ||style=background:#e0ffff| {{sort | 98.000 | Once}}
|-
| [[Combined injectable contraceptive|Combined injectable]]<ref>{{
| Lunelle, Cyclofem || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.20|0.2}} <br />(1 in 500) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.20|0.2}} <br />(1 in 500) || Estrogen & progestogen || Injection || {{sort | 00.100 | Monthly}}
|-
| [[IUD with progestogen]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| Mirena, Skyla, Liletta || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.20|0.2}} <br />(1 in 500)|| style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.20|0.2}}<br />(1 in 500) || Intrauterine & progestogen || Intrauterine ||style=background:#e0ffff| {{sort | 05.000 | 3-7 years}}
|-
| {{color|gray|[[Essure]] (removed from markets)}}<ref>{{
| Female sterilization || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.26|0.26}} <br />(1 in 384) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.26|0.26}} <br />(1 in 384) || Sterilization || Surgical procedure || style=background:#e0ffff| {{sort | 98.000 | Once}}
|-
| [[Tubal ligation]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| Tube tying, female sterilization || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.50|0.5}} <br />(1 in 200) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.50|0.5}} <br />(1 in 200) || Sterilization || Surgical procedure ||style=background:#e0ffff| {{sort | 98.000 | Once}}
|-
| Bilateral [[salpingectomy]]<ref>{{cite journal |
| Tube removal, "bisalp" || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.75|0.75}} (1 in 133) after 10 years<ref group="note">No data for 1 year failure rates</ref> || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.75|0.75}} after 10 years || Sterilization || Surgical procedure || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort| 98.000 | Once}}
|-
| [[IUD with copper]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| [[Paragard]], Copper T, the coil || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.80|0.8}} <br />(1 in 125) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.60|0.6}}<br />(1 in 167) || Intrauterine & copper || Intrauterine ||style=background:#e0ffff| {{sort | 05.100 | 3 to 12+ years}} <!-- sort longer than 5 years -->
|-
| Forschungsgruppe NFP symptothermal method, teaching sessions + application<ref name="trussell2011" /><ref
| Sensiplan by Arbeitsgruppe NFP ([[Malteser International|Malteser Germany]] gGmbh) || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|001.68|1.68}} <br />(1 of 60) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.43|0.43}}<br /> (1 in 233) || Behavioral || Teaching sessions, observation, charting and evaluating a combination of fertility symptoms|| {{sort | 00.006 | Three teaching sessions + daily application}}
|-
| [[Lactational amenorrhea method|LAM]] for 6 months only; not applicable if menstruation resumes<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors
| Ecological breastfeeding || style="background:#e0ffe0" | {{sort|002.00|2}} <br />(1 in 50) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.50|0.5}} <br />(1 in 200) || Behavioral || Breastfeeding || {{sort | 00.004 | Every few hours}}
|-
| {{color|gray|2002<ref name="leaapproval">{{
| [[Lea's Shield]] || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|005.00|5}} <br />(1 in 20) || style=background:#dcdcdc | {{sort|100.00|no data}} || Barrier & spermicide || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| [[Medroxyprogesterone acetate|MPA]] shot<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | title = Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States | url = http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Contraceptive-Failure-Rates.pdf
| [[Depo Provera]], the shot || style="background:#ffffc0" | {{sort|004.00|4}} <br />(1 in 25) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.20|0.2}}<br />(1 in 500) || Progestogen || Injection || {{sort | 00.300 | 12 weeks}}
|-
| {{color|gray|[[Testosterone (medication)|Testosterone]] injection for male ([[Off-label use|unapproved]], experimental method)}}<ref>{{
| Testosterone Undecanoate || style="background:#ffffc0" | {{sort|006.10|6.1}} <br />(1 in 16) || style="background:#e0ffe0" | {{sort|001.10|1.1}}<br />(1 in 91) || Testosterone || Intramuscular Injection || {{sort | 00.030 | Every 4 weeks}}
|-
| 1999 [[cervical cap]] and spermicide (replaced by second generation in 2003)<ref>{{
| [[FemCap]] || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|007.60|7.6}}{{Failed verification|date=December 2017}} (estimated) <br />(1 in 13) || style=background:#dcdcdc | no data || Barrier & spermicide || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| [[Contraceptive patch]]<ref name="ReferenceA" />
| Ortho Evra, the patch || style="background:#ffffc0" | {{sort|007.00|7}} <br />(1 in 14) || style="background:#e0ffff" | {{sort|000.30|0.3}}<br />(1 in 333) || Estrogen & progestogen || Transdermal patch || {{sort | 00.070 | Weekly}}
|-
| [[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contraceptive Failure Rates |url=http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Contraceptive-Failure-Rates.pdf/ |
| The pill || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|007.00|7}} <br />(1 in 14)<ref name="contraceptivetechnology.org">{{
|-
| [[Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel]] vaginal ring<ref name="ReferenceA" />
| [[NuvaRing]], the ring || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|007.00|7}} <br />(1 in 14) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.30|0.3}} <br />(1 in 333) || Estrogen & progestogen || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.099 | In place 3 weeks / 1 week break}} <!-- every 3 weeks then 1 week, so sorting to just under monthly -->
|-
| [[Progestogen only pill]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| POP, minipill || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}}<ref name="contraceptivetechnology.org" /><br />(1 in 11) || style=background:#e0ffff | {{sort|000.30|0.3}}<br />(1 in 333) || Progestogen + placebo<ref name="placebo" /> || Oral medication || {{sort | 00.010 | Daily}}
|-
| [[Ormeloxifene]]<ref>{{
| Saheli, Centron || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}} <br /> (1 in 11)|| style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|002.00|2}}<br />(1 in 50) || [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator|SERM]] || Oral medication || {{sort | 00.070 | Weekly}}
|-
| Emergency contraception pill || Plan B One-Step® || style=background:#dcdcdc | {{sort|100.00|no data}} || style=background:#dcdcdc | {{sort|100.00|no data}} || Levonorgestrel || Oral medication || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
|[[Calendar-based contraceptive methods#Standard Days Method|Standard Days Method]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| CycleBeads, iCycleBeads || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|012.00|12}} <br />(1 in 8.3) || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|005.00|5}}<br />(1 in 20) || Behavioral || Counting days since menstruation || {{sort | 00.010 | Daily}}
|-
| [[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|Diaphragm]] and [[spermicide]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|012.00|12}} <br />(1 in 6) || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|006.00|6}} <br />(1 in 12) || Barrier + spermicide || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| Plastic [[contraceptive sponge]] with spermicide used by nulliparous<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="nulliparous" group="note"/>
| [[Today sponge]], the sponge || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|014.00|14}} <br />(1 in 7) || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}} <br />(1 in 11) || Barrier + spermicide || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| {{color|gray|2002<ref name="leaapproval" /> cervical cap and [[spermicide]] used by parous (discontinued in 2008)}}<ref name="lea">{{
| [[Lea's Shield]] || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|015.00|15}} <br />(1 in 6) || style=background:#dcdcdc | {{sort|100.00|no data}} || Barrier & spermicide || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| {{color|gray|1988 [[cervical cap]] and [[spermicide]] (discontinued in 2005) used by nulliparous}}<ref name="nulliparous" group="note"/>
| [[Prentif]] || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|016.00|16}} <br />(1 in 6.25) || style=background:#ffffc0 | {{sort|009.00|9}}<br />(1 in 11) || Barrier & spermicide || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
|
| Condom || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|013.00|13}} <br />(1 in 7) || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|002.00|2}} <br />(1 in 50) || Barrier || Placed on erect penis || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| [[
| || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|021.00|21}} <br />(1 in 4.7) || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|005.00|5}} <br />(1 in 20) || Barrier || Vaginal or anal insertion|| {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| [[Coitus interruptus]]<ref name="ReferenceA" />
| Withdrawal method, pulling out || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|020.00|20}} <br />(1 in 5)<ref
|- <!-- Please see discussion under Sorting order and 4 May revert before editing the symptoms-based fertility awareness entry. -->
| Symptoms-based [[fertility awareness]] ex. symptothermal and calendar-based methods<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref group="note">No formal studies meet the standards of ''Contraceptive Technology'' for determining typical effectiveness. The typical effectiveness listed here is from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]'s National Survey of Family Growth, which grouped symptoms-based methods together with calendar-based methods. See [[Fertility awareness#Effectiveness]].</ref><ref group="note">The term [[fertility awareness]] is sometimes used interchangeably with the term [[natural family planning]] (NFP), though NFP usually refers to use of periodic abstinence in accordance with [[Catholic]] beliefs.</ref>
| TwoDay method, [[Billings ovulation method]], [[Creighton Model]] || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|024.00|24 }} <br />(1 in 4) || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|0.40|0.40–4}} <br />(1 in 25–250) || Behavioral || Observation and charting of [[basal body temperature]], [[cervical mucus]] or cervical position || Daily
|-
| [[Calendar-based methods]]<ref name="trussell2011" />
| The rhythm method, Knaus-Ogino method, Standard Days method || style="background:#dcdcdc" | {{sort|100.00|no data}} || style=background:#e0ffe0 | {{sort|005.00|5}}<br />(1 in 20) || Behavioral || Calendar-based || {{sort | 00.010 | Daily}}
|-
| Plastic [[contraceptive sponge]] with spermicide used by parous<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="parous" group="note" />
| Today sponge, the sponge || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|027.00|27}} <br />(1 in 3.7) || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|020.00|20}}<br />(1 in 4) || Barrier & spermicide || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| [[Spermicide|Spermicidal]] gel, suppository, or film<ref name="ReferenceA" />
| || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|028.00|21}} <br />(1 in 5) || style="background:#fda;"| {{sort|018.00|16}}<br />(1 in 6.25) || Spermicide || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| {{color|gray|1988 [[cervical cap]] and [[spermicide]] used by parous (discontinued in 2005)}}<ref name="parous" group="note" />
| [[Prentif]] || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|032.00|32}}<br />(1 in 3) || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|026.00|26}} <br />(1 in 4)|| Barrier & spermicide || Vaginal insertion || {{sort | 00.030 | Every act of intercourse}}
|-
| None (unprotected intercourse)<ref name="trussell2011" />
| || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|085.00|85}} <br />(6 in 7) || style="background:#fcc;"| {{sort|085.00|85}} <br />(6 in 7)|| Behavioral || Discontinuing birth control || style=background:#e0ffff| {{sort | 98.000 | N/A}}
|- class=sortbottom
Line 250 ⟶ 253:
===Table notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}
==See also==
*[[Male contraceptive]]
==References==
{{reflist|1=30em}}
{{Birth control methods}}
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