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{{Short description|Purposeful visualisation for neuropsychological, physiological or social effects}}
{{about||use in the context of New Age beliefs|Creative visualization (New Age)|use of models or images in design processes|Creative visualization (design)}}
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{{Excessive citations|date=October 2018}}
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'''Creative visualization''' is the [[Cognition|cognitive]] process of [[Intention|purposefully]] generating visual [[mental image]]ry, with eyes open or closed,<ref>Isaac, A. R., and Marks, D. F. (1994). Individual differences in mental imagery experience: Developmental changes and specialization. British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 85, 1994, pp479–500.</ref><ref>McKelvie, S. J. (1995). The VVIQ as a psychometric test of individual differences in visual imagery vividness: A critical quantitative review and plea for direction. Journal of Mental Imagery, Vol. 19, Nos. 3-4,1995, pp1–106.</ref> simulating or recreating [[visual perception]],<ref>McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H., Measuring visual imagery ability: A review. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2007, pp191–211.</ref><ref>Cocude, M., and Denis, M., Measuring the temporal characteristics of visual images. Journal of Mental Imagery, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1988, pp89–101.</ref> in order to maintain, inspect, and transform those images,<ref>
*Kosslyn, S. M., Image and mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980.
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*Turner, J. A., and Jensen, M. P., Efficacy of cognitive therapy for chronic low back pain. Pain, Vol. 52, No. 2, 1993, pp169-177.
*Manyande, A., Berg, S., Gettins, D., Stanford, S. C., Mazhero, S., Marks, D. F., and Salmon, P., Preoperative rehearsal of active coping imagery influences subjective and hormonal responses to abdominal surgery. Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 57, No. 2, 1995, pp177-182.
*Eller, L. S., Guided imagery interventions for symptom management. Annual Review of Nursing Research, Vol.17, No.1, 1999, pp57-84.</ref> alleviating [[psychological pain]] including [[anxiety]], [[sadness]], and [[Depression (mood)|low mood]],<ref>Margolin, I., Pierce, J., and Wiley, A. (2011). Wellness Through a Creative Lens: Mediation and Visualization. Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 2011, Vol 30, No. 3, pp234-252.</ref> improving [[self-esteem]] or [[self-confidence]],<ref>Rees, B. L., An exploratory study of the effectiveness of a relaxation with guided imagery protocol. Journal of Holistic Nursing, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1993, pp271-276.</ref> and enhancing the capacity to [[Coping (psychology)|cope]] when [[Social relation|interacting with others]].
==The mind's eye==
The idea of a "mind's eye" goes back at least to [[Cicero]]'s reference to '''''mentis oculi''''' during his discussion of the orator's appropriate use of [[simile]].<ref>
In this discussion, Cicero
The concept of "the mind's eye" first appeared in English in [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer's]] ({{circa|1387}}) [[The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale|Man of Law's Tale]] in his [[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]], where he tells us that one of the three men dwelling in a castle was blind, and could only see with "the eyes of his mind"—namely, those eyes "with which all men see after they have become blind."<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/canterburyprol00chauuoft#page/78/mode/1up ''The Man of Laws Tale'', lines 550-553.]</ref>
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*McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H., Measuring motor imagery ability: A review. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008, pp232–251.</ref> and [[Haptic perception|haptic imagery]] of [[Somatosensory system|touch]], incorporating [[Surface finish|texture]], [[temperature]], and [[pressure]].<ref>Miquée, A., Xerri, C., Rainville, C., Anton, J. L., Nazarian, B., Roth, M., and Zennou-Azogui, Y., Neuronal substrates of haptic shape encoding and matching: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience, Vol. 152, No. 1,2008, pp29-39.</ref><ref>Juttner, M., and Rentschler, I., Imagery in multi-modal object learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2002, pp197–198.</ref>
Notwithstanding the ability to generate mental images across sensory modalities,<ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., and Thompson, W. L., Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 9, 2001, pp635–642.</ref><ref>Pearson, D. G., Mental imagery and creative thought. Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 147, 2007, pp187–212.</ref> the term "creative visualization" signifies the process by which a person generates and processes visual [[mental imagery]] specifically.
However, creative visualization is closely related to, and is often considered as one part of, [[guided imagery]]. In guided imagery, a trained practitioner or teacher helps a participant or patient to evoke and generate mental images<ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. [https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/complementary-alternative-or-integrative-health-whats-in-a-name Online Version.] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref> that simulate or re-create the sensory perception<ref>Kosslyn S. M., Ganis G., and Thompson W. L., Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 9, 2001, pp635–642.</ref> of sights,<ref>McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H., Measuring visual imagery ability: A review. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2007, pp191–211.</ref><ref>Cocude, M., and Denis, M., Measuring the temporal characteristics of visual images. Journal of Mental Imagery, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1988, pp89–101.</ref> sounds,<ref>Zatorre, R. J., Halpern, A. R., and Bouffard, M., Mental reversal of imagined melodies: A role for the posterior parietal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2010, pp775-789.</ref> [[taste]]s,<ref>Tiggemann, M., and Kemps, E., The phenomenology of food cravings: The role of mental imagery. Appetite, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2005, pp305–313.</ref> smells,<ref>Stevenson, R. J., and Case, T. I., Olfactory imagery: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2005, pp244–264.</ref> [[Animal locomotion|movements]],<ref>McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H., Measuring motor imagery ability: A review. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008, pp232–251.</ref> and touch,<ref>Juttner, M., and Rentschler, I., Imagery in multi-modal object learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2002, pp197–198.</ref> as well as [[Imagination|imaginative]] or [[Mind|mental]] content that the participating subject experiences as defying conventional sensory categories.<ref>Banissy, M. J., Walsh, V., and Ward, J., Enhanced sensory perception in synesthesia. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 196, No. 4, 2009, pp565–571.</ref>
Nonetheless, visual and auditory mental images are reported as being the most frequently experienced by people ordinarily, in [[Scientific control#Controlled experiments|controlled experiments]], and when participating in guided imagery,<ref>Betts, G. H., The distribution and functions of mental imagery. New York: Columbia University, 1909.</ref><ref>Tiggemann, M., and Kemps, E., The phenomenology of food cravings: The role of mental imagery. Appetite, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2005, pp305–313.</ref> with visual images remaining the most extensively [[research]]ed and documented in [[Scientific method|scientific]] literature.<ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., and Ganis, G., The case for mental imagery. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2006.</ref><ref>Pearson, D. G., De Beni, R., and Cornoldi, C., The generation and transformation of visuo-spatial mental images. In M. Denis, R. H. Logie, C. Cornoldi, M. de Vega, and J. Engelkamp (Eds.), Imagery, language and visuo-spatial thinking. Hove: Psychology Press, 2001, pp1-23.</ref><ref>Logie, R. H., Visuo-spatial working memory Hove. UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.</ref>
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Consequently, in clinical practice, creative visualization is often provided as part of a multi-modal strategy that integrates other [[Mind–body interventions|interventions]], most commonly [[guided meditation]] or some form of [[Meditation|meditative praxis]], relaxation techniques, and [[meditation music]] or [[Music therapy|receptive music therapy]], because those methods can increase the participant's or patient's capacity for or susceptibility to absorption, enhance control of attention, and replenish requisite cognitive resources, thereby increasing the potential efficacy of creative visualization.<ref>Bond, K., Ospina, M. B., Hooton, N., Bialy, L., Dryden, D. M., Buscemi, N., Shannahoff-Khalsa, D., Dusek, J., and Carlson, L. E., 'Defining a complex intervention: The development of demarcation criteria for "meditation"'. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, Vol. 1, No. 2, May 2009, pp129–137.</ref><ref>Shapiro, D. H. Jnr., 'Overview: Clinical and physiological comparison of meditation with other self-control strategies'. In Shapiro, D.H Jnr. and Walsh, R.N. (Eds.) Meditation: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives. Piscataway, New Jersey: Aldine Transaction, 1984, pp5-12.</ref>
Individuals with [[ADHD]] often exhibit a greater creative potential, and an increased ability to produce and visualize unique verbal and nonverbal ideas.<ref>Peterson DJ, Ryan M, Rimrodt SL, Cutting LE, Denckla MB, Kaufmann WE, Mahone EM. Increased regional fractional anisotropy in highly screened attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Child Neurol. 2011 Oct; 26(10):1296-302.</ref> However, they also show a weaker ability to generate creative solutions when given restrictive criteria, such as procedure, practicality, and time. This weakness is due to [[Rigidity (psychology)|cognitive rigidity]],<ref>Scime, M. and Norvilitis, J. M. (2006), Task performance and response to frustration in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol. Schs., 43: 377–386. doi:10.1002/pits.20151</ref> which frequently [[Comorbidity|co-morbid]] with ADHD. The weaknesses in attention, focus, and motivation are exacerbated by frustration from rigidity, making creative conceptualization substantially harder when guidelines are given.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Capilla Gonzalez|first1=A.|last2=Etchepareborda MC|last3=Fernandez Gonzalez|first3=S.|last4=Mulas|first4=F.|last5=Campo|first5=P.|last6=Maestu|first6=F.|last7=Lucas Fernandez|first7=A.|last8=Ortiz|first8=T.|title=The neurofunctional foundation of cognitive rigidity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: some preliminary findings|journal=Revista de Neurología|volume=38
==Guided imagery==
Although, visual and auditory mental images are reported as being the most frequently experienced by people<ref>Betts, G. H., The distribution and functions of mental imagery. New York: Columbia University, 1909.</ref><ref>Tiggemann, M., and Kemps, E., The phenomenology of food cravings: The role of mental imagery. Appetite, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2005, pp305–313.</ref> and even with visual images remaining the most extensively [[research]]ed and documented in [[Scientific method|scientific]] literature,<ref>Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., and Ganis, G., The case for mental imagery. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2006.</ref><ref>Pearson, D. G., De Beni, R., and Cornoldi, C., The generation and transformation of visuo-spatial mental images. In M. Denis, R. H. Logie, C. Cornoldi, M. de Vega, and J. Engelkamp (Eds.), Imagery, language and visuo-spatial thinking. Hove: Psychology Press, 2001, pp1-23.</ref><ref>Logie, R. H., Visuo-spatial working memory Hove. UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.</ref> the term ''creative visualization'' appears far less frequently in scientific, [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]], and [[Scholarly method|scholarly publications]] than the term ''guided imagery'', which research authors commonly use to indicate the generation, maintenance, inspection, and transformation of mental imagery across all modalities, and to refer exclusively and specifically to the processing of visual imagery. Also, some authors use the term ''creative visualization'' interchangeably with ''guided imagery''. Meanwhile, others refer to guided imagery in a way to indicate that it includes creative visualization.<ref>Compare for example the results returned by Google Scholar for publications containing 'Creative Visualization' in the title: [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22creative+visualization+%22&btnG=&as_sdt=0%2C5 Creative Visualization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422035708/https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22creative+visualization+%22&btnG=&as_sdt=0%2C5 |date=2024-04-22 }} with those containing 'Guided Imagery' [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle%3A+%22guided+imagery%22&btnG=&as_sdt=0%2C5 Guided Imagery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719035512/https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=allintitle:+%22guided+imagery%22&btnG=&as_sdt=0,5 |date=2022-07-19 }}.</ref><ref>Astin, J.A., Shapiro, S.L., Eisenberg, D. M., and Forys, M.A., Mind–body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 16:, 2003, pp131–147.</ref><ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015</ref>
Furthermore, investigative, [[Clinical trial|clinical]], scientific, and academic authors frequently measure, analyze, and discuss the effects of creative visualization and guided imagery, collectively and inseparably from other mind–body interventions they are commonly combined with—including [[meditation music]] or [[Music therapy|receptive music therapy]], relaxation, [[guided meditation]] or [[Meditation|meditative praxis]], and [[Writing therapy|self-reflective diary-keeping or journaling]]. This often makes it difficult to attribute positive or negative outcomes to any one of the specific techniques.<ref>Astin, J.A., Shapiro, S.L., Eisenberg, D. M., and Forys, M.A., Mind–body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 16:, 2003, pp131–147.</ref><ref>Post-White J. 2002. Clinical indication for use of imagery in oncology practice. In Voice Massage, Scripts for Guided Imagery, Edwards D.M (Ed.). Oncology Nursing Society: Pittsburgh, PA.</ref><ref>Wallace KG. 1997. Analysis of recent literature concerning relaxation and imagery interventions for cancer pain. Cancer Nursing 20: 79–87.</ref><ref>Luebert K, Dahme B, Hasenbring M. 2001. The effectiveness of relaxation training in reducing treatment-related symptoms and improving emotional adjustment in acute non-surgical cancer treatment: A meta-analytical review. Psycho-Oncology, Vol. 10: pp490–502.</ref>
== Effectiveness ==
Creative visualization might help people with cancer feel more positive, but there "is no compelling evidence to suggest positive effects on physical symptoms such as nausea and vomiting."<ref name=ernst>{{cite journal |vauthors=Roffe L, Schmidt K, Ernst E |title=A systematic review of guided imagery as an adjuvant cancer therapy |journal=Psychooncology |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=607–17 |year=2005 |pmid=15651053 |doi=10.1002/pon.889 |s2cid=71880414 |type=Systematic review |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/17387/1/Roffe%252C_L._-_Systematic_review_-_Psycho-Oncology_2005.pdf |access-date=2019-07-13 |archive-date=2019-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217074500/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/17387/1/Roffe%2C_L._-_Systematic_review_-_Psycho-Oncology_2005.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Imagination]]▼
[[Category:Mind–body interventions]]
▲[[Category:Imagination]]
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