Marker interface pattern: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Design pattern in computer science}}

{{UnreferencedRefimprove|date=June 20072013}}

The '''marker interface pattern''' is a [[design pattern (computer science)|design pattern]] in [[computer science]], used with languages that provide run-time type information about objects. It provides a means to associate metadata with a class where the language does not have explicit support for such metadata.

To use this pattern, a [[Class (computer science)|class]] implements a '''marker interface'''<ref name="EffectiveJava">

To use this pattern, a [[Class (computer science)|class]] implements a '''marker interface''', and methods that interact with instances of that class test for the existence of the interface. Whereas a typical [[interface (computer science)|interface]] specifies functionality (in the form of method declarations) that an implementing class must support, a marker interface need not do so. The mere presence of such an interface indicates specific behavior on the part of the implementing class. Hybrid interfaces, which both act as markers and specify required methods, are possible but may prove confusing if improperly used.

{{cite book

| last = Bloch

| first = Joshua

| title = Effective Java

| page = [https://archive.org/details/effectivejava00bloc_0/page/179 179]

| chapter = Item 37: Use marker interfaces to define types

| year = 2008

| isbn = 978-0-321-35668-0

| publisher = Addison-Wesley

| chapter-url-access = registration

| chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/effectivejava00bloc_0/page/179

| edition = Second

To use this pattern, a [[Class }}</ref> (computeralso science)|class]] implements acalled '''markertagging interface''') which is an empty interface,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-06 |title=Marker interface in Java |url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/marker-interface-java/ |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=GeeksforGeeks |language=en-us}}</ref> and methods that interact with instances of that class test for the existence of the interface. Whereas a typical [[interface (computer science)|interface]] specifies functionality (in the form of method declarations) that an implementing class must support, a marker interface need not do so. The mere presence of such an interface indicates specific behavior on the part of the implementing class. Hybrid interfaces, which both act as markers and specify required methods, are possible but may prove confusing if improperly used.

== CritiqueExample ==

An example of the application of marker interfaces from the [[Java (programming language)|Java programming language]] is the {{Javadoc:SE|java/io|Serializable}} interface. A class implements this interface to indicate that its non-[[Transient (computer programming)|transient]] data members can be written to an {{Javadoc:SE|java/io|ObjectOutputStream}}. The <code>ObjectOutputStream</code> private method <code>writeObject()</code> contains a series of <code>instanceof</code> tests to determine writeability, one of which looks for the <code>Serializable</code> interface. If none of these tests pass, the method throws a <code>NotSerializableException</code>.

An example of the application of marker interfaces from the [[Java (programming language)|Java programming language]] is the {{Javadoc:SE|java/io|Serializable}} interface:<syntaxhighlight lang="java">

package java.io;

public interface Serializable {

== Critique ==

}

An example of the application of marker interfaces from the [[Java (programming language)|Java programming language]] is the {{Javadoc:SE|java</io|Serializable}} interface. syntaxhighlight>A class implements this interface to indicate that its non-[[Transient (computer programming)|transient]] data members can be written to an {{Javadoc:SE|java/io|ObjectOutputStream}}. The <code>ObjectOutputStream</code> private method <code>writeObjectwriteObject0(Object,boolean)</code> contains a series of <code>instanceof</code> tests to determine writeability, one of which looks for the <code>Serializable</code> interface. If noneany of these tests passfails, the method throws a <code>NotSerializableException</code>.

A major problem with marker interfaces is that an interface defines a contract for implementing classes, and that contract is inherited by all subclasses. This means that you cannot "unimplement" a marker. In the example given, if you create a subclass that you do not want to serialize (perhaps because it depends on transient state), you must resort to explicitly throwing <code>NotSerializableException</code> (per <code>ObjectOutputStream</code> docs).

==Critique==

A better solution is for the language to support [[metadata]] directly:

A majorOne problem with marker interfaces is that, since an interface defines a contract for implementing classes, and that contract is inherited by all subclasses., Thisa meansmarker thatcannot you cannotbe "unimplementunimplemented" a marker. In the example given, if you create aany subclass that you do not wantintended tofor serializeserialization (perhaps because it depends on transient state), you must resort to explicitly throwingthrow <code>NotSerializableException</code> exceptions (per <code>ObjectOutputStream</code> docs).

A betterAnother solution is for the language to support [[metadata]] directly:

* The [[.NET Framework|.NET framework]] supports attributes that can be used to associate any type of data with a class or with its members. Attributes can be inherited or not, thus solving the problem mentioned above.

* Both the [[Java_.NET Framework]] and [[Java (software_platformsoftware platform)|Java]], (as of Java 5 (1.5)) provide support for such metadata. In .NET, alsothey are called ''"custom attributes"'', in Java they are providescalled ''"[[AnnotationJava annotation|annotations]]"''. [[Java_annotation|support]]Despite the different name, they are conceptually the same thing. They can be defined on classes, member variables, methods, and method parameters thatand may be accessed from an instance using [[Reflection_Reflection (computer_sciencecomputer science)|reflection]].

* In [[Python (programming language)|Python]], the use and term "marker interface" is common in [[Zope 3]] and [[Plone (software)|Plone]]. Interfaces are declared as metadata and subclasses can use <code>implementsOnly</code> to declare they do not implement everything from their super classes.

== See also ==

* [[Design marker]]s for an expansion of this pattern.

==References==

[[Category:Software design patterns]]

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Java programming language]]

== Further reading ==

[[de:Markierungsschnittstelle]]

''Effective Java''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloch |first=Joshua |title=Effective Java |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-13-468599-1 |edition=Third |___location=Boston |oclc=1018432176}}</ref> by [[Joshua Bloch]].

[[ja:マーカーインタフェース]]

{{Design Patterns patterns}}

[[Category:Software design patterns]]

[[Category:Java (programming language)]]