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Jumping the shark and Bay of Pigs Invasion: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Fonzie jumps the shark.PNG|right|thumb|200px|The infamous moment when [[Fonzie]] jumps over a shark while on water skis.]]
{{Infobox Military Conflict
'''Jumping the shark''' is a [[metaphor]] that has been used by [[United States|US]] [[television|TV]] [[critic]]s and fans since the [[1990s]] to denote the [[tipping point]] at which a [[television program|TV series]] is deemed to have passed its peak. Once a show has "jumped the shark," fans sense a noticeable decline in quality or feel the show has undergone too many changes to retain its original charm.
|conflict=Bay of Pigs Invasion
|partof=[[Cold War]]
|image=
|caption
|date=[[April 15]] - [[April 19]], [[1961]]
|place=[[Bay of Pigs]], Southern [[Cuba]]
|casus=[[Cuban Revolution|The Cuban Revolution]]
|territory=
|result=Victory for the Republic of Cuba
|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]] [[Cuba]]ns trained by [[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] Soviet advisers
|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]][[Cuban exile]]s trained by the [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|22px]] [[United States]]
|commander1=[[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]] [[Fidel Castro]]<BR>[[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]] [[José Ramón Fernández]]<BR> [[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|25px]] [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|22px]] [[Francisco Ciutat de Miguel]]
|commander2=[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] [[Grayston Lynch]]<BR> [[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]] [[Pepe San Roman]]<BR>[[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]] [[Erneido Oliva]]
|strength1=51,000
|strength2=1,500
|casualties1=various estimates; over 1,600 dead (Triay p. 81) to 5,000 total estimated (Lynch)
|casualties2=115 dead<br>1,189 captured
}}
 
[[Image:Alerta.jpg|thumb|230px|Cuban poster warning before invasion showing a soldier armed with an [[RPD]] [[machine gun]].]]
The phrase was popularized by [[Jon Hein]] on his [[website]], ''jumptheshark.com''. It alludes to a scene in the TV series, ''[[Happy Days]]'', when the popular character, Arthur "[[Fonzie]]" Fonzarelli, on water skis, literally jumps over a shark.
The 1961 '''Bay of Pigs Invasion''' (also known in Cuba as the '''Playa Girón''' after the beach in the [[Bay of Pigs]] where the landing took place) was an unsuccessful [[United States]]-planned and funded attempted invasion by armed [[Cuban exile]]s in southwest [[Cuba]]. An attempt to overthrow the government of [[Fidel Castro]], this action accelerated a rapid deterioration in [[Cuban-American relations]], which was further worsened by the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] the following year. The name Bay of Pigs comes from Bahía de Cochinos, where in all probability "Cochino" refers to a species of [[Triggerfish]] (Balistes vetula) [http://www.invemar.org.co/redcostera1/invemar/docs/Vol33/BIMC_33_03_Claro.pdf], rather than pigs ([[Boar|Sus scrofa]]).
 
The pigs at the island
Jump-the-shark moments may be scenes like the one described above that finally convince viewers that the show has fundamentally and permanently strayed from its original premise. In those cases, they are viewed as a desperate and futile attempt to keep a series fresh in the face of a decline in ratings. In other cases, the departure or replacement of a main cast member or character or a significant change in setting changes a critical dynamic of the show.
Tensions between [[The United States]] and [[Cuba]] had increased steadily since the [[Cuban Revolution]] of 1959. The [[Dwight Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] and [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] administrations had judged that Castro's policies, including the [[expropriation]] of American-owned assets on the island and Cuba's increasing ties with the [[Soviet Union]], could not be tolerated.
On March 17, 1960, the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration agreed to a recommendation from the CIA to equip and drill Cuban exiles for action against the new Castro government.<ref name="thousand"> ''A Thousand days:John F Kennedy in the White House'' [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr]] 1965 </ref> Eisenhower stated that it was the policy of the U.S. government to aid anti-Castro guerilla forces. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] began to recruit and train anti-Castro forces in the [[Sierra Madre de Chiapas|Sierra Madre]] mountains on the Pacific coast of [[Guatemala]].<ref name="thousand"/>
 
The CIA was initially confident that it was capable of overthrowing Castro, having experience assisting in the overthrow of other foreign governments such as the government of [[Iran]]ian prime minister [[Mohammed Mossadegh]] in 1953 and [[Guatemala]]n president [[Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán]] in 1954. [[Richard Mervin Bissell Jr.]], one of [[Allen Dulles]]'s three aides, was made director of "Operation Zapata."
The term has also evolved to describe other areas of [[popular culture|pop culture]], including [[film|movie]] series, music or acting [[celebrity|celebrities]], or authors for whom a drastic change was seen as the beginning of the end. These changes are often attempts to attract their fans' waning attention with over-the-top statements or increasingly overt appeals to sex or violence (see [[circling the drain]]). As this idiom grows in popularity, it is being broadened to simply describe any decline in viewer appeal for the TV series in question, without requiring a significant "jump the shark" moment as justification.
{{TOCleft}}
== Origin ==
The phrase refers to a scene in a three-part episode of the American TV series, ''Happy Days,'' first broadcast on [[September 20]], [[1977]]. In the "Hollywood" episode, Fonzie ([[Henry Winkler]]), wearing swim trunks and his trademark leather jacket, jumps over a penned-in [[shark]] while [[water skiing]] (you can find a video clip of this scene among the [[#External links|external links]]).
 
The original plan called for landing the [[Brigade 2506|exile brigade]] (Brigade 2506) in the vicinity of the old colonial city of [[Trinidad, Cuba]], in the central province of [[Sancti Spiritus]] approximately 400 km southeast of Havana at the foothills of the [[Escambray Mountains|Escambray mountains]]. The selection of the Trinidad site provided a number of options that the exile brigade could exploit during the invasion. The population of Trinidad was generally opposed to Castro and the rugged mountains outside the city provided an area into which the invasion force could retreat and establish a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] campaign were the landing to falter. Throughout 1960, the growing ranks of Brigade 2506 trained at locations throughout southern [[Florida]] and in [[Guatemala]] for the beach landing and possible mountain retreat.
Many have noted the shark episode as the moment when they realized the show was no longer worth watching, considering the scene to be unrealistic and of poor quality, making it impossible to maintain [[suspension of disbelief]]. Even before "jumping the shark" was employed as a pop culture term, the episode in question was cited many times as an example of what can happen to otherwise high-quality shows when they stay on the air too long in the face of waning interest. Producer [[Garry Marshall]] later admitted that he knew the show had lost something as the crew prepared to shoot the scene. However, as he pointed out in the reunion special that aired on [[February 3]], [[2005]], ''Happy Days'' went on to produce approximately 100 more episodes after the "jumping the shark" episode. During the same special, in response to an audience member's question, Marshall introduced the notorious clip and noted how the show had inspired the term.
 
On [[February 17]] [[1961]], [[John F. Kennedy]], the new U.S. president, asked his advisors whether the toppling of Castro might be related to weapon shipments and if it was possible to claim the real targets were modern fighter aircraft and rockets which endangered America's security. At the time, Cuba's army possessed Soviet tanks, artillery and small arms, and its air force consisted of [[A-26 Invader|B-26]] medium bombers, [[Hawker Sea Fury|Hawker Sea Furies]] (a fast and effective, though obsolete, propeller driven [[fighter-bomber]]) and [[T-33]] jets left over from the Batista Air Force.<ref>http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/baypigs-airforce.htm</ref>
The first use of the phrase as a direct metaphor is reported to have been on [[December 24]], [[1997]], when the ''jumptheshark.com'' Website was launched by Jon Hein. According to the site, the phrase was first coined by Hein's college roommate, Sean J. Connolly, in [[1985]]. In print, the term first appeared in the [[May 29]], [[1998]] ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' [[newspaper]] article, "It's All Downhill," written by Jeff Abramowitz.
 
As Kennedy's plans evolved, critical details were changed that were to hamper chances of a successful mission without direct U.S. help. These revised details included changing the landing area for Brigade 2506 to two points in [[Matanzas Province]], 202 km southeast of [[Havana]] on the eastern edge of the Zapata peninsula at the [[Bay of Pigs|Bahía de Cochinos]] (Bay of Pigs). The landings would now take place on the Girón and Playa de zapatos Larga beaches. This change effectively cut off contact with the rebels in the Escambray "[[War Against the Bandits]]". The Castro government also had been warned by senior [[KGB]] agents [[Osvaldo Sánchez Cabrera]] and [["Aragon",]] who respectively died violently before and after the invasion. <!--(Welch and Blight, p. 113)-->The U.S. government was aware that a high casualty rate was possible. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
More recently, the phrase has been used outside the realm of popular culture, representing anything that has reached its peak and has turned mediocre. For example, if one thinks a stock or a sports team has reached its peak, one can say that it has "jumped the shark."
 
==Soviet Advisers to Cuban government forces==
On [[December 22]], [[1963]], the ''[[Bonanza]]'' episode, "Hoss and the Leprechauns", aired, in which [[Hoss Cartwright]] ([[Dan Blocker]]) meets a [[leprechaun]]. Several viewers have logged on to ''jumptheshark.com'' and noted that the phenomenon now known as "jumping the shark" was once called "seeing the leprechaun."
 
A militia, artillery, and intelligence are necessary to field a regular army. Foreign advisors were brought from [[Eastern Bloc]] countries; the most senior of these were [[Francisco Ciutat de Miguel]], [[Enrique Lister]], and [[Alberto Bayo]].<ref>(Paz-Sanchez, 2001, pp 189-199) </ref> Ciutat de Miguel (Masonic name: Algazel; Russian name: Pavel Pablovich Stepanov; Cuban alias: Ángel Martínez Riosola, commonly referred to as Angelito) is said to have arrived the same day as [[La Coubre explosion]]; he was wounded in the foot during the [[War Against the Bandits]], the type of wound that is common to senior officers observing combat at the edge of effective rifle range. Date of wound is not given in references cited [http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Personajes/Militares/Militares1.htm]
== Jumping the shark in episodic media ==
===Archetypal jump-the-shark moments===
 
==Invasion==
A "jump-the-shark" moment is usually specific to what makes a series popular, or to a show's original premise. Common scenes or situations listed below only qualify as "shark-jumping" moments when they cross a line that, in retrospect, can be cited as a sign of the show's decline. Series can recover from most examples listed below, and many popular shows negotiate major cast changes and remain successful. However drastic changes alter the chemistry of the show. Where this is upset in some significant way and the series has difficulty recovering from the changes they become "jump-the-shark" moments.
On the morning of [[April 15]], [[1961]], three flights of [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] [[A-26 Invader|B-26B Invader]] light bomber aircraft displaying Cuban Fuerza Aerea Revolucionaria (FAR - Revolutionary Air Force) markings bombed and strafed the Cuban airfields of [[San Antonio de Los Baños]], Antonio Maceo International Airport, and the airfield at Ciudad Libertad. Operation Puma, the code name given to the [[offensive counter air attack]]s against the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]], called for 48 hours of air strikes across the island to effectively eliminate the Cuban air force, ensuring Brigade 2506 complete air superiority over the island prior to the actual landing at the Bay of Pigs. This failed because the airstrikes were not continued, as was originally planned - limited by decisions at the highest level of US government. The second wave of airstrikes, designed to wipe out the remainder of Castro's airforce was stopped due to a communication breakdown rather than a lack of political will{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. [[Adlai Stevenson]], the US ambassador to the United Nations had been embarrassed by revelations that the first wave of airstrikes had been carried out by US planes despite his repeated denials that this was so. He contacted [[McGeorge Bundy]] who, unaware of the critical importance to the mission of the second wave, cancelled the airstrike despite Kennedy's earlier approval for it. Castro also had prior knowledge of the invasion and had moved the airplanes out of harm's way.
[[Image:BayofPigs.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Map showing the ___location of the Bay of Pigs.]]
Of the Brigade 2506 aircraft that sortied on the morning of [[April 15]], one was tasked with establishing the CIA cover story for the invasion. The slightly modified two-seat B-26B used for this mission was piloted by [[Captain]] Mario Zuniga. Prior to departure, the engine cowling from one of the aircraft's two engines was removed by maintenance personnel, fired upon, then re-installed to give the appearance that the aircraft had taken ground fire at some point during its flight. Captain Zuniga departed from the exile base in [[Nicaragua]] on a solo, low-flying mission that would take him over the westernmost province of [[Pinar del Río|Pinar del Rio]], Cuba, and then northeast toward [[Key West, Florida]]. Once across the island, Captain Zuniga climbed steeply away from the waves of the [[Florida Straits]] to an altitude where he would be detected by US radar installations to the north of Cuba. At altitude and a safe distance north of the island, Captain Zuniga feathered the engine with the pre-installed bullet holes in the engine cowling, radioed a mayday call, and requested immediate permission to land at Boca Chica Naval Air Station a few kilometers northeast of [[Key West, Florida]]. This account is at apparent variance with Cuban government reports that [[Sea Fury]], [[B-26]] fighter bombers and [[T-33]] trainers flown by the few Cuban (notable Rafael del Pino, (Lagas, 1964)) and some left-wing Chilean and Nicaraguan pilots (Lagas, 1964; Somoza-Debayle and Jack Cox, 1980), loyal to Castro attacked the older slower B-26s flown by the invading force.<ref>http://www.urrib2000.narod.ru/ArticGiron1-e.html</ref>
 
By the time of Captain Zuniga's announcement to the world mid-morning on the 15th, all but one of the Brigade's Douglas bombers were back over the Caribbean on the three and a half hour return leg to their base in Nicaragua to re-arm and refuel. Upon landing, however, the flight crews were met with a cable from Washington ordering the indefinite stand-down of all further combat operations over Cuba.
Just because a moment appears on this list does not necessarily mean that the series it appears in has jumped the shark. Each series is different and a lot depends on the execution. Also relevant are differences in viewer tastes &mdash; what may constitute a shark-jumping moment to one viewer will not necessarily be seen that way by another. Sometimes, an episode considered to have "jumped the shark" that is followed by a string of adequate or good episodes may be overlooked as a simple writing slump.
 
On [[April 17]], four 2,400-ton chartered transports (named the ''Houston'', ''Río Escondido'', ''Caribe'', and ''Atlántico'') transported 1,511 Cuban exiles to the Bay of Pigs on the Southern coast of Cuba. They were accompanied by two CIA-owned infantry landing crafts (LCI's), called the ''Blagar'' and ''Barbara J'', containing supplies, ordnance, and equipment. The small army hoped to find support from the local population, intending to cross the island to [[Havana]]. The CIA assumed that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro. However, the
[[Soap opera]]s will often use several of these ploys repeatedly, yet (perhaps by their very nature) manage to maintain their loyal viewers, even in [[Passions| extreme]] [http://rotten.com/library/culture/passions/ cases.]
Escambray rebels had been contained by Cuban militia directed by [[Francisco Ciutat de Miguel]] (see Soviet Advisers to Cuban government forces above). By the time the Invasion began, Castro had already executed some who were suspected of colluding with the American campaign (notably two former "Comandantes" Humberto Sorí Marin and [[William Alexander Morgan]]<ref>http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/morgan/Morgan-03-13-6]</ref><ref>http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html</ref> Others executed included Alberto Tapia Ruano, a catholic youth leader. April was a bloody month for the resistance. Several hundreds of thousands were imprisoned before, during and after the invasion (Priestland, 2003).
 
After landing, it soon became evident that the exiles were not going to receive effective support at the site of the invasion and were likely to lose. Reports from both sides describe tank battles (see much detail in printed references section below) involving heavy USSR equipment.<ref name="SPlister.htm">http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPlister.htm</ref> Kennedy decided against giving the faltering invasion US air support (though four US pilots were killed in Cuba during the invasion) because of his opposition to overt intervention. Kennedy also canceled several sorties of bombings (only two took place) on the grounded Cuban Airforce, which might have crippled the Cuban Airforce and given air superiority to the invaders. [[U.S. Marines]] were not sent in.
Typical moments may include (but are not limited to) the following:
 
===Format=Air action==
* Changing the format of the series' episodes, such as moving from stand-alone episodes to arc storytelling, or vice-versa. Examples include the final season of ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'' when the series shifted from two-episode stories to single episode stories; later episodes of ''The X-files'' that focused heavily on a multi-season story arc.
 
Aviation is commonly considered the deciding factor during the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The first airplane of the Cuban Armed forces was obtained in 1913; Cuban pilots, such as Francisco Terry Sánchez and Santiago Campuzano fought combat missions as early as WW I [http://www.nocastro.com/documents/aviacion/aviacion1.htm]. The 1931 Gibara landing against Machado was defeated in great part by Cuban Aviation [http://www.nocastro.com/documents/aviacion/aviacion2.htm]. However, by the end of January 1959 most Cuban pilots and support technicians from the Batista era were in jail [http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/80.81sp/Cuba4677.htm] or in exile.
====Premise====
* When the key premise of the series is altered (e.g. the shift of ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'' from pure comedy to politically oriented drama).
* A female character becomes pregnant and eventually gives [[childbirth|birth]] (e.g., ''[[Angel (TV series)|Angel]]'', ''[[Friends]]'', ''[[Murphy Brown]]'' and ''[[Mad About You]]'').
* Main characters have [[sexual intercourse|sex]] after an extended period of sexual tension between them (e.g. ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]'', ''[[Northern Exposure]]'', ''[[Who's the Boss?]]'').
* Main characters [[marriage|marry]] after a tempestuous courtship (e.g., ''[[The Nanny (TV series)|The Nanny]]'', ''[[Get Smart]]'', ''[[I Dream of Jeannie]]'', ''[[Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman]]'').
* Main characters [[divorce]] after a tempestuous marriage (e.g., Lionel Jefferson and Jenny Willis on ''[[The Jeffersons]]'').
* When a key premise of the show is altered, but the producers of the series write the situation so the characters are obliged to interact with one another like before (e.g., on ''[[Full House]]'', Jesse continues to live with the Tanner family after marrying Rebecca).
* A [[supporting character]] or group of characters play a disproportionately large role in the series (e.g., [[Steve Urkel]] on ''[[Family Matters (TV series)|Family Matters]]'').
* A show's genre is altered, as when a [[situation comedy|sitcom]] starts using [[science fiction|sci fi]]-like plot devices (e.g., [[time travel]], [[cloning]] and [[virtual reality]] on ''Family Matters''; or when a [[situation comedy|sitcom]] starts using dramatic themes more often than comedic themes.
 
During the Bay of Pigs invasion, the first Cuban exile attack with B-26 left Cuban forces with "two [[B-26]]s, two [[Sea Fury|Sea Furies]], and two [[T-33]]As at San Antonio de los Baños Airbase, and only one Sea Fury at the [[Antonio Maceo Airport]]" and two of the attacking bombers were damaged [http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/americas/cuba/Cuba-af-history.htm] April 17 Cuban exile pilots and copilots/navigators: Matias Farias, Eddy Gonzalez, Osvaldo Piedra, Jose Fernandez, Raul Vianello, Jose, A. Crespo, Lorenzo Perez Lorenzo, Crispin Garcia, and Juan Mata Gonzalez are killed. April 19 US aviators Riley Shamburger, Wade Gray, Thomas W. Ray and Leo Baker, replacing exhausted Cuban exile fliers, die in action.
====Setting====
* Change in the principal setting of the show, either permanently or as the theme of a series of episodes (e.g., on ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]'', when Drew changes jobs and is inexplicably accompanied by his hated assistant Mimi, and boss Mr. Wick; ''[[Laverne & Shirley]]'' when all the main characters move from [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]] to [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]].
* Loss of a key prop or ___location (e.g., Arnold's in ''Happy Days'').
* When the show is in an academic setting, the main characters [[graduation|graduate]] and the setting changes from [[high school]] to a [[university]] (e.g., on ''[[Buffy The Vampire Slayer]]'', Buffy and her friends all go on to the same college while trying to maintain the same relationships with family and friends; a similar shift took place on ''[[Saved by the Bell]]'' and ''[[Beverly Hills 90210]]'').
 
Cuban pilots Alvaro Galo and Willy Figueroa were jailed for cowardice, for not flying B-26; Captain Evans was accused of poisoning crews and also jailed.
===Individual episodes===
* A specific episode that irreparably strains the credibility or premise of the series or one of its main characters (e.g., on the original ''[[Battlestar Galactica (original series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'' series, it was revealed that the Cylon Imperious Leader was created with the assistance — and even the voice — of [[Satan]] himself, with real-live [[angel]]s flying around the Galactica while Satan was onboard). Another memorable example in this category is the "alien episode" ("Missing Hours" on ''[[Miami Vice]]'', in which Lou de Long [played by funk legend [[James Brown]]] turns out to be an alien leader and starts to mess with Trudy's ([[Olivia Brown]]) mind).
* A pre-recorded series produces a live episode (e.g., ''[[Will and Grace]]''). This may not in itself be a jump the shark moment, but is sometimes a sign that the series has entered a ratings slump.
* The "[[very special episode]]", in which a sitcom or [[drama]] addresses a serious social issue in a forced or awkward way (such as [[drug addiction]], [[child abuse]], or [[racism]]). The sitcom, ''[[Blossom (TV series)|Blossom]]'', used this device from the beginning, but it grew troublesome, due to the disconnection between the actual episodes and how the network promoted them. Drama ''[[7th Heaven]]'' often used this episode format to address a number of themes.
* The [[fictional crossover|crossover]] episode with other series (e.g., ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' and ''[[Third Watch]]'', ''[[The Golden Girls]]'' and ''[[Empty Nest]]'', ''[[Ally McBeal]]'' and ''[[The Practice]]'').
* Use of a [[plot device]] which is regarded as a [[cliché]], such as a story involving the [[evil twin]] of a main character (e.g., on ''[[Knight Rider]]'', when [[KITT]] meets his bad-minded "brother", [[KARR]] and [[Michael Knight]] faces his evil [[doppelgänger]], [[Garthe Knight]]).
*Poor use of retroactive continuity ([[retcon]]) (e.g., the "shower scene" involving [[Patrick Duffy (actor)|Patrick Duffy]]'s return to ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' or ''[[Roseanne]]'''s winning of the lottery [[Retcon|retconned]] as her novel).
* The resolution of a story arc or [[season finale]] [[cliffhanger]] with a disappointing resolution. Examples includes "shower scene" on ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'', the Moldavian Wedding Massacre on ''[[Dynasty (TV series)|Dynasty]]'', and the Valentine's Day "frog-eating clone" episode of ''Lois and Clark'', where the two central characters married, only for it revealed that Clark had not married Lois, but her clone.
* The "Vacation" episodes &mdash; including ''[[Family Ties]]'' sending the Keatons to [[London]], and the Barones' [[Italy|Italian]] getaway on ''[[Everybody Loves Raymond]]''. The "shark jumping" episode of ''Happy Days'' was a vacation episode set in Hollywood.
* Excessive use of the [[clip show]], which provides a retrospective of funny moments previously on the show &mdash; often used in conjunction with a change in dynamic (e.g., clip show with excerpts from a couple's courting period when they are due to be married).
 
Cuban Air Force pilots included Carlos Ulloa Rauz who was Nicaraguan; Jaques Lagas who flew a B-26 and survived is from Chile' Alfredo Noa died in battle in a plane piloted by Luis A. Silva Tablada also killed. Rafael del Pino. de Varens died in a B-26 accident in Camaguey. Laga lists dead Castro fliers as: Noa, Silva, Ulloa, Martin Torres, Reinaldo Gonzalez Calainada, and Orestes Acosta. On page 81 Lagas mentions Enrique Carrera Rola and Gustavo Borzac.
===Actors===
====Main cast====
* The same main [[fictional character|character]] played by a different actor (e.g., the oft-mentioned switch from [[Dick York]] to [[Dick Sargent]] in the role of Darrin Stephens on ''[[Bewitched]]'').
* A show continues after the death of a cast member (e.g., ''[[Dennis the Menace (TV series)|Dennis the Menace]]'' after the death of [[Joseph Kearns]]; ''[[Petticoat Junction]]'' after the death of [[Bea Benaderet]]; ''[[Bonanza]]'' after the death of [[Dan Blocker]]; ''[[Chico and the Man]]'' after the death of [[Freddie Prinze]]; ''[[NewsRadio]]'' after the death of [[Phil Hartman]]; ''[[Cosby]]'' after the death of [[Madeline Kahn]]; or ''[[8 Simple Rules]]'' after the death of [[John Ritter]]).
*A show continues after a cast member who played an important character has left the series (e.g., both ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' and ''[[Becker]]'' after the departure of [[Terry Farrell (actress)|Terry Farrell]] from each series; ''[[Happy Days]]'' after the departure of [[Ron Howard]]; ''[[Northern Exposure]]'' after [[Rob Morrow]] left; ''[[Charmed]]'' after [[Shannen Doherty]] left; ''[[Spin City]]'' after [[Michael J. Fox]] left; ''[[That '70s Show]]'' after both [[Topher Grace]] and [[Ashton Kutcher]] left; or ''[[Highlander: The Series]]'' after [[Stan Kirsch]] left; ''[[The X-Files]]'' after [[David Duchovny]] left).
* [[Child actor]]s enter [[puberty]] (e.g., [[Jerry Mathers]] on ''[[Leave It to Beaver]]''; the sons on ''[[Home Improvement]]'' and ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]'').
* Off the set, a key cast member is charged with a crime, is a defendant in a major lawsuit, has well-publicized marital problems, or is involved with some other [[scandal]] (e.g., [[Mackenzie Phillips]]' drug problems on the set of ''[[One Day at a Time]]''; [[Suzanne Somers]]' salary dispute with the producers of ''[[Three's Company]]''; [[The Cosby Show|''The Cosby Show'']]'s [[Lisa Bonet]], and her involvement in the sexually explicit movie ''[[Angel Heart]]'' during the show's run.
* Overexposure of the actors in the media or of their characters on other shows (e.g., ''[[Queer Eye for the Straight Guy]]'' or ''[[The Osbournes]]'').
 
On page 82 Lagas mentions 16 exile planes in first attack, presumable B-26 bombers. Kraus mentions eight B-26 piloted by Cuban exiles [http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/americas/cuba/Cuba-af-history.htm]. Lagas mentions Cuban pilot Alberto Fernandez. Juan Suarez Plaza Ernesto Carrera is mentioned as flying a Seafury, and another Nicaraguan; Seafuries were also flown by Cuban pilots including Douglas Rood and Sanchez de Mola. Lagas states he was the only B-26 pilot left on the 19th of April. By April 21 ten of twelve exile B-26B had been destroyed [http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/americas/cuba/Cuba-af-history.htm]. Eight Cuban pilots survived, only one from the B-26.
====Guest stars====
* A special guest star makes an appearance, which often involves someone playing himself or herself or a guest character, usually in one episode. Often, this is a personality who does not normally do television or act (e.g., [[Boy George]] on ''[[The A-Team]]''; [[Tony Hawk]] on ''[[CSI: Miami]]'').
* Increasing frequency of guest stars, more than one per episode. Often they have little or nothing to do with the main plot; they are merely used as a promotional [[gimmick]] to attract viewer interest. At times, the guest can be wildly inappropriate for the target [[demographic]], (e.g., [[Violent Femmes]]' guest shot on ''[[Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (sitcom)|Sabrina the Teenage Witch]]'').
**Related: A [[game show]] airing more celebrity episodes and fewer "real people" episodes (''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire]]'', ''[[The Weakest Link]]'').
 
==Land action==
====Ted McGinley====
[[Ted McGinley]] has been dubbed the "patron saint" of shark jumping by Jon Hein because of the number of series which jumped the shark after he joined the cast. This is a controversial shark jumping category since several of McGinley's shows continued for many more seasons after he joined the cast, most notably ''Married ... with Children'', ''[[The Love Boat]]'' and ''[[Happy Days]]'' (which had already had the shark-jumping episode by the time he joined). Though McGinley himself is not regarded as responsible for a show jumping the shark, he is notable because he frequently served as a ''replacement'' actor (itself a jump the shark category) on several successful shows, joining late in their runs and continuing with the series as it went into decline.
 
In the beginning the [[militia]] on the beach surrendered, and the invaders moved to control the [[causeway]]s. There the fighting became intense, and Cuban forces casualities were very high, both as a result of fire power from the invading ground forces and the [[strafing]] [[B-26]]. However, once their air-support was eliminated and after expending all ammunition the invaders were forced back to the beach (summarized from Lynch, Grayston L. 2000, and others in bibliography below). The land action was very bloody. Carlos Franqui wrote:<ref>Data sources include: de Paz-Sánchez, 2001; Lynch, 2000 D; Johnson, 1964; Franqui, 1984; Vivés, 1984. Complete citations in Bibliography section.</ref>
Some viewers note that the appearance of [[Alan Alda]] on a series indicates the show's decline, although not necessarily shark-jumping ''per se''. This mostly refers to his appearances on ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' and ''[[ER]]'', as those are his only major television credits since his sitcom ''M*A*S*H'' ended in [[1983]]. Coincidentally, Ted McGinley appeared in several episodes of ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' early in its run.
 
{{Quotation| “We lost a lot of men. This frontal attack of men against machines (the enemy tanks) had nothing to do with guerrilla war; in fact it was a Russian tactic, probably the idea of the two Soviet generals, both of Spanish origin (they fought for the Republic in the Spanish Civil War and fled to the Soviet Union to later fight in World War II. One of them was a veteran, a fox (sic) named Ciutah. He (Ciutah) was sent by the Red Army and the Party as an advisor and was the father of the new Cuban army. He was the only person who could have taken charge of the Girón campaign. The other Hispano-Russian general was an expert in antiguerrilla war who ran the Escambray cleanup. But the real factor in our favor at Girón was the militias: Almejeira’s column embarked on a suicide mission, they were massacred but they reached the beach.”}}
===Characters===
====Main characters====
* The departure of a main cast member from a series, such as the loss of [[Mike Stivic|Mike]] and [[Gloria Stivic|Gloria]], and that of [[Edith Bunker]], from ''[[All in the Family]]''; the replacement of [[Valerie Harper]] on ''[[The Hogan Family]]''). Often the character(s) will be replaced by similar character(s) (Coy and Vance replacing Bo and Luke on ''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]''.)
* Introduction of new characters to revive interest, often during a show's waning years, such as when when ''[[The Cosby Show]]'' introduced Clair's cousin Pam. This plot device has been lampooned in several episodes of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' (most notably, the episode "[[The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show]]").
* Young, cute children clearly intended to replace child stars who have reached (or are nearing) adulthood (e.g., [[Cousin Oliver]] on ''[[The Brady Bunch]]''.
* Change in a character's personality, usually from negative attributes to positive ones. For example, Nellie Oleson on ''[[Little House on the Prairie]]'', Margaret "Hot Lips" Houlihan on ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'', and Julie Cooper on ''[[The O.C.]]'', all of whom started out as belligerent, antagonistic characters and eventually morphed into nice, friendly characters.
* A character who has never shown any previous signs of being [[homosexuality|gay]] [[coming out|comes out]] of [[the closet]]. ''[[Ellen (television series)|Ellen]]'' is a frequently-cited example, although many hints had been given that the character was gay, to the point that this became a running joke before she came out on the show. Another example is [[Willow Rosenberg]] in ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]''.
 
====Villains==Casualties==
By the time fighting ended on [[April 21]], 68 exiles were dead and the rest were captured. Estimates of Cuban forces killed vary with the source, but were generally far higher.
* When very popular villains become more and more sympathetic and altruistic to the point that they're effectively heroes (e.g., [[Magneto (comics)|Magneto]] from ''[[X-Men: The Animated Series]]'', [[Spike (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)|Spike]] from ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]''.
* Shows that feature only one primary villain/group of villains suddenly killing off or otherwise neutralizing them and bringing in new villains (e.g., when [[Cigarette Smoking Man]] and [[Alex Krycek]] were written out of ''[[The X-Files]]'', when [[Lex Luthor]] dies in ''[[Lois & Clark]]'', when the [[Taelons]] are replaced by the more openly hostile [[Atavus]] on the Sci-Fi series ''[[Earth: Final Conflict]]'' at the start of the fifth and final season of the show, or when the [[Goa'uld]] and [[Replicators]] are defeated on ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' only to be replaced with the [[Ori (Stargate)|Ori]] (although the [[Goa'uld]] still maintain a small role). Every season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer featured a "Big Bad," something that is referenced several times in the final season, notably when a shape-shifter becomes the previous six at the end of the season premiere of the last season.
 
The 1,209 captured exiles were quickly put on trial. A few were executed and the rest sentenced to thirty years in prison for [[treason]]. After 20 months of negotiation with the United States, Cuba released the exiles in exchange for $53 million in food and medicine.
====Guest characters====
* The "identical long-lost cousin" syndrome (usually enacted by one of the main cast members in a dual role), such as the Greek "cousins" of Uncle Jesse and Michelle on ''[[Full House]].''
 
It is generally assumed by some that during the Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuba's losses were high. Triay (2001 p. 110) mentions 4,000 casualties; Lynch (p. 148) 50X or about 5,000. Other sources indicate over 2,200 casualties. Unofficial reports list that seven Cuban army infantry battalions suffered significant losses during the fighting.
===Story arc===
====Season finale====
The last episode or episodes in a season where the producers are unsure if the show will be picked up again can cause the acceleration or closure of long-running story arcs, making it difficult to revive the spirit or feeling of the show when they are picked up for subsequent seasons. Characters can be written out, relationships can end or permanent ones can begin, emotional ties can be severed and secrets can be revealed that forever change the dynamic of the show. When these solidly closed arcs are reopened, reversed or replaced with new story arcs, the show can become unbelievable, stilted or strained, or the show takes on a totally new feel, causing a change in audience.
 
In one air attack alone, Cuban forces suffered an estimated 1,800 casualties when a mixture of army troops, militia, and civilians were caught on an open causeway riding in civilian buses towards the battle scene in which several buses were hit by [[napalm]].<ref>http://www.serendipity.li/cia/bay-of-pigs.htm</ref><ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/EJR.htm</ref><ref>http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/articles/bayofpigs.htm</ref>
An example is the second season finale of ''[[seaQuest DSV]]'', which sees the crew of ''seaQuest'' being transported to another planet, whereby the majority of the crew is killed and the boat is destroyed again (it had been destroyed in the first season finale as well). When the third season begins, the show now takes place ten years later and is renamed ''seaQuest 2032''. Somehow, the crew and the boat are returned to Earth alive and intact and [[Roy Scheider]]'s Captain Nathan Bridger is replaced with [[Michael Ironside]]'s Captain Oliver Hudson. The dynamic of the show is completely altered.
 
The government initially reported their army losses as 87 dead with many more wounded. The number of those killed in action in Cuba's army during the battle eventually ran to 140, and then finally to 161. Thus in the most accepted calculations, a total of around 2,000 (perhaps as many as 5,000, see above) Cuban militia fighting for the Republic of Cuba may have been killed, wounded or missing in action.
Another example is the departure of [[Aaron Sorkin]] from his role as [[executive producer]] of ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' in 2003, at the end of the fourth season. In the fourth season finale, Sorkin had Zoe, the youngest daughter of President Bartlet, abducted by terrorists and held for ransom, which automatically became the dominating plot behind the fifth season. In true heroic fashion, Zoe was rescued and returned unharmed, the whole ordeal never again coming up. Gradually the series drifted towards the election campaign to replace the outgoing president. It was further speculated that Sorkin, who had been in a dispute with the network, intentionally wrote his successors into a corner by reviving a nightmare scenario about which the president once told Zoe in the first season (the resulting fifth season story arc matched the monologue by Martin Sheen almost word for word).
 
The total casualties for the brigade were 104 members killed, and a few hundred more were wounded. Of those killed, ten died trying to escape Cuba in a boat (Celia), nine asphyxiated in a sealed truck on the way to Havana,<ref>http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/15933592.htm</ref> five were executed after the invasion, five were executed after being captured infiltrating Cuba, five died in training at their base and two died in a Cuban prison camp.
Yet another example is the season seven finale of ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'', in which [[Anubis (Stargate)|Anubis]] is killed and [[Colonel]] O'Neill is left frozen in the Ancient outpost in [[Antarctica]]. In the next season, O'Neill is promoted to [[Brigadier General]], before leaving the [[Stargate Command|SGC]] to become director of [[Stargate Command#Homeworld Security|Homeworld Security]].
 
In 1979 the body of Alabama National Guard Captain {Pilot} Thomas Willard Ray who was executed after capture was returned
===Production===
to his family from Cuba; the CIA eventually ("in the late 90's") admitted to his links to the agency and awarded him their highest award the [[Intelligence Star]].<ref>Thomas, Eric 2007 (accessed 2-22-07) Local Man Forever Tied To Cuban Leader Father Frozen, Displayed By Fidel Castro KGO ABC7/KGO-TV/DT. ABC San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=assignment_7&id=5056129</ref>
* A key writer or producer leaves the show, is fired or decreases his or her involvement (e.g., [[Aaron Sorkin]]'s departure from ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'', [[Larry David]]'s departure from ''[[Seinfeld]]'', [[David Lynch]]'s drifting from ''[[Twin Peaks]]'', [[John Kricfalusi]] being fired from ''[[Ren and Stimpy]]'', [[Reinhold Weege]] departing from ''[[Night Court]]'', series developer [[Robert Hewitt Wolfe]] being let go from ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]'', [[Tracy Tormé]]'s leaving ''[[Sliders]]'', etc).
* A show switches to color broadcasts if previously shown in [[black and white]]. This was most notable for shows broadcast during the [[1960s]], such as ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'' and ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]''.
* In cartoon series, a switch from one method of animation to another. For instance, a switch from traditional methods (hand-drawn, ink-and-paint, edited clips) to computer production, often to cut down on costs or increase production speed (e.g., ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'', ''[[The Powerpuff Girls]]'', ''[[Johnny Bravo]]'', and ''[[Sealab 2021]]'').
** Related: An obvious change in animation design (e.g., ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' after a 3 year hiatus returned with a drastically altered style by the same animators).
* Change in where the show is produced, usually a move back to [[Southern California]] by a show produced somewhere else (e.g., ''[[The X-Files]]'' relocating from [[Vancouver]] to Los Angeles late in the series or ''[[seaQuest DSV]]'' moving from Los Angeles to [[Florida]] for the second and third seasons). This is often seen as a sign that the actors and producers are beginning to tire of a current show and want to be available for other projects.
* Change in length of episode, usually when a 30-minute show attempts hour-long episodes or vice-versa (e.g., ''[[Soap (TV series)|Soap]]'', ''[[The Bill]]'' and ''[[The Twilight Zone]]'').
**Some cartoons change from two 15-minute shorts to a full 30-minute episode (''[[Ed, Edd, n Eddy]]'', ''[[Powerpuff Girls]]'', ''[[Hey Arnold!]]''), and vice-versa.
* When a show's star begins writing or directing a majority of the episodes, and becomes involved in virtually every aspect of the show. Frequently, the episodes' morals will reflect the beliefs, opinions, etc. of that star (hence, the show becomes "The gospel according to ... "). The most famous occurrence of this was when [[Alan Alda]] took control of ''M*A*S*H''.
* When a high-profile guest writer-director (e.g., [[Woody Allen]], [[Quentin Tarantino]] or [[Hal Prince]]) is brought onto the show's crew to write or direct one or more episodes. These are usually people from the theater or film industry with a long-standing record of writing or directing critically or commercially acclaimed films and stage productions.
* When a series is unexpectedly renewed at the last minute after production is concluded, forcing an awkward continuation of the premise (e.g., ''[[Babylon 5]]'''s creator [[J. Michael Straczynski]] feared he would not be able to complete his five-year story arc due to the impending dissolution of its parent, [[Prime Time Entertainment Network]], and the uncertainties of the [[television syndication]] market, which led to many storylines being resolved prematurely at the end of season 4; when the series was picked up for a fifth season by cable network [[Turner Network Television|TNT]], Straczynski relaunched production by withholding the series finale and extending the resolution of the remaining story arcs).
 
==Release of most captive prisoners==
===Other===
In May 1961 Castro proposed an exchange of the surviving members of the assault for five hundred bulldozers. The trade soon rose to $28 million [[United States dollars]].<ref name="thousand"/> Negotiations were non-productive until after the [[Cuban missile crisis]]. On December 21, 1962 Castro and James B. Donovan, a U.S. lawyer signed an agreement to exchange the 1,113 prisoners for $53 million U.S. dollars in food and medicine, the money being raised by private donations.<ref>http://onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr60/fcuba1961.htm</ref> On December 29, 1962 Kennedy met with the returning brigade at [[Palm Beach]], [[Florida]].<ref name="thousand"/>
* A theatrical or straight-to-video movie based on the series runs between seasons (e.g., ''[[Hey Arnold]]'', ''[[Family Guy]]'', ''The X-Files'', ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', and ''[[South Park]]'').
* A central plot line of the show is resolved (e.g., the solving of [[Laura Palmer]]'s murder on ''[[Twin Peaks]],'' the revelation that [[extraterrestrials]] definitely do exist on ''The X-Files'').
* The producers start to dilute the show's [[brand]] with too many [[List of television spin-offs|spinoffs]] (as with the case of ''[[Love, American Style]]'' which, directly or indirectly, spawned a large number of spin-offs including ''Happy Days'' and its spin-offs).
* The show gets into [[merchandising]] or its stars start doing ads. However, this was a common practice during the early days of TV, when characters of a show pitched a certain product either as part of the gag or during a commercial.
* A substantial reduction in the show's budget in a way that is noticeable on screen (e.g., the game show ''[[Scrabble (game show)|Scrabble]]'' during its 1993 run, or the third seasons of ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' and ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'').
* Excessive or obvious use of [[product placement]] (e.g., ''[[American Dreams]]'' during its final season). This was also a fairly common practice during the early days of television.
* Recycling of old plots, scripts, characters and continuity points from previous seasons (e.g., ''[[Bewitched]]'', ''[[Charmed]]''); or versions of the show brought back to sustain/regain viewer interest (e.g., ''[[Doctor Who]]'', which during its final years of its original series revived old plots and characters to sequelize previous story arcs).
* A sudden leap forward in time, usually a period of years, and at a season finale. (e.g., Season 3 of ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]'')
 
==Aftermath, reactions and re-evaluations==
=="Jump the shark" references==
[[Image:JFK.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]'s Statement on Cuba and Neutrality Laws, April 20, 1961]]
===Sitcom or dramatic series references===
The failed Bay of Pigs invasion severely embarrassed the Kennedy administration, and made Castro wary of future US intervention in Cuba. As a result of the failure, [[Director of Central Intelligence|CIA director]] [[Allen Dulles]], [[Deputy Director of Central Intelligence|deputy CIA director]] [[Charles Cabell]], and Deputy Director of Operations [[Richard Mervin Bissell Jr.|Richard Bissell]] were all forced to resign. All three were held responsible for the planning of the operation at the CIA. Responsibility of the Kennedy Administration and the US State Department for modifications of the plans were not apparent until later.
* ''[[Arrested Development (TV series)|Arrested Development]]'' has a character played by [[Henry Winkler]], who played the Fonz in [[Happy Days]]. In the episode "Motherboy XXX", while conversing with other characters on a dock, he remarks, "I missed breakfast, so I’m on my way to [[Burger King]]," and then hops over a shark that's in front of his path.
* It has been argued that ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'''s sixth season can be viewed as an extended reference to various shark-jumping moments (including a musical episode, a wedding episode, a major character leaving and a character being killed off); it has also been suggested that the writers really were running out of ideas, although this theory may not fully explain the sheer density of such moments in that season. The presence of the "loan shark" character in the episode immediately following the aforementioned musical has been cited as a self-referential jumping of the shark.
* ''[[That '70s Show]]'' had an episode in which Fez imagines jumping over a shark, thinking how cool it would be to be the Fonz, then commenting on how he never really watched the show after that episode.
* ''The X-Files'' episode "Jump the Shark" in the last season ([[The X-Files (season 9)|season 9]]) concluded the roles of [[The Lone Gunmen]] in the series by killing them off.
* ''[[MADtv|Mad TV]]'' reenacted a skit in which the infamous "jump the shark" episode was partially redone in mock [[Spanish language|Spanish]], featuring dialogue such as Laverne saying "Aww, Shirl, Fonzie es jumpo el sharko!"
* The Canadian black comedy ''[[Made in Canada]]'' (titled ''The Industry'' elsewhere) had an episode entitled "Beaver Creek Jumps the Shark", where it becomes obvious to the characters that the lead show that they produce (''Beaver Creek'') has jumped the shark, and several of the main characters reminisce about how their own lives did the same. It would be the fifth-to-last episode of the series to air.
* An episode of ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]'' featured Loomer and Cookie in a competition where they had to use ramps to jump over a pool full of sharks on a bike. Cookie decided not to do it, and Loomer attempted to do it and failed. [[Mat Hoffman]] then successfully jumped the sharks. (Note: this could be considered a jump-the-shark moment, as it is the only scene in the entire show that takes place off of Ned's school's property.)
* The [[production logo]] at the end of the credits for the TV show ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]'' features a shark riding a [[tricycle]] jumping over a [[typewriter]] and getting hit by a falling [[anvil]]. (Falling anvils are another television-themed metaphor used to describe excessively heavy-handed writing.)
 
The Kennedy administration continued covert operations against Castro, later launching [[the Cuban Project]] to "help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime". Tensions would again peak in the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] of 1962.
===Cartoon references===
* ''[[Clerks: The Animated Series]]'' featured a clip show episode consisting almost entirely of its four main characters reminiscing about previous incidents from the series. This was the second of the six produced episodes, and most of the incidents were in fact entirely new. At one point, the characters reminisce about their favorite ''Happy Days'' episodes, the shark-jumping episode among them.
* ''[[Dora the Explorer]]'' began its [[2003]] season with an episode in which the title character literally jumped a shark. Subsequent changes to the show made fans wonder if the writers were trying to tell them something.
* The ''[[Ed, Edd n Eddy]]'' episode "The Good Old Ed" is a spoof of the ubiquitous [[clip show]]. In the episode, the boys collect items for a time capsule, several of which prompt memories of schemes from previous episodes. However, the only "flashbacks" are to incidents not yet seen on the show, and when Ed tries to flashback (to about ten minutes before in the same episode), Eddy cuts Ed off by hitting him on the head and protesting "I '''hate''' clip shows!"
* In the ''[[Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends]]'' episode "Sweet Stench of Success", Bloo gets a job as "Deo", a spokesperson for [[deodorant]], which leads to a job on a sitcom titled ''What's The Big Deo?'', and at the end of the pilot episode of this [[show-within-a-show|show within a show]], there is an announcement saying "Tune in next week when Deo jumps a shark."
* In one episode of ''[[Sealab 2021]]'' Sharko jumps over a pool of Fonzies during a montage.
*In ''[[What's New, Scooby-Doo?]]'', Scooby water-skis over a shark, following which Velma says, "I never thought Scooby-Doo would jump the shark."
<!--(Ironically, the creation of this series is like jumping a shark, saying "Hoo, what a thrill," turning around, and doing it again before falling to your death. Hooray for hidden soapboxes.-->
* ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]'' had a music video on the DVD movie "Channel Chasers" called "If I Lived In TV" which featured Timmy Turner waterskiing with Fonzie, in which they eventually jump over a shark.
* The ''[[South Park]]'' episode "[[Probably (South Park)|Probably]]" begins with a "Previously on ''South Park"'' segment, in which interspliced with actual clips are cartoonized scenes of Fonzie about to jump over a shark. In the ''South Park'' versions of events, Fonz doesn't make it. The ''South Park'' episode "[[City on the Edge of Forever (South Park episode)|City on the Edge of Forever]]" also spoofs the ubiquitous clip show by showing clips from earlier episodes but altering them such that each one ends happily with the children receiving ice cream. Toward the end of the episode they even flashback to previous points in the episode, but again replace tragedy with ice cream in their recollections. After each flashback at least one character always says, "Now that's what I call a sticky situation." (this episode also has a clip of Fonzie jumping over a bus on his motorcycle, crashing into Kenny, then handing out ice cream.)
* An episode of ''[[Teen Titans (animated series)|Teen Titans]]'' had [[Robin (comics)|Robin]] jump a shark while on skis. This same episode spoofed countless television shows and movies.
* In an episode of ''[[Bonus Stage]]'', Joel Dawson says, "Phil, come look, we're about to travel over Sharkworld, I'm surprised we haven't done this already." In a later episode, Joel repeats the gag by saying "There are some sharks I refuse to jump."
* An episode of ''[[Drawn Together]]'' entitled "[[A Very Special Drawn Together Afterschool Special (Drawn Together episode)|A Very Special Drawn Together Afterschool Special]]" parodies [[very special episode]]s. At one point, silhouetted figures inside a bar can be seen while a shark hovers overhead, implying that shows which do very special episodes jump the shark.
 
The CIA wrote a detailed internal report that laid blame for the failure squarely on internal incompetence. A number of grave errors by the CIA and other American analysts contributed to the debacle:
====References on ''The Simpsons''====
 
*The administration believed that the troops could retreat to the mountains to lead a guerrilla war if they lost in open battle. The mountains were too far to reach on foot, and the troops were deployed in swamp land, where they were easily surrounded.
''The Simpsons'' has referenced jumping the shark in its opening credits, as well as in the following scenes:
*They believed that the involvement of the US in the incident could be denied.
* "[[Itchy & Scratchy Land]]", which depicts the family's visit to an amusement park built around ''[[The Itchy & Scratchy Show|Itchy & Scratchy]]'' (a cartoon cat and mouse duo based on ''[[Tom and Jerry (MGM)|Tom and Jerry]]''). In one scene, Bart and Lisa visit a gift shop, where they see stuffed toys of the characters "Uncle Ant", "Disgruntled Goat" and "Ku Klux Klam". Bart explains these characters were hastily created to provide a supporting cast for ''The Itchy & Scratchy and Friends Hour'', and subsequently forgotten by most viewers. A pre-JTS reference, ''The Itchy & Scratchy and Friends Hour'' spoofed several cartoon shows of the [[1970s]] (including one built around ''Tom and Jerry''), where extra characters are created (usually with little or no thought put in their character development or stories) and introduced for no apparent reason other than to pad-out an hour-long show.
*They believed that Cubans would be grateful to be liberated from Fidel Castro and would quickly join the battle. This support failed to materialize; many hundreds of thousands of others were arrested, and some executed, prior to the landings. (see also Priestland 2003; Lynch, 2000).
* The show built [[The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show|an entire episode]] around the ill-fated attempt of ''The Itchy & Scratchy Show'' to reinvigorate the show by introducing a new character, [[Itchy and Scratchy#Poochie|Poochie]], voiced by Homer but so unpopular with the show's fans (the [[Comic Book Guy]] introduced the [[catchphrase]] "Worst. Episode. Ever.") that he was killed off in his second appearance. The episode abounded with knowing references to how this affects TV shows. In one scene, Lisa complains that it's a sign of TV shows going stale when they suddenly add new characters, and immediately we see a new college-aged man, Roy (who looks suspiciously like Poochie), sitting at the Simpsons' breakfast table and saying "Morning, Mr. S." (a sideways reference to Fonzie, who referred to Mr. Cunningham as "Mr. C") He does nothing during the episode and disappears at the end of the episode claiming that he's moving into an apartment with "two sexy ladies" (a reference to [[Three's Company]]).
* "[[The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase]]" (4F20), the series' eighth season finale, which features three pretend spin-off shows starring minor characters, is also mainly a parody of jumping the shark. The show ends with a preview of the new season, which includes magic powers, multiple weddings, lost cousins (all of whom bear a striking resemblance to Bart) and a tiny green space alien named Ozmodiar that only Homer can see. Ozmodiar is a parody of [[The Great Gazoo]], a character introduced in the last season of ''[[The Flintstones]]''. They even show a ''Simpsons Comedy Hour'' where [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] is replaced by an older woman (a parody of ''The Brady Bunch Variety Hour''). Ironically, many critics consider this episode itself a "shark jumping" moment for ''The Simpsons'', due to its perceived poor quality and a general change in the series' tone the following season. The Ozmodiar reference is intentionally ironic, since [[Matt Groening]] once said that fans would know the series was out of ideas when he introduced a Great Gazoo like character. Ozmodar returned for a brief cameo in the episode [[HOMЯ]].
* The parody documentary "[[Behind the Laughter]]" (BABF19), the Season 11 finale, also spoofs sneak peeks of future episodes, including one with Homer's bold declaration, "The Simpsons are going to Delaware!" This is a joke on the fact that after the family's many contrived vacation destinations, future possibilities have been nearly exhausted (in the season 12 finale, the Simpsons actually ''do'' go to Delaware, with Homer, Marge, Bart and Lisa reciting their lines verbatim). This episode itself is closed with Homer reassuring a crew member about the low quality of these various episode ideas with a smug "This is our last season." Of course, it was not (''The Simpsons'' is currently in its 17th season).
* The clip show "[[Gump Roast]]" (DABF12) ends with many jumping-the-shark allusions, including a shot of Homer water skiing over a shark. It includes a song (an indirect parody of [[Billy Joel]]'s "[[We Didn't Start the Fire]]") in which (apparently) Matt Groening and his staff answer to fans worried over comments he made that he was running out of ideas, saying "Have no fears, we got stories for years." They then give examples of supposedly upcoming episode premises such as Marge becoming a robot, Bart owning a bear, Moe getting a cell phone, and "a crazy wedding where something happens". Some of these suggestions are actually happening. In one episode Ozmodiak appears for three seconds, talking to Bart. In one of Homer's daydreams, he sees Marge as a robot (and pretends to be one in a completely whole other episode). In a later episode Homer seeks out a bear for revenge, but ends up taming and befriending it. Also, the crazy wedding could mean [[Bouvier sisters|Patty Bouvier's]] fake lesbian wedding in which she thought she was marrying another woman, but it actually was a [[transvestite]].
* Certain episodes have also been centered around an act of jumping the shark listed above, such as Maude Flanders's sudden death during a sports event, Barney Gumble's change from an alcoholic to a character we rarely see (he has since relapsed), Principal Skinner turning out to be an imposter after the real Seymour Skinner turns up, or when Marge's sister Patty Bouvier suddenly reveals that she is a lesbian in the episode "[[There's Something About Marrying]]" (though there have been previous clues, such as her easily-recognized voice on the "closeted" float during Springfield's Gay Pride Parade).
* The Simpsons has featured four clip shows to date, each parodying the concept to a certain degree. True to the series' frequently self-deprecating humour, these episodes make few attempts to disguise their nature, with titles such as [[So It's Come to This: A Simpsons Clip Show]] and [[Another Simpsons Clip Show]]. In [[I Am Furious Yellow]] (a story that aired the week after one such episode), Bart observes Homer's clumsy antics so he can adapt them into a comic strip. When Homer shows no signs of doing anything funny, Bart pleads "don't make me do a clip show".
 
The CIA's near certainty that the Cuban people would rise up and join them was based on the agency's extremely weak presence on the ground in Cuba. Castro's counterintelligence, trained by Soviet Bloc specialists including [[Enrique Lister]],<ref name="SPlister.htm"/> had infiltrated most resistance groups. Because of this, almost all the information that came from exiles and defectors was "contaminated." CIA operative [[E. Howard Hunt]] had interviewed Cubans in Havana prior to the invasion; in a future interview with [[CNN]], he said, "...all I could find was a lot of enthusiasm for Fidel Castro."<ref>http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/interviews/hunt/</ref> [[Grayston Lynch]] among others, also points to Castro's rounding up of hundreds of thousands of anti-Castro and potentially anti-Castro Cubans across the island prior and during the invasion (e.g. Priestland, 2003) to destroying any chances for a general uprising against the Castro regime. Thus the million voices that had cried "Cuba si, comunismo NO!" on November 28 1959,[http://aguadadepasajeros.bravepages.com/cubahistoria/congreso_catolico_cuba_1959.htm] were gone or silent.
==Jumping the shark in music==
Though the term generally refers to television programs and other kinds of episodic fiction, “jump the shark” has been applied to musical artists. Common reasons are:
* A shift in musical direction, either to [[selling out|a more commercial sound]] or to a self-indulgent one, that alienates the established fanbase.
**[[Aerosmith]], [[The Clash]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], [[Green Day]], [[Jewel (singer)|Jewel]], [[KISS (band)|KISS]], [[Split Enz]] and [[Metallica]] have all been accused of adopting a more commercial sound. Often this accusation is raised at musicians who became popular within a certain [[subculture]] or subgenre of music and later found broader success.
**[[Elvis Costello]], [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Joe Jackson (musician)|Joe Jackson]], [[The Kinks]], [[Van Morrison]], [[Alanis Morissette]], [[Sinéad O'Connor]], and [[Sting]] have all been accused of adopting a self-indulgent sound. This often includes [[surrealism#surrealism in music|surrealism]], acoustic tours and albums, and forays into genres such as [[world music]], [[jazz]] and [[electronic music]].
*A popular member of the band either leaves, is fired, or dies and the band continues on without that person, perhaps replacing him or her with someone else. Prominent examples include [[Black Sabbath]] after the dismissal of [[Ozzy Osbourne]], [[The Commodores]] after the resignation of [[Lionel Richie]], [[The Doors]] after the death of [[Jim Morrison]], [[Pink Floyd]] after reuniting without [[Roger Waters]], [[Van Halen]] after the departure of [[David Lee Roth]], [[The Who]] after [[Keith Moon]], and the [[Dead Kennedys]] without [[Jello Biafra]]
*A band member asserts too much creative control of the band, disregarding input from others. This charge has been leveled at [[Robbie Robertson]] of [[The Band]], [[Paul McCartney]] of [[The Beatles]], [[Roger Waters]] of [[Pink Floyd]], [[Dennis DeYoung]] of [[Styx (band)|Styx]], [[Jeff Tweedy]] of [[Wilco]], and [[Axl Rose]] of [[Guns N' Roses]].
*A controversy that haunts an artist's career. [[Sinéad O'Connor]]’s career never recovered after she ripped apart a picture of [[Pope]] [[John Paul II]] on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', [[The Dixie Chicks]] [http://att.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,11476,00.html] have faltered after lead singer [[Natalie Maines]] said the band was ashamed that [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] was from their home state of [[Texas]], and [[Janet Jackson]] has lessened in cultural importance since the [[Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy]].
*An artist begins performing in stadiums and other large venues and charges a higher price for concert tickets. [[Kiss (band)|KISS]], [[Jimmy Buffett]], and [[The Rolling Stones]] are common examples.
*An artist begins accepting gigs in Las Vegas, on cruise ships, or at local casinos, signifying that the artist is a [[has-been]]. [[David Lee Roth]], [[Elvis Presley]], [[Tom Jones]], and [[Celine Dion]] are examples.
 
Many military leaders almost certainly expected the invasion to fail but thought that Kennedy would send in [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] to save the exiles. Kennedy, however, did not want a full scale war and abandoned the exiles.
==Term used in other contexts==
* [[Evel Knievel]] retired after his attempt to literally jump the shark in the winter of 1976; hence the Fonzie stunt.
* The computer game ''[[Jumpman Zero]]'' has a level titled ''jump the shark'', which requires the player to do just that.
* The [[2004]] [[book]], ''[[America (the Book): a Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction]]'', by [[Jon Stewart]] and the writers of ''[[The Daily Show]]'', features a caption regarding the 2000 elections, in which the entire news media, led by [[Fox News]], was said to "jump the shark" by prematurely predicting [[George W. Bush]] the winner.
* In the skateboard video game ''[[Tony Hawk's American Wasteland]]'', the player is required to jump over a shark named Fonzie. The Tony Hawk series was thought by some, to have jumped the shark with its previous installment ''[[Tony Hawk's Underground 2]]'' and the focus of its story mode shifting to destruction and crude humor.
* In the game ''[[HRWiki:Hallrunner|Hallrunner]]'' at [http://www.videlectrix.com Videlectrix.com] (a fake video game company set up by the creators of [[Homestar Runner]]), the player will come upon various different objects with the choice to either "talk", "fight" or "jump" them. Using the "jump" action when encountering a shark, the response is ''"You jump the shark. Just like ''Homestarrunner.com''. *0 points*''
* In an [[op-ed]] on [[August 27]], [[2005]], [[Maureen Dowd]] stated that [[George W. Bush]] "jumped the shark by landing on that '[[Mission Accomplished]]' carrier."
* [["Weird Al" Yankovic]]'s album ''[[Poodle Hat]]'' has a song called "Couch Potato", which contains the lyrics:
: ''and ''[[The King of Queens|King of Queens]]'' jumped the shark the first minute''
: ''I can't believe [[Richard Simmons]] ain't in it.''
* The phrase "[[jumping the couch]]" has recently been coined to describe a celebrity who starts behaving in apparently bizarre ways, alluding to an appearance by [[Tom Cruise]] on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'', in which he energetically jumped on a couch while raving about his new love [[Katie Holmes]].
* Some terms, such as "crashed into the fried chicken stand" (also based on a ''Happy Days'' moment) and "growing the beard" ([[William Riker|Riker]] on ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'') have been coined as an opposite to jumping the shark, when a TV series shows a noticeable increase in quality or begins to take hold in popular culture and becomes a hit.
* The phrase has also come to be associated with anyone who begins to act crazy, and in a bizarre manner.
 
An [[April 29]] [[2000]] ''[[Washington Post]]'' article, "Soviets Knew Date of Cuba Attack", reported that the CIA had information indicating that the [[Soviet Union]] knew the invasion was going to take place and did not inform Kennedy. [[Radio Moscow]] actually broadcast an English-language newscast on [[April 13]], [[1961]] predicting the invasion "in a plot hatched by the CIA" using paid "criminals" within a week. The invasion took place four days later. According to British minister [[David Ormsby-Gore]], British intelligence estimates, which had been made available to the CIA, indicated that the Cuban people were predominantly behind Castro and that there was no likelihood of mass defections or insurrections following the invasion.<ref name="thousand"/> More recent analysis suggest that, probably because of the Castro government's almost complete blackout of actions outside of Havana, the sources such as those used in the Ormsby-Gore intelligence estimate were not aware of the following related material: On April 14, 1961, the guerrillas of Agapito Rivera fought Cuban government forces near Las Cruces, Montembo, Las Villas, several government forces were killed and others wounded.<ref>Corzo, 2003 p. 83</ref> On April 16, Merardo and Jose Leon plus 14 others staged armed rising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas, only four survived<ref>Corzo, 2003 p. 85</ref> Leonel Martinez and 12 others took to the country side (ibid). On the 17th of April 1961 Osvaldo Ramírez then chief of the rural resistance to Castro (see [[War Against the Bandits]]) was captured in Aromas de Velázquez and immediately executed. [http://www.nuevoaccion.com/] The ruthlessness with which this resistance was suppressed is well described in Franqui.<ref>Franqui 1984, pp. 111-115 </ref> On April 3, 1961, a bomb attack on militia barracks in Bayamo killed four militia and eight more are wounded; on April 6, the Hershey Sugar factory in Matanzas is destroyed by sabotage; on April 18, Directorio guerrilla Marcelino Magaňaz died in action in Sierra Maestra.<ref>Corzo, 2003 p. 79-89</ref> On April 19 at least seven Cubans plus two US citizens Angus K. McNair and Howard F. Anderson are executed in Pinar del Rio Province.<ref>Corzo, 2003 p. 90</ref>. However, the general Cuban population was not well informed, except for CIA funded Radio Swan [http://www.firmaspress.com/viaje-al-corazon-de-cuba.pdf] [[Pirate radio in Central America and Caribbean Sea]], since May of 1960 almost all means of public communication were in the government’s hands.<ref>. NYT May 26, 1960 p. 5; [http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Cuba83eng/chap.5.htm]</ref>
== See also ==
 
* [[Chuck Cunningham syndrome]]
The invasion is often criticized as making Castro even more popular, adding nationalistic sentiments to the support for his economic policies. Following the initial B-26 bombings, he declared the revolution "[[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]]". After the invasion, he pursued closer relations with the Soviet Union, partly for protection, which helped pave the way for the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] a year and a half later.
* [[Cousin Oliver]]
 
* [[Fonzie syndrome]]
There are still yearly nation-wide drills in Cuba during the 'Dia de la Defensa' (defense day) to prepare the entire population for an invasion.
* [[Jumping the couch]]
 
* [[Point of no return]]
An appendix to the Enrique Ros book pp. 287-298 gives the names of Bay of Pigs veterans who became officers in the US Army in Vietnam, these names include 6 Colonels, 19 Lt Colonels, 9 Majors, and 29 Captains. As of March 2007, the Communist Party is now the only political party in Cuba, and about 50% of the Brigade have passed on<ref>. Iuspa-Abbott. Paola, 2007 (accessed 3-27-07) Palm Beach County Bay of Pigs veterans remember invasion of Cuba. South Florida Sun-Sentinel Posted March 26 2007 [http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/local/cuba/sfl-pbrigademar26,0,6683790.story?coll=sfla-news-cuba]</ref>
 
==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
 
==Bibliography==
*Anderson, Jon L. 1998 Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. Grove/Atlantic ISBN 0-8021-3558-7
*Corzo, Pedro 2003 Cuba Cronología de la lucha contra el totalitarismo. Ediciones Memorias, Miami. ISBN 1890829242
*Franqui, Carlos 1984 (foreword by G. Cabrera Infante and translated by Alfred MacAdam from Spanish 1981 version) Family portrait with Fidel. 1985 edition Random House First Vintage Books, New York. ISBN 0394726200 pp. 111-128
*Lynch, Grayston L. 2000 Decision for Disaster: Betrayal at the Bay of Pigs. Potomac Books Dulles Virginia ISBN 1-57488-237-6
*Hunt, E. Howard 1973 Give us this day. Arlington House, New Rochelle, N.Y. ISBN-10 0870002287 ISBN-13: 978-0870002281
*Johnson, Haynes 1964 The Bay of Pigs: The Leaders' Story of Brigade 2506. W. W. Norton & Co Inc. New York. 1974 edition ISBN 0-393-04263-4
*Lagas, Jacques 1964 Memorias de un capitán rebelde. Editorial del Pácifico. Santiago, Chile.
*Lazo, Mario 1968, 1970 Dagger in the heart: American policy failures in Cuba. Twin Circle. New York. I968 edition Library of Congress number 6831632, 1970 edition, ASIN B0007DPNJS
*Grayston L. Lynch (see Lynch, Grayston L.)
*de Paz-Sánchez, Manuel 2001 Zona de Guerra, España y la revolución Cubana (1960-1962), Taller de Historia, Tenerife Gran Canaria ISBN 8479263644
*Priestland, Jane (editor) 2003 British Archives on Cuba: Cuba under Castro 1959-1962. Archival Publications International Limited, 2003, London ISBN 1-903008-20-4
*[[Jean Edward Smith]], "Bay of Pigs: The Unanswered Questions," ''The Nation'', (Apr. 13, 1964), p. 360-363.
*Somoza-Debayle, Anastasio and Jack Cox 1980 Nicaragua Betrayed Western Islands Publishers, pp. 169-180 ISBN 088279235
*Ros, Enrique 1994 (1998) Giron la verdadera historia. Ediciones Universales (Colección Cuba y sus jueces) third edition Miami ISBN 0-89729-738-5
*Thomas, Hugh 1998 Cuba or The Pursuit of Freedom. Da Capo Press, New York Updated Ed. ISBN 0-306-80827-7
*Triay, Victor 2001 Andres Bay of Pigs. University Press of Florida, Gainesville ISBN 0-8130-2090-5
*Welch, David A and James G Blight (editors) 1998 Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Frank Cass Publishers, London and Portland Oregon ISBN 0-7146-4883-3 ISBN 0-7146-4435-8
*Vivés, Juan (Pseudonym, of a former veteran and Castro Intelligence Official; Translated to Spanish from 1981 Les Maîtres de Cuba. Opera Mundi, Paris by Zoraida Valcarcel) 1982 Los Amos de Cuba. EMCÉ Editores, Buenos Aires. ISBN 9500400758
*Wyden, Peter 1979 Bay of Pigs Simon. and Schuster New York ISBN 0-671-24006-40
 
==See also==
{{portalpar|Cuba|Flag of Cuba.svg}}
*[[Cuba-United States relations]]
*[[Guantánamo Bay (Cuba)]]
*[[Swan Islands, Honduras|Swan Islands]]
*''[[Red Zone Cuba]]'' ([[1966]])
 
==External links==
*[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0417.html#article NY Times headline, April 18, 1961, ''Anti-Castro Units Land in Cuba; Report Fighting at Beachhead; Rusk Says U.S. Won't Intervene'']
* [http://www.thatvideosite.com/view/2041.html Video clip of the scene in "Hollywood" where Fonzie jumps the shark]
*[http://www.parascope.com/articles/1296/bayofpigs.htm Detail Information on the Bay of Pigs Invasion] &mdash; Includes maps of the Invasion and Documents.
* [http://www.jumptheshark.com/ jumptheshark.com]
* [http://www.wordspyhistoryofcuba.com/wordshistory/jumpthesharkbaypigs/pigs.asphtm WordspyHistory articleof Cuba] &mdash; Bay of Pigs Invasion.
*[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html National Security Archive chronology]
* [http://forums.televisionwithoutpity.com/index.php?showtopic=3112344&st=0 When Shows Jump The Shark]
* [http://buzzerblogwww.blogspoturrib2000.comnarod.ru/2005/10/tvlandArticGiron1-starts-new-game-showe.html "JumpThe theSea Shark":Fury Theaircraft at Bay TVof showPigs]
*[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-BayPigsI.html Reference on Bay of Pigs Invasion at Encylopedia.com]
* [http://forums.comicbookresources.com/showthread.php?t=121408 Shows that make mistakes ....]
*[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-150695778.html?refid=hbw_rd Bay of Pigs betrayal the betrayal of the Cuban people by the CIA, State Department, and staff members of the New York Times ranks as one of America's darkest foreign-policy moments]
{{Cuba-United States relations}}
{{Cold War}}
 
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[[Category:Cuban Revolution]]
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