CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model: Difference between revisions

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The '''[[International Council of Museums#CIDOC conceptual reference model|CIDOC]] Conceptual Reference Model''' ('''CRM''') provides an extensible [[Ontology (information science)|ontology]] for [[concept]]s and [[information]] in [[cultural heritage]] and [[museum]] [[Information science|documentation]]. It is the [[international standard]] ([[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]&nbsp;21127:20142023) for the controlled exchange of cultural heritage information.<ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber name=57832"iso_21127">{{cite web |title=ISO 21127:20142023 – ''Information and documentation — A reference ontology for the interchange of cultural heritage information'' |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/85100.html |website=www.iso.org |publisher=[[International Standards Organization]] (ISO) |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref> [[Art gallery|Galleries]], [[library|libraries]], [[archive]]s, [[museum]]s ([[GLAM (industry sector)|GLAM]]s), and other cultural institutions are encouraged to use the CIDOC CRM to enhance accessibility to museum-related information and [[knowledge]].

==History==

The CIDOC CRM emerged from the CIDOC Documentation Standards Working Group (DSWG)<ref>[{{cite web |title=The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model – Who we are |url=http://cidoc.icomics.museum/contentforth.gr/archive/cidoc_site_2006_12_31/wgdoc1who_we_are.html CIDOC|website=cidoc.ics.forth.gr Documentation|publisher=[[International StandardsCouncil Groupof Museums]]{{Dead link(ICOM) |access-date=October18 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yesJuly 2025}}</ref> in the International Committee for Documentation of the [[International Council of Museums]]. Initially, until 1994, the work focused on developing an [[entity-relationship model]] for museum information, however, in 1996, the approach shifted to [[Object-Oriented Modeling|object-oriented modeling]] methodologies, resulting in the first ''"CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)"'' in 1999. The process of standardizing the CIDOC CRM began in 2000 and was completed in 2006 with its acceptance as the ISO 21127 standard. The standard was updated and a revised edition was published in 2023.<ref name="iso_21127"/>

==Aims==

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By adopting [[Formal semantics of programming languages|formal semantics]] for the CIDOC CRM, the pre-conditions for machine-to-machine [[Interoperable|interoperability]] and [[information integration|integration]] have been established. Thus, CIDOC CRM is well placed to become an important information standard and reference model for [[Semantic Web]] initiatives, and serves as a guide for [[Data modeling|data]], or [[Database model|database]], modeling more generally. Technically speaking, CIDOC CRM lends itself to software applications that extensively use [[Extensible Markup Language|XML]] and [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/tools.html# |title=CIDOC CRM Tools and RDF mappings |access-date=2007-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614123434/http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/tools.html# |archive-date=2007-06-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many cultural heritage institutions are investigating or building applications that use CIDOC CRM.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/uses_applications.html# |title=CIDOC CRM Applications |access-date=2007-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613015856/http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/uses_applications.html# |archive-date=2007-06-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Following the successful standardization of the CIDOC CRM, a new initiative, [[FRBRoo]], was begun in 2006 to harmonize it with the [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records]] (FRBR). The aim of this initiative is to "provide a formal ontology intended to capture and represent the underlying semantics of bibliographic information and to facilitate the integration, mediation, and interchange of bibliographic and museum information."<ref>[http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/frbr_inro.html FRBoo Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616033312/http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/frbr_inro.html |date=2007-06-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/doer_le_boeuf.pdf# |title=Martin Doerr, Patrick LeBoeuf, Modelling Intellectual Processes: The FRBR-CRM Harmonization, CIDOC Conference, September 11, 2006, Gothenburg, Sweden |access-date=2007-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726145715/http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/docs/doer_le_boeuf.pdf# |archive-date=2007-07-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Ontology==

The "CIDOC object-oriented Conceptual Reference Model" (CRM) is a [[Ontology (information science)#Domain ontologies and upper ontologies|___domain ontology]], but includes its own version of an [[upper ontology]].

The core classes cover:<ref>{{cite web|title=Graphical Representation of core CRM form|url=http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc_core_graphical_representation/graphical_representation.html|publisher=[[CIDOC]]|access-date=2013-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021110613/http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc_core_graphical_representation/graphical_representation.html#|archive-date=2013-10-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

; Space-Time