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{{Short description|Chinese National Standard for Wireless LANs}}
'''WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure''' ('''WAPI''') is a [[Guobiao|Chinese National Standard]] for [[Wireless LAN]]s (GB 15629.11-2003).
Although it was allegedly designed to operate on top of [[Wi-Fi]], compatibility with the security protocol used by the [[802.11]] wireless networking standard developed by the [[IEEE]] is in dispute. Due to the limited access of the standard (only eleven Chinese companies had access), it was the focus of a [[China–United States relations|U.S.–China trade dispute]]. Following this it was submitted to, and rejected by the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]. It was resubmitted to ISO in 2010, but was cancelled as a project on 21 November 2011 after being withdrawn by China.<ref>[https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/12/11-12-0199-00-0jtc-jacksonville-minutes-jan-2012.doc Minutes of JTC1 Ad Hoc Meeting Thursday PM1, 19 Jan 2012]. IEEE Standards Association.</ref>
==How the standard works==
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===US–China trade dispute===
In late 2003, the Chinese government announced a policy requiring that wireless devices sold in China include WAPI support and foreign companies wanting access to the Chinese market could produce WAPI-compliant products independently or partner with one of 11 Chinese firms to which the standard was disclosed. This issue became a point of trade discussions between the then [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] and his Chinese government equivalent. China agreed to indefinitely postpone implementation of the policy.<ref>{{cite
===ISO rejection===
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The result was subject to two appeals by SAC to the ISO/IEC Secretaries General that alleged "unethical" and "amoral" behavior during the balloting process and irregularities during the ballot resolution process{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}. The official Chinese news agency [[Xinhua]] said on May 29, 2006, that appeals were filed in April and May 2006 and, the agency said, alleged that the IEEE was involved in "organizing a conspiracy against the China-developed WAPI, insulting China and other national bodies, and intimidation and threats."{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} Xinhua did not make these allegations specific. In July 2006, 802.11i was published as an ISO/IEC standard. WAPI is no longer being considered by ISO/IEC and all appeals have been dismissed.
After the preliminary results were announced in March 2006, various press reports from China suggested that WAPI may still be mandated in China{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}. TBT (Technical Barrier to Trade) declarations to the WTO in January 2006 and a statement in June 2006 to ISO/IEC JTC1/SC6, in which SAC said they would not respect the status of 802.11i as an international standard, seemed to support this possibility{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}. However, as of early 2007, the only official Chinese policy related to WAPI is a "government preference" for WAPI in government and government-funded systems. It is unclear how strongly this preference has been enforced, and it seems to have had little effect on the non-government market.<ref name="Fletcher">{{cite
===ISO resubmission===
In 2009, the China NB was encouraged by SC6 to resubmit WAPI to SC6.<ref>{{cite
The required comment resolution on the ballot only started in June 2011, with the US, UK, China, Korea and Switzerland NBs and the IEEE 802.11 Working Group all participating. The Swiss NB representative admitted during the process that he was a paid consultant to IWNCOMM, the Chinese source of the WAPI technology{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}. The Kenya and Czech NBs did not participate in the comment resolution process or in any other discussions related to WAPI after the close of the ballot in early 2010.
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==Chinese cell phone usage==
Mobile phones in China are controlled by [[Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China|MIIT]]. The "indefinite postponing" of the WAPI requirement in 2003 caused the MIIT to stop the certification of any phones with Wi-Fi capability. In 2009, a requirement for Chinese phones to support WAPI if there is any WLAN capability was made, effectively un-banning WLAN hardware from Chinese phones.<ref>[http://www.infzm.com/content/62143 WiFi圈地之战] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.
According to China's State Radio Monitoring Center Chinese, in April 2011 regulators approved the frequency ranges used by a new Apple mobile phone with 3G and wireless LAN support including WAPI.<ref>{{cite
The Chinese government's preference for the WAPI standard in some respects is similar to their preference for the [[TD-SCDMA]] for their [[3G]] network.
== WAPI Alliance ==
A "WAPI Alliance" analogous to the [[Wi-Fi Alliance]] exists in China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wapia.org.cn/ |title=WAPI产业联盟 |lang=en, zh |website=wapia.org.cn |access-date=March 20, 2023}}</ref>
==See also==
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** [http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=8500308&objAction=Open&vernum=1 ISO/IEC JTC1 N9880], 2009
** [http://www.gb688.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hcno=74B9DD11287E72408C19C4D3A360D1BD GB 15629.11-2003] (Chinese, DRMed PDF, Free access from Standardization Administration of China)
** [http://www.cnw.com.cn/cnw07/download/Guide_for_WAPI.pdf Guide for WAPI implementors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082500/http://www.cnw.com.cn/cnw07/download/Guide_for_WAPI.pdf |date=2019-02-18 }}, 2006, in Chinese
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163801/http://www.suntzureport.com/wapi/ SunTzu International LLC on WAPI]
* [http://www.chinatechnews.com/index.php?action=show&type=news&id=2639 The Chinese WAPI Delegation has returned from Geneva, where at the headquarters of the International Organization for Standardization it took part in a meeting with a group promoting IEEE 802.11i]
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* [http://english.people.com.cn/200605/29/eng20060529_269419.html Xinhua May 29, 2006, report on appeals to ISO]
* [http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=8685212&objAction=Open&vernum=1 ISO/IEC JTC1 N14228], 2009 votes
{{Internet access}}
[[Category:Wireless networking standards]]
[[Category:Guobiao standards]]
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