Comparison of birth control methods: Difference between revisions

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Barrier methods have a risk of allergic reactions. Users sensitive to latex may use barriers made of less allergenic materials - polyurethane condoms, or silicone diaphragms, for example. Barrier methods are also often combined with spermicides, which have possible side effects of genital irritation, vaginal infection, and urinary tract infection.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Sterilization procedures are generally considered to have a low risk of side effects, though some persons and organizations disagree.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Bloomquist M |date=May 2000 |title=Getting Your Tubes Tied: Is this common procedure causing uncommon problems? |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=51216 |access-date=2006-09-25 |website=MedicineNet.com |publisher=WebMD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Hauber KC |title=If It Works, Don't Fix It! |url=http://www.dontfixit.org/ |access-date=2006-09-25}}{{MEDRS|date=September 2012}}</ref> Female sterilization is a more significant operation than vasectomy, and has greater risks; in industrialized nations, mortality is 4 per 100,000 tubal ligations, versus 0.1 per 100,000 vasectomies.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Awsare NS, Krishnan J, Boustead GB, Hanbury DC, McNicholas TA |date=November 2005 |title=Complications of vasectomy |journal=Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England |volume=87 |issue=6 |pages=406–10 |doi=10.1308/003588405X71054 |doi-broken-date=111 NovemberJuly 20242025 |pmc=1964127 |pmid=16263006}}</ref>

After IUD insertion, users may experience irregular periods in the first 3–6 months with Mirena, and sometimes heavier periods and worse menstrual cramps with ParaGard. However, continuation rates are much higher with IUDs compared to non-long-acting methods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology, Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Work Group |date=November 2017 |title=Practice Bulletin No. 186: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064972 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=130 |issue=5 |pages=e251–e269 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002400 |issn=1873-233X |pmid=29064972 |s2cid=35477591}}</ref> A positive characteristic of IUDs is that fertility and the ability to become pregnant returns quickly once the IUD is removed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planned Parenthood IUD Birth Control - Mirena IUD - ParaGard IUD |url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/iud-4245.htm |access-date=2012-02-26}}</ref>

Because of their systemic nature, hormonal methods have the largest number of possible side effects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Healthwise. |title=Advantages and Disadvantages of Hormonal Birth Control |url=http://healthlinksbc.org/kb/content/frame/tw9513.html |access-date=2010-07-06}}</ref> Combined hormonal contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin hormones.<ref name="teal-2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Teal S, Edelman A | title = Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review | journal = JAMA | volume = 326 | issue = 24 | pages = 2507–2518 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 34962522 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2021.21392 | s2cid = 245557522 | doi-access = free }}</ref> They can come in formulations such as pills, vaginal rings, and transdermal patches.<ref name="teal-2021" /> Most people who use combined hormonal contraception experience breakthrough bleeding within the first 3 months.<ref name="teal-2021" /> Other common side effects include headaches, breast tenderness, and changes in mood.<ref name="barr-2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grossman Barr N | title = Managing adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 82 | issue = 12 | pages = 1499–1506 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21166370 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/1215/afp20101215p1499.pdf }}</ref> Side effects from hormonal contraceptives typically disappear over time (3-5 months) with consistent use.<ref name="barr-2020" /> Less common effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis to 2-10 per 10,000 women per year and venous thrombotic events (see [[venous thrombosis]]) to 7-10 per 10,000 women per year.<ref name="teal-2021" />