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The '''map–territory relation''' is the relationship between an object and a representation of that [[Object (philosophy)|object]], as in the relation between a geographical territory and a [[map]] of it. '''Mistaking the map for the territory''' is a [[logical fallacy]] that occurs when someone confuses the semantics of a term with what it represents. Polish-American scientist and philosopher [[Alfred Korzybski]] remarked that "the map is not the territory" and that "the word is not the thing", encapsulating his view that an [[abstraction]] derived from something, or a reaction to it, is not the thing itself. Korzybski held that many people do confuse maps with territories, that is, confuse [[conceptual model]]s of reality with reality itself. These ideas are crucial to [[general semantics]], a system Korzybski originated.
The relationship has also been expressed in other terms, such as "the model is not the data", "[[all models are wrong]]", and [[Alan Watts]]'s "The menu is not the meal."{{efn|Widely attributed to Alan Watts, "The menu is not the meal" may be an unrecorded quote, or it may be a paraphrase derived from two recorded quotes: 1) "Money simply represents wealth in rather the same way that the menu represents the dinner."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alanwatts.org/transcripts/not-what-should-be-but-what-is/ |title=Intelligent Mindlessness |date=31 October 2022 |publisher=alanwatts.org |access-date=2024-03-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003133609/https://alanwatts.org/transcripts/intelligent-mindlessness/ |archive-date=2023-10-03}}</ref> 2) "[W]e confuse the world as it is with . . . the world as it is described. . . . And when we are not aware of ourselves except in a symbolic way, we’re not related to ourselves at all. We are like people eating menus instead of dinners."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://alanwatts.org/transcripts/not-what-should-be-but-what-is/ |title=Not What Should Be, But What Is |date=31 October 2022 |publisher=alanwatts.org |access-date=2024-03-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209014704/https://alanwatts.org/transcripts/not-what-should-be-but-what-is/ |archive-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>}} The concept is thus quite relevant throughout [[ontology]] and [[ontology (information science)|applied ontology]] regardless of any connection to [[general semantics]] per se (or absence thereof). Its avatars are thus encountered in [[semantics]], [[statistics]], [[logistics]], [[business administration]], [[semiotics]], and many other applications.
A frequent coda to "[[all models are wrong]]" is that "all models are wrong (but some are useful)," which emphasizes the proper framing of recognizing '''map–territory differences'''—that is, how and why they are important, what to do about them, and how to live with them properly. The point is not that all maps are useless; rather, the point is simply to maintain [[critical thinking]] about the discrepancies: whether or not they are either negligible or significant in each context, how to reduce them (thus [[iterative and incremental development|iterating]] a map, or any other model, to become a better version of itself), and so on.
==History==
=="A map is not the territory"==
The expressionphrase "a map is not the territory" was first appearedintroduced inby printAlfred Korzybski in his 1931 paper "A Non-Aristotelian System and Its Necessity for Rigour in Mathematics and Physics"," a paper that Alfred Korzybski gavepresented at a meeting of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]and on December 28, 1931. The paper waslater reprinted in ''[[Science and Sanity]]'', (1933, pp. 747–761).<ref>{{cite book |last=Korzybski |first=Alfred |author-link=Alfred Korzybski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnEVAQAAIAAJ |title=Science and Sanity. An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnEVAQAAIAAJ |year=1933 |publisher=The International Non-Aristotelian Library Pub. Co. |pagesyear=[https://books.google.com/books?id1933 |pages=WnEVAQAAIAAJ&q=747 747–761]}}</ref> In this book, Korzybski acknowledges his debt tocredits mathematician [[Eric Temple Bell]], whosefor epigramthe related phrase, "the map is not the thing mapped."<ref>Korzybski, Alfred (1933)., p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WnEVAQAAIAAJ&q=%22E.+T.+BELL+The+map+is+not+the+thing+mapped%22 247].</ref> was published in ''Numerology''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Eric Temple |author-link=Eric Temple Bell |title=Numerology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCI5AAAAIAAJ |yeartitle=1933Numerology |publisher=[[Williams and Wilkins]] |year=1933 |___location=[[Baltimore]] |page=[138}}</ref> In the article, Korzybski states that "A map {{em|is not}} the territory it represents, but, if correct, it has a {{em|similar structure}} to the territory, which accounts for its usefulness."<ref>{{cite book |last=Korzybski |first=Alfred |url=https://booksarchive.google.comorg/books?iddetails/sciencesanityint00korz |title=zo0IAQAAIAAJ&qScience and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics |publisher=%22The+map+is+not+the+thing+mapped.%22International 138]Non-Aristotelian Library Publishing Company |year=1933 |page=58}}</ref>
The concept has been illustrated in various cultural works. Belgian surrealist [[René Magritte]] explored the idea in his painting ''[[The Treachery of Images]]'', which depicts a pipe with the caption, ''"Ceci n'est pas une pipe"'' ("This is not a pipe").<ref>{{cite book |last=Barry |first=Ann Marie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiTpRxkTMwUC |title=Visual Intelligence: Perception, Image, and Manipulation in Visual Communication |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1997 |page=15|isbn=978-0-7914-3435-2 }}</ref> [[Lewis Carroll]], in ''[[Sylvie and Bruno Concluded]]'' (1893), describes a fictional map with a scale of "a mile to the mile", which proves impractical. [[Jorge Luis Borges]] similarly references a map as large as the territory in his short story "[[On Exactitude in Science]]" (1946). In his 1964 book ''[[Understanding Media]]'', philosopher [[Marshall McLuhan]] argued that all media representations, including electronic media, are abstractions or "extensions" of reality.<ref>{{cite book |last=McLuhan |first=Marshall |title=Understanding Media |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1964 |isbn=9780262631594}}</ref>
{{quote
|text=A map {{em|is not}} the territory it represents, but, if correct, it has a {{em|similar structure}} to the territory, which accounts for its usefulness.
|author=Alfred Korzybski
|title=''Science and Sanity'', p. 58.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/sciencesanityint00korz | url-access=registration | quote=A map is not the territory it represents, but, if correct, it has a similar structure to the territory, which accounts for its usefulness.. | title=Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics| publisher=International Non-Aristotelian Library Publishing Company | last1=Korzybski| first1=Alfred| year=1933}}</ref><ref>See also Korzybski, Alfred (1996) [1933]. "[http://esgs.free.fr/uk/art/sands-ch04.pdf Chapter IV: On Structure"]. In Schuchardt Read, Charlotte, ed.</ref>}}
The idea has influenced a number of modern works, including [[Robert M. Pirsig]]'s ''[[Lila: An Inquiry into Morals]]'' and [[Michel Houellebecq]]'s novel ''[[The Map and the Territory]]'', the latter of which won the [[Prix Goncourt]].<ref>Pirsig, Robert M. ''Lila: An Inquiry into Morals'' (1991), pp. 363–364.</ref><ref>Houellebecq, Michel. ''The Map and the Territory'' (2010).</ref> The concept is also discussed in the work of [[Robert Anton Wilson]] and [[James A. Lindsay]], who critiques the confusion of conceptual maps with reality in his book ''Dot, Dot, Dot: Infinity Plus God Equals Folly''.<ref>Lindsay, James A. (2013). ''Dot, Dot, Dot: Infinity Plus God Equals Folly'', Fareham: Onus Books.</ref> Historian of religion [[Jonathan Z. Smith]] named one of the books collecting his essays ''Map is Not Territory''.<ref>Smith, Jonathan Z. ''Map is Not Territory'' (1978).</ref> Similarly, a collection of writings by AI Pessimist [[Eliezer Yudkowsky]] was named ''Map and Territory''.<ref>Yudkowsky, Eliezer ''Map and Territory: Rationality from AI to Zombies'' (2018).</ref>
The Belgian [[surrealist]] artist [[René Magritte]] illustrated the concept of "perception always intercedes between reality and ourselves"<ref>Rene Magritte's surrealism to be to illustrate the point that, "perception always intercedes between reality and ourselves". See for example, p. 15–16 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiTpRxkTMwUC&q=korzybski&pg=PA16 Visual Intelligence: Perception, Image, and Manipulation in Visual Communication] by Ann Marie Barry ([http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/communication/faculty/fulltime/barry/ bio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129012811/http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/communication/faculty/fulltime/barry/ |date=2005-11-29 }})</ref> in a number of paintings such as ''[[The Treachery of Images]]'', which consists of a drawing of a pipe with the caption, ''Ceci n'est pas une pipe'' ("This is not a pipe").
==Commentary==
In ''[[The Medium Is the Message|Understanding Media]]'', [[Marshall McLuhan]] expanded this argument to electronic media with his introduction of the phrase "[[The medium is the message|The Medium is the Message]]" (and later in the book titled [[The Medium Is the Massage|''The Medium is the Massage'']]). Media representations, especially on screens, are abstractions, or virtual "extensions" of what our sensory channels, bodies, thinking and feeling do for us in real life.
[[Gregory Bateson]], in his 1972 work ''[[Steps to an Ecology of Mind]]'', argued that understanding a territory is inherently limited by the sensory channels used to perceive it. He described the "map" of reality as an imperfect representation:
{{quote|We say the map is different from the territory. But what is the territory? Operationally, somebody went out with a retina or a measuring stick and made representations which were then put on paper. What is on the paper map is a representation of what was in the retinal representation of the man who made the map ; and as you push the question back, what you find is an infinite regress, an infinite series of maps... The territory never gets in at all . ... Always, the process of representation will filter it out so that the mental world is only maps of maps, '' [[ad infinitum ]]''.}} ▼Bateson further explored this in "The Cybernetics of 'Self': A Theory of Alcoholism" (1971), arguing that a map's usefulness lies in its structural analogy to the territory, rather than its literal truthfulness. For example, even a cultural belief in colds being caused by spirits can function effectively as a "map" for public health, analogous to germ theory.
Philosopher [[David Schmidtz]] addresses the theme of accuracy in ''Elements of Justice'' (2006), highlighting how overly detailed models can become impractical, a problem also known as [[Bonini's paradox]]. Poet [[Paul Valéry]] summarized this idea: "Everything simple is false. Everything which is complex is unusable."
This concept occurs in the discussion of exoteric and esoteric [[religion]]s. ''[[Exoteric]]'' concepts are those which can be fully conveyed using [[Epithet|descriptors]] and [[language]] constructs, such as [[mathematics]]. ''Esoteric'' concepts are those which cannot be fully conveyed except by direct experience.{{citation needed|date=October 2023|reason=These technical/philosophy sense of "esoteric" and "exoteric" need a citation, preferrably something online that our readers can easily use.}} For example, a person who has never tasted an [[apple]] will never fully understand through language what the taste of an apple is without actually eating an apple.
[[Lewis Carroll]], in ''[[Sylvie and Bruno Concluded]]'' (1893), made the point humorously with his description of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile". A character notes some practical difficulties with such a map and states that "we now use the [[country]] itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well."
[[Jorge Luis Borges]]'s one-paragraph short story "[[On Exactitude in Science]]" (1946) describes a map that has the same scale as its territory.
Isa Robertson's short story "The Map and the Territory" ([[Sci Phi Journal]] 2024/1) explores the loss of map-territory distinction.
[[Laura Riding]], in her poem ''The Map of Places'' (1927), deals with this relation: "The map of places passes. The reality of paper tears."
The economist [[Joan Robinson]] (1962): "A model which took account of all the variegation of reality would be of no more use than a map at the scale of one to one."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Joan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVGuCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22A+model+which+took+account+of+all+the+variegation+of+reality+would+be+of+no+more+use+than+a+map+at+the+scale+of+one+to+one.%22&pg=PA33|title=Essays in the Theory of Economic Growth|date=1965-01-01|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-00626-7|language=en}}</ref><!--see also: [[coastline paradox]] and [[cartographic generalization]]-->
Korzybski's argument about the map and the territory also influenced the Belgian [[surrealist]] writer of comics [[Jan Bucquoy]] for a storyline in his comic ''Labyrinthe'': a map can never guarantee that one will find the way out, because the accumulation of events can change the way one looks at reality.
Author [[Robert M. Pirsig]] uses the idea both theoretically and literally in his book ''[[Lila: An Inquiry into Morals|Lila]]'' when the main character/author becomes temporarily lost due to an over-reliance on a map, rather than the territory that the map describes.<ref>Robert M Pirsig ''Lila: An Inquiry into Morals'' (1991, pp. 363–364)</ref>
In 2010, French author [[Michel Houellebecq]] published his novel, ''La carte et le territoire'', translated into English as ''[[The Map and the Territory]]''. The title was a reference to Alfred Korzybski's [[aphorism]]. The novel was awarded the [[Prix Goncourt]], a French literary prize.
The map-territory distinction is emphasized by [[Robert Anton Wilson]] in his book ''[[Prometheus Rising]]''.
Author [[James A. Lindsay]] made the idea that the map is not reality a primary theme of his 2013 book ''Dot, Dot, Dot: Infinity Plus God Equals Folly''. In it, he argues that all of our scientific theories, mathematics, and even the idea of God are conceptual maps often confused "for the terrain" they attempt to explain. In a foreword to the book, physicist [[Victor J. Stenger]] expresses agreement with this point of view.<ref>Lindsay, James A. (2013). ''Dot, Dot, Dot: Infinity Plus God Equals Folly'', Fareham: Onus Books</ref>
[[Ralph Rumney]] (5 June 1934 – 6 March 2002), English artist, and member of the [[Situationist International]] titled one of his autobiographical memoirs ''The Map is not the Territory.''
==Relationship==
[[Gregory Bateson]], in "Form, Substance and Difference", from ''[[Steps to an Ecology of Mind]]'' (1972), argued the essential impossibility of knowing what any actual territory is. Any understanding of any territory is based on one or more sensory channels reporting adequately but imperfectly:
▲{{quote|We say the map is different from the territory. But what is the territory? Operationally, somebody went out with a retina or a measuring stick and made representations which were then put on paper. What is on the paper map is a representation of what was in the retinal representation of the man who made the map; and as you push the question back, what you find is an infinite regress, an infinite series of maps. The territory never gets in at all. ... Always, the process of representation will filter it out so that the mental world is only maps of maps, ''[[ad infinitum]]''.}}
Elsewhere in that same volume, Bateson argued that the usefulness of a map (a representation of reality) is not necessarily a matter of its literal truthfulness, but its having a [[structure]] analogous, for the purpose at hand, to the territory. Bateson argued this case at some length in the essay "The Cybernetics of 'Self': A Theory of Alcoholism" (1971).
To paraphrase Bateson's argument, a culture that believes that [[common colds]] are transmitted by evil spirits, that those spirits fly out of people when they sneeze, can pass from one person to another when they are inhaled or when both handle the same objects, etc., could have just as effective a "map" for public health as one that substituted microbes for spirits.
Another basic quandary is the problem of [[accuracy]]. Jorge Luis Borges' "[[On Exactitude in Science]]" (1946) describes the tragic uselessness of the perfectly accurate, one-to-one map:
{{quote|In time, those Unconscionable Maps no longer satisfied, and the Cartographers Guild drew a Map of the Empire whose size was that of the Empire, coinciding point for point with it. The following Generations, who were not so fond of the Study of Cartography saw the vast Map to be Useless and permitted it to decay and fray under the Sun and winters.
In the Deserts of the West, still today, there are Tattered Ruins of the Map, inhabited by Animals and Beggars; and in all the Land there is no other Relic of the Disciplines of Geography.}}
A more extreme literary example, the fictional [[Paradoxes of set theory#The diary of Tristram Shandy|diary of Tristram Shandy]] is so detailed that it takes the author one ''year'' to set down the events of a single ''day'' – because the map (diary) is more detailed than the territory (life), yet must fit into the territory (diary written in the course of his life), it can never be finished. Such tasks are referred to as "[[supertask]]s".
In his short story "Magias parciales del ''Quijote''"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borges |first=Jorge Luis |date=1949-11-06 |title=Magias parciales del Quijote |journal=[[La Nación]] |language=ES |___location=Buenos Aires}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Borges |first=Jorge Luis |title=Otras Inquisiciones |publisher=Sur |year=1952 |___location=Buenos Aires |language=ES |trans-title=Other Inquisitions}}</ref> (“Partial Magic of the ''Quixote''”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Borges |first=Jorge Luis |title=Labyrinths |title-link=Labyrinths (short story collection) |publisher=[[New Directions Publishing]] |year=1964 |isbn=9780811200127 |edition=Augmented |___location=New York |pages=195–6 |translator-last=Irby |translator-first=James E. |orig-date=1962 1st ed.}}</ref>), Borges paraphrases [[Josiah Royce]]{{efn|Though Borges presents it as a direct quote, he condenses two pages of Royce<ref>{{Citation | last = Royce | first = Josiah | title = The World and the Individual, First Series: The Four Historical Conceptions of Being | place = New York | publisher = [[Macmillan Inc.]] | year = 1899 | chapter = Supplementary Essay: The One, the Many, and the Infinite | chapter-url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_and_the_Individual,_First_Series/Supplementary_Essay | pages = 504–505 | url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_and_the_Individual,_First_Series }}</ref> into three sentences of his own composition.}} describing a further conundrum of [[infinite regress]] arising when the map is contained within the territory:
{{quote
|text=The inventions of philosophy are no less fantastic than those of art: Josiah Royce, in the first volume of his work ''The World and the Individual'' (1899), has formulated the following: 'Let us imagine that a portion of the soil of England has been levelled off perfectly and that on it a cartographer traces a map of England. The job is perfect; there is no detail of the soil of England, no matter how minute, that is not registered on the map; everything has there its correspondence. This map, in such a case, should contain a map of the map, which should contain a map of the map of the map, and so on to infinity.' Why does it disturb us that the map be included in the map and the thousand and one nights in the book of the ''Thousand and One Nights''? Why does it disturb us that Don Quixote be a reader of the ''Quixote'' and Hamlet a spectator of ''Hamlet''? I believe I have found the reason: these inversions suggest that if the characters of a fictional work can be readers or spectators, we, its readers or spectators, can be fictions.
|author=Jorge Luis Borges
|source=''Partial Magic of the Quixote'' (1949; trans. 1964)}}
[[Neil Gaiman]] retells the parable in reference to [[storytelling]] in ''[[Fragile Things]]'' (it was originally to appear in ''[[American Gods]]''):
{{quote|One describes a tale best by telling the tale. You see? The way one describes a story, to oneself or the world, is by telling the story. It is a balancing act and it is a dream. The more accurate the map, the more it resembles the territory. The most accurate map possible would be the territory, and thus would be perfectly accurate and perfectly useless. The tale is the map that is the territory.}}
The development of electronic media blurs the line between map and territory by allowing for the [[simulation]] of ideas as encoded in simulacra, a copy without a real, a semiotic assemblage of references as [[Baudrillard]] argues in ''[[Simulacra and Simulation]]'' (1994, p. 1):
The rise of electronic media and [[Jean Baudrillard]]'s concept of ''[[simulacra]]'' further complicates the map-territory distinction. In ''Simulacra and Simulation'', Baudrillard argues that in the modern age, simulations precede and even replace reality:
{{quote|Today abstraction is no longer that of the map, the double, the mirror, or the concept. Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: A hyperreal. The territory no longer precedes the map, nor does it survive it. It is nevertheless the map that precedes the territory—precession of simulacra—that engenders the territory.}}
The philosopher [[David Schmidtz]] draws on this distinction in his book ''Elements of Justice'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmidtz |first=David |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/elements-of-justice/74FB1043D35D22A65757D486E225FDF6 |title=The Elements of Justice |date=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-83164-2 |___location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511817519}}</ref> apparently deriving it from [[Wittgenstein]]'s [[private language argument]].
The fundamental trade-off between accuracy and usability of a map, particularly in the context of modelling, is known as [[Bonini's paradox]], and has been stated in various forms, poetically by [[Paul Valéry]]: "Everything simple is false. Everything which is complex is unusable."
Historian of religion [[Jonathan Z. Smith]] concluded his eponymous essay collection, ''Map is not Territory'' with a rejoinder to scholars that echoes the Borgesian analysis (1978, p. 309):
{{quote|We need to reflect on and play with the necessary incongruity of our maps before we set out on a voyage of discovery to chart the worlds of other men. For the dictum of Alfred Korzybski is inescapable: 'Map is not territory'––but maps are all we possess.}}
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[All models are wrong]]
* [[Allegory of the cave]]
* [[Blind men and an elephant]]
{{reflist}}
=== Further reading ===
==External links==
{{Cite journal |date=2018 |editor-last=Wuppuluri |editor-first=Shyam |editor2-last=Doria |editor2-first=Francisco Antonio |title=The Map and the Territory |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-72478-2 |journal=The Frontiers Collection |language=en |publisher=Springer Nature |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-72478-2 |isbn=978-3-319-72477-5 |issn=1612-3018|url-access=subscription |arxiv=1710.09944 }}
* [http://ensemble.va.com.au/enslogic/text/smn_lct06.htm The Map and the Territory]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021107024707/http://architecture.mit.edu/subjects/sp02/4195.html Measures and Scapes] [[MIT School of Architecture and Planning|MIT]] Department of Architecture
{{DEFAULTSORT:Map-Territory Relation}}
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