Karl Rove and Bay of Pigs Invasion: Difference between pages

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'''Karl Christian Rove''' (born [[December 25]], [[1950]]) is [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]]'s Deputy Chief of Staff, heading the [[Office of Political Affairs]], the [[Office of Public Liaison]], and the [[Office of Strategic Initiatives]] at the [[White House]]. For most of his career prior to his employment at the White House, Rove has been a [[political consulting|political consultant.]]

|conflict=Bay of Pigs Invasion

|partof=[[Cold War]]

|image=

|caption

|date=[[April 15]] - [[April 19]], [[1961]]

|place=[[Bay of Pigs]], Southern [[Cuba]]

|casus=[[Cuban Revolution|The Cuban Revolution]]

|territory=

|result=Victory for the Republic of Cuba

|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]] [[Cuba]]ns trained by [[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] Soviet advisers

|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]][[Cuban exile]]s trained by the [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|22px]] [[United States]]

|commander1=[[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]] [[Fidel Castro]]<BR>[[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]] [[José Ramón Fernández]]<BR> [[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|25px]] [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|22px]] [[Francisco Ciutat de Miguel]]

|commander2=[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] [[Grayston Lynch]]<BR> [[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]] [[Pepe San Roman]]<BR>[[Image:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]] [[Erneido Oliva]]

|strength1=51,000

|strength2=1,500

|casualties1=various estimates; over 1,600 dead (Triay p. 81) to 5,000 total estimated (Lynch)

|casualties2=115 dead<br>1,189 captured

}}

[[Image:Alerta.jpg|thumb|230px|Cuban poster warning before invasion showing a soldier armed with an [[RPD]] [[machine gun]].]]

Rove's election campaign clients have included [[George W. Bush]] ''(2000 and 2004 U.S. President; 1994 and 1998 Texas Governor)'', [[John Ashcroft]] ''(1994 U.S. Senate)'', [[Bill Clements]]'' (1986 Texas Governor)'', Sen. [[John Cornyn]], Gov. [[Rick Perry]] (1990 Texas Agriculture Commissioner), and [[Phil Gramm]] ''(1982 U.S. House, 1984 U.S. Senate)''.

The 1961 '''Bay of Pigs Invasion''' (also known in Cuba as the '''Playa Girón''' after the beach in the [[Bay of Pigs]] where the landing took place) was an unsuccessful [[United States]]-planned and funded attempted invasion by armed [[Cuban exile]]s in southwest [[Cuba]]. An attempt to overthrow the government of [[Fidel Castro]], this action accelerated a rapid deterioration in [[Cuban-American relations]], which was further worsened by the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] the following year. The name Bay of Pigs comes from Bahía de Cochinos, where in all probability "Cochino" refers to a species of [[Triggerfish]] (Balistes vetula) [http://www.invemar.org.co/redcostera1/invemar/docs/Vol33/BIMC_33_03_Claro.pdf], rather than pigs ([[Boar|Sus scrofa]]).

The pigs at the island

Rove has often been a target of critics of the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]]. He has experienced recent controversy, as former U.S. ambassador [[Joseph C. Wilson]] and others accused him of [[Plame affair|unauthorized disclosure]] of [[Valerie Plame]] (Wilson's wife) as a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent to [[Robert Novak]] and ''[[Time Magazine]]'' reporter [[Matthew Cooper]]. On June 13, 2006, Karl Rove's lawyer declared that prosecutors were probably not going to indict Rove for his involvement in the Plame disclosure. <ref name=rovecleared>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/06/13/rove.cia/ "Lawyer: Rove won't be charged in CIA leak case"], CNN.com, [[June 13]], [[2006]]</ref>

Tensions between [[The United States]] and [[Cuba]] had increased steadily since the [[Cuban Revolution]] of 1959. The [[Dwight Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] and [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] administrations had judged that Castro's policies, including the [[expropriation]] of American-owned assets on the island and Cuba's increasing ties with the [[Soviet Union]], could not be tolerated.

On March 17, 1960, the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration agreed to a recommendation from the CIA to equip and drill Cuban exiles for action against the new Castro government.<ref name="thousand"> ''A Thousand days:John F Kennedy in the White House'' [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr]] 1965 </ref> Eisenhower stated that it was the policy of the U.S. government to aid anti-Castro guerilla forces. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] began to recruit and train anti-Castro forces in the [[Sierra Madre de Chiapas|Sierra Madre]] mountains on the Pacific coast of [[Guatemala]].<ref name="thousand"/>

The CIA was initially confident that it was capable of overthrowing Castro, having experience assisting in the overthrow of other foreign governments such as the government of [[Iran]]ian prime minister [[Mohammed Mossadegh]] in 1953 and [[Guatemala]]n president [[Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán]] in 1954. [[Richard Mervin Bissell Jr.]], one of [[Allen Dulles]]'s three aides, was made director of "Operation Zapata."

Rove's domestic policy portfolio was limited on April 19, 2006, to concentrate on Republican election strategies for November. He retains his White House office, job titles, and security clearance.

The original plan called for landing the [[Brigade 2506|exile brigade]] (Brigade 2506) in the vicinity of the old colonial city of [[Trinidad, Cuba]], in the central province of [[Sancti Spiritus]] approximately 400 km southeast of Havana at the foothills of the [[Escambray Mountains|Escambray mountains]]. The selection of the Trinidad site provided a number of options that the exile brigade could exploit during the invasion. The population of Trinidad was generally opposed to Castro and the rugged mountains outside the city provided an area into which the invasion force could retreat and establish a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] campaign were the landing to falter. Throughout 1960, the growing ranks of Brigade 2506 trained at locations throughout southern [[Florida]] and in [[Guatemala]] for the beach landing and possible mountain retreat.

==Personal life and early political experiences==

====Early life and high school====

Rove was raised in [[Colorado]] and [[Nevada]], the third of five children. His father, Louis Rove, was a mineral geologist, and his mother, Reba Wood, was a gift shop manager.

On [[February 17]] [[1961]], [[John F. Kennedy]], the new U.S. president, asked his advisors whether the toppling of Castro might be related to weapon shipments and if it was possible to claim the real targets were modern fighter aircraft and rockets which endangered America's security. At the time, Cuba's army possessed Soviet tanks, artillery and small arms, and its air force consisted of [[A-26 Invader|B-26]] medium bombers, [[Hawker Sea Fury|Hawker Sea Furies]] (a fast and effective, though obsolete, propeller driven [[fighter-bomber]]) and [[T-33]] jets left over from the Batista Air Force.<ref>http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/baypigs-airforce.htm</ref>

In 1960, at the age of 9 years old, Rove decided to support [[Richard Nixon]]. According to Rove, "There was a little girl across the street who was Catholic and found out I was for Nixon, and she was avidly for [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]]. She put me down on the pavement and whaled on me and gave me a bloody nose. I lost my first political battle."<ref name="underdog">{{cite news | url=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,450019080,00.html | title=Triumph of the underdog | author=Lee Davidson | publisher=Deseret News | date=8 December 2002}}</ref>

As Kennedy's plans evolved, critical details were changed that were to hamper chances of a successful mission without direct U.S. help. These revised details included changing the landing area for Brigade 2506 to two points in [[Matanzas Province]], 202 km southeast of [[Havana]] on the eastern edge of the Zapata peninsula at the [[Bay of Pigs|Bahía de Cochinos]] (Bay of Pigs). The landings would now take place on the Girón and Playa de zapatos Larga beaches. This change effectively cut off contact with the rebels in the Escambray "[[War Against the Bandits]]". The Castro government also had been warned by senior [[KGB]] agents [[Osvaldo Sánchez Cabrera]] and [["Aragon",]] who respectively died violently before and after the invasion. <!--(Welch and Blight, p. 113)-->The U.S. government was aware that a high casualty rate was possible. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

His family moved to [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]], in 1965, when Rove was entering high school. At [[Olympus High School]], he used unorthodox tactics to be elected student council president in 1968, even though he says "I was the complete nerd. I had the briefcase. I had the pocket protector. I wore [[Hush Puppies]] when they were not cool. I was the thin, scrawny little guy. I was definitely uncool."

==Soviet Advisers to Cuban government forces==

Rove also began his involvement in American politics in 1968. In a 2002 [[Deseret News]] interview, Rove explained, "I was the Olympus High chairman for (former [[United States Senator]]) [[Wallace F. Bennett]]'s re-election campaign, where he was opposed by the dynamic, young, aggressive political science professor at the University of Utah, [[J.D. Williams]]."<ref name="underdog" /> Bennett was reelected to a third six-year term. Through Rove's campaign involvement, Bennett's son, Bob Bennett — a future United States Senator from Utah - would become a friend. Williams would later become a mentor of Rove's.

A militia, artillery, and intelligence are necessary to field a regular army. Foreign advisors were brought from [[Eastern Bloc]] countries; the most senior of these were [[Francisco Ciutat de Miguel]], [[Enrique Lister]], and [[Alberto Bayo]].<ref>(Paz-Sanchez, 2001, pp 189-199) </ref> Ciutat de Miguel (Masonic name: Algazel; Russian name: Pavel Pablovich Stepanov; Cuban alias: Ángel Martínez Riosola, commonly referred to as Angelito) is said to have arrived the same day as [[La Coubre explosion]]; he was wounded in the foot during the [[War Against the Bandits]], the type of wound that is common to senior officers observing combat at the edge of effective rifle range. Date of wound is not given in references cited [http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Personajes/Militares/Militares1.htm]

====College years at the University of Utah, and the Dixon campaign incident====

In the fall of 1969, Rove entered the [[University of Utah]], majoring in political science. He joined the [[Pi Kappa Alpha]] fraternity.

==Invasion==

Through the University's Hinkley Institute of Politics, Rove got an [[intern]]ship with the [[Utah Republican Party]]. That, and contacts from the 1968 Bennett campaign, helped Rove land a job in 1970 in [[Illinois]], helping on the unsuccessful re-election campaign of [[Ralph Tyler Smith]] for the [[U.S. Senate]]. (Tyler lost to Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson III.)

On the morning of [[April 15]], [[1961]], three flights of [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] [[A-26 Invader|B-26B Invader]] light bomber aircraft displaying Cuban Fuerza Aerea Revolucionaria (FAR - Revolutionary Air Force) markings bombed and strafed the Cuban airfields of [[San Antonio de Los Baños]], Antonio Maceo International Airport, and the airfield at Ciudad Libertad. Operation Puma, the code name given to the [[offensive counter air attack]]s against the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]], called for 48 hours of air strikes across the island to effectively eliminate the Cuban air force, ensuring Brigade 2506 complete air superiority over the island prior to the actual landing at the Bay of Pigs. This failed because the airstrikes were not continued, as was originally planned - limited by decisions at the highest level of US government. The second wave of airstrikes, designed to wipe out the remainder of Castro's airforce was stopped due to a communication breakdown rather than a lack of political will{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. [[Adlai Stevenson]], the US ambassador to the United Nations had been embarrassed by revelations that the first wave of airstrikes had been carried out by US planes despite his repeated denials that this was so. He contacted [[McGeorge Bundy]] who, unaware of the critical importance to the mission of the second wave, cancelled the airstrike despite Kennedy's earlier approval for it. Castro also had prior knowledge of the invasion and had moved the airplanes out of harm's way.

[[Image:BayofPigs.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Map showing the ___location of the Bay of Pigs.]]

Of the Brigade 2506 aircraft that sortied on the morning of [[April 15]], one was tasked with establishing the CIA cover story for the invasion. The slightly modified two-seat B-26B used for this mission was piloted by [[Captain]] Mario Zuniga. Prior to departure, the engine cowling from one of the aircraft's two engines was removed by maintenance personnel, fired upon, then re-installed to give the appearance that the aircraft had taken ground fire at some point during its flight. Captain Zuniga departed from the exile base in [[Nicaragua]] on a solo, low-flying mission that would take him over the westernmost province of [[Pinar del Río|Pinar del Rio]], Cuba, and then northeast toward [[Key West, Florida]]. Once across the island, Captain Zuniga climbed steeply away from the waves of the [[Florida Straits]] to an altitude where he would be detected by US radar installations to the north of Cuba. At altitude and a safe distance north of the island, Captain Zuniga feathered the engine with the pre-installed bullet holes in the engine cowling, radioed a mayday call, and requested immediate permission to land at Boca Chica Naval Air Station a few kilometers northeast of [[Key West, Florida]]. This account is at apparent variance with Cuban government reports that [[Sea Fury]], [[B-26]] fighter bombers and [[T-33]] trainers flown by the few Cuban (notable Rafael del Pino, (Lagas, 1964)) and some left-wing Chilean and Nicaraguan pilots (Lagas, 1964; Somoza-Debayle and Jack Cox, 1980), loyal to Castro attacked the older slower B-26s flown by the invading force.<ref>http://www.urrib2000.narod.ru/ArticGiron1-e.html</ref>

By the time of Captain Zuniga's announcement to the world mid-morning on the 15th, all but one of the Brigade's Douglas bombers were back over the Caribbean on the three and a half hour return leg to their base in Nicaragua to re-arm and refuel. Upon landing, however, the flight crews were met with a cable from Washington ordering the indefinite stand-down of all further combat operations over Cuba.

In the fall of 1970, Rove used a false identity to enter the campaign office of Democrat [[Alan J. Dixon]], who was running for Illinois State Treasurer, and stole 1000 sheets of paper with campaign letterhead. Rove then printed fake campaign rally fliers promising "free beer, free food, girls and a good time for nothing," and distributed them at rock concerts and homeless shelters. Rove's role would not become publicly known until August 1973. Rove told the Dallas Morning News in 1999, "It was a youthful prank at the age of 19 and I regret it." <ref name="balz-2003-strategist">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/rove072399.htm | title=Karl Rove - The Strategist | publisher=The Washington Post | author=Dan Balz | date=July 23, 1999}}</ref>.

On [[April 17]], four 2,400-ton chartered transports (named the ''Houston'', ''Río Escondido'', ''Caribe'', and ''Atlántico'') transported 1,511 Cuban exiles to the Bay of Pigs on the Southern coast of Cuba. They were accompanied by two CIA-owned infantry landing crafts (LCI's), called the ''Blagar'' and ''Barbara J'', containing supplies, ordnance, and equipment. The small army hoped to find support from the local population, intending to cross the island to [[Havana]]. The CIA assumed that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro. However, the

====Adoption, parents' divorce, and mother's suicide====

Escambray rebels had been contained by Cuban militia directed by [[Francisco Ciutat de Miguel]] (see Soviet Advisers to Cuban government forces above). By the time the Invasion began, Castro had already executed some who were suspected of colluding with the American campaign (notably two former "Comandantes" Humberto Sorí Marin and [[William Alexander Morgan]]<ref>http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/morgan/Morgan-03-13-6]</ref><ref>http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html</ref> Others executed included Alberto Tapia Ruano, a catholic youth leader. April was a bloody month for the resistance. Several hundreds of thousands were imprisoned before, during and after the invasion (Priestland, 2003).

In December 1969, Rove's father left the family, and divorced Rove's mother soon afterward. After his parents' separation, Rove learned from his aunt and uncle that the man who had raised him was not his biological father; both he and an older brother were the children of another man. Rove has expressed great love and admiration for his adoptive father and for "how selfless" his love had been. <ref name="new-yorker-profile-2003">[[New Yorker]] profile: [http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/030512fa_fact3 The Controller: Karl Rove is working to get George Bush reelected, but he has bigger plans.] by Nicholas Lemann "Profiles," The New Yorker Magazine May 12, 2003. [http://bnfp.org/neighborhood/Lemann_Rove_NYM.htm (mirror)].</ref>

After landing, it soon became evident that the exiles were not going to receive effective support at the site of the invasion and were likely to lose. Reports from both sides describe tank battles (see much detail in printed references section below) involving heavy USSR equipment.<ref name="SPlister.htm">http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPlister.htm</ref> Kennedy decided against giving the faltering invasion US air support (though four US pilots were killed in Cuba during the invasion) because of his opposition to overt intervention. Kennedy also canceled several sorties of bombings (only two took place) on the grounded Cuban Airforce, which might have crippled the Cuban Airforce and given air superiority to the invaders. [[U.S. Marines]] were not sent in.

Rove's mother committed suicide in [[Reno, Nevada]], in 1981, when Rove was 30 years old. He did not meet his biological father until he was in his 40s.

==Air action==

====Leaves College for position in the College Republicans====

In June 1971, Rove [[dropout|dropped out]] of the [[University of Utah]] to take a paid position as the Executive Director of the [[College Republicans|College Republican National Committee]]. Joe Abate, who was National Chairman of the College Republicans at the time, became a mentor to Rove.

Aviation is commonly considered the deciding factor during the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The first airplane of the Cuban Armed forces was obtained in 1913; Cuban pilots, such as Francisco Terry Sánchez and Santiago Campuzano fought combat missions as early as WW I [http://www.nocastro.com/documents/aviacion/aviacion1.htm]. The 1931 Gibara landing against Machado was defeated in great part by Cuban Aviation [http://www.nocastro.com/documents/aviacion/aviacion2.htm]. However, by the end of January 1959 most Cuban pilots and support technicians from the Batista era were in jail [http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/80.81sp/Cuba4677.htm] or in exile.

Rove traveled extensively, participating as instructor at weekend seminars for campus conservatives across the country.

He was an active participant in the 1972 Presidential campaign of Richard Nixon. As a protégé of [[Donald Segretti]] (later convicted as a [[Watergate]] conspirator), he tried to paint Nixon's opponent, World War II B-24 pilot and hero [[George McGovern]], as a left-wing peacenik <ref>[http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0529,ridgeway,66005,6.html Grime Pays: Boy makes bad: a Karl Rove chronological tour, making all local stops] by James Ridgeway in the Village Voice. July 19, 2005.</ref>

During the Bay of Pigs invasion, the first Cuban exile attack with B-26 left Cuban forces with "two [[B-26]]s, two [[Sea Fury|Sea Furies]], and two [[T-33]]As at San Antonio de los Baños Airbase, and only one Sea Fury at the [[Antonio Maceo Airport]]" and two of the attacking bombers were damaged [http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/americas/cuba/Cuba-af-history.htm] April 17 Cuban exile pilots and copilots/navigators: Matias Farias, Eddy Gonzalez, Osvaldo Piedra, Jose Fernandez, Raul Vianello, Jose, A. Crespo, Lorenzo Perez Lorenzo, Crispin Garcia, and Juan Mata Gonzalez are killed. April 19 US aviators Riley Shamburger, Wade Gray, Thomas W. Ray and Leo Baker, replacing exhausted Cuban exile fliers, die in action.

====Vietnam War and the draft====

In December 1969, the Selective Service System held its first lottery drawing. Those born on December 25th, like Rove, received number 84. That number placed him in the middle of those (with numbers 1 [first priority] through 195) who would eventually be drafted. On February 17, 1970, Rove was reclassified as 2-S, a deferment from the draft because of his enrollment at the University of Utah in the fall of 1969. He maintained this deferment until Dec. 14, 1971, despite being only a part-time student in the autumn and spring quarters of 1971 (registered for between six and 12 credit hours) and dropping out of the university in June of 1971. (Rove was a student at the University of Maryland in College Park in the fall of 1971; as such, he would have been eligible for 2-S status, but registrar's records show that he withdrew from classes during the first half of the semester.) In December 1971 he was reclassified as 1-A. On April 27, 1972, he was reclassified as 1-H, or "not currently subject to processing for induction," a classification given to four million young men between January and August 1972, as the Vietnam War wound down. The draft ended on June 30, 1973.

Cuban pilots Alvaro Galo and Willy Figueroa were jailed for cowardice, for not flying B-26; Captain Evans was accused of poisoning crews and also jailed.

====College Republicans, Watergate, and the Bushes====

Rove held the position of Executive Director of the College Republicans until early 1973. He left the job to spend five months, without pay, campaigning full time for the position of National Chairman of the organization, for the 1973-1975 term. <ref name="new-yorker-profile-2003"/> [[Lee Atwater]], the group's Southern regional coordinator, two months younger than Rove, managed Rove's campaign. The two spent the spring of 1973 crisscrossing the country in a Ford Pinto, lining up the support of Republican state chairs.

Cuban Air Force pilots included Carlos Ulloa Rauz who was Nicaraguan; Jaques Lagas who flew a B-26 and survived is from Chile' Alfredo Noa died in battle in a plane piloted by Luis A. Silva Tablada also killed. Rafael del Pino. de Varens died in a B-26 accident in Camaguey. Laga lists dead Castro fliers as: Noa, Silva, Ulloa, Martin Torres, Reinaldo Gonzalez Calainada, and Orestes Acosta. On page 81 Lagas mentions Enrique Carrera Rola and Gustavo Borzac.

The College Republicans convention at the Lake of the Ozarks resort in Missouri in the summer of 1973 was contentious. Rove's opponent was [[Robert Edgeworth]] (the other major candidate, Terry Dolan, dropped out, supporting Edgeworth). A number of states had sent two competing delegates, because Rove and his supporters had made credentials challenges at state and regional conventions. For example, after the Midwest regional convention, Rove forces had produced a version of the Midwestern College Republicans' constitution which differed significantly from the constitution that the Edgeworth forces were using, in order to justify the unseating of the Edgeworth delegates on procedural grounds. <ref name="new-yorker-profile-2003"/> In the end, there were two votes, conducted by two convention chairs, and two winners--Rove and Edgeworth, each of whom delivered an acceptance speech. After the convention, both Edgeworth and Rove appealed to [[Republican National Committee]] Chairman [[George H.W. Bush]], each contending that he was the new College Republican chairman.

On page 82 Lagas mentions 16 exile planes in first attack, presumable B-26 bombers. Kraus mentions eight B-26 piloted by Cuban exiles [http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/americas/cuba/Cuba-af-history.htm]. Lagas mentions Cuban pilot Alberto Fernandez. Juan Suarez Plaza Ernesto Carrera is mentioned as flying a Seafury, and another Nicaraguan; Seafuries were also flown by Cuban pilots including Douglas Rood and Sanchez de Mola. Lagas states he was the only B-26 pilot left on the 19th of April. By April 21 ten of twelve exile B-26B had been destroyed [http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/americas/cuba/Cuba-af-history.htm]. Eight Cuban pilots survived, only one from the B-26.

While resolution was pending, Dolan went (anonymously) to the ''[[Washington Post]]'' with recordings of several training seminars for young Republicans where Rove discussed campaign techniques that included rooting through opponents' garbage cans and other forms of espionage, and stories of derring-do such as the incident at the Dixon headquarters. On August 10, 1973, in the midst of the [[Watergate]] [[scandal]], the Post broke the story in an article titled "[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] Probes Official as Teacher of Tricks."

==Land action==

At Bush's request, Rove was questioned by an [[FBI]] agent. As part of the investigation, [[Lee Atwater]] signed an affidavit, dated August 13, 1973, stating that he had heard a "20 minute anecdote similar to the one described in the Washington Post" in July 1972, but that "it was a funny story during a coffee break." <ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/architect/rove/cron.html Frontline: Karl Rove -- the Architect: Mastermind: Chronology - Karl Rove's life and political career] at PBS.org</ref> Former Nixon White House Counsel [[John Dean]], who was deeply involved in the Watergate break-in but became the star witness for the prosecution, has been quoted as saying that "Based on my review of the files, it appears the Watergate prosecutors were interested in Rove's activities in 1972, but because they had bigger fish to fry they did not aggressively investigate him." <ref>[http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2004/03/31/dean/index1.html Creepier Than Nixon] by David Talbot on Salon.com. March 31, 2004</ref>

In the beginning the [[militia]] on the beach surrendered, and the invaders moved to control the [[causeway]]s. There the fighting became intense, and Cuban forces casualities were very high, both as a result of fire power from the invading ground forces and the [[strafing]] [[B-26]]. However, once their air-support was eliminated and after expending all ammunition the invaders were forced back to the beach (summarized from Lynch, Grayston L. 2000, and others in bibliography below). The land action was very bloody. Carlos Franqui wrote:<ref>Data sources include: de Paz-Sánchez, 2001; Lynch, 2000 D; Johnson, 1964; Franqui, 1984; Vivés, 1984. Complete citations in Bibliography section.</ref>

On September 6, 1972, three weeks after announcing his intent to investigate the allegations against Rove, Bush chose Rove to be chairman of the College Republicans. Bush then wrote Edgeworth a letter saying that he had concluded that Rove had fairly won the vote at the convention. Edgeworth wrote back, asking about the basis of that conclusion. Not long after that, Edgeworth has said, "Bush sent me back the angriest letter I have ever received in my life. I had leaked to the Washington Post, and now I was out of the Party forever."

{{Quotation| “We lost a lot of men. This frontal attack of men against machines (the enemy tanks) had nothing to do with guerrilla war; in fact it was a Russian tactic, probably the idea of the two Soviet generals, both of Spanish origin (they fought for the Republic in the Spanish Civil War and fled to the Soviet Union to later fight in World War II. One of them was a veteran, a fox (sic) named Ciutah. He (Ciutah) was sent by the Red Army and the Party as an advisor and was the father of the new Cuban army. He was the only person who could have taken charge of the Girón campaign. The other Hispano-Russian general was an expert in antiguerrilla war who ran the Escambray cleanup. But the real factor in our favor at Girón was the militias: Almejeira’s column embarked on a suicide mission, they were massacred but they reached the beach.”}}

As National Chairman, Rove introduced Bush to [[Lee Atwater]], who had taken Rove's job as the College Republican's executive director, and who would become Bush's main campaign strategist in future years. Bush hired Rove as a special assistant in the Republican National Committee, a job Rove left in 1974 to become executive assistant to the co-chair of the RNC, [[Richard Obenshain]].

==Casualties==

As special assistant, the 22-year old Rove also performed small personal tasks for Bush, who was becoming one of his mentors. In November 1973, Bush asked Rove to take a set of car keys to his son George W. Bush, who was visiting home during a break from Harvard Business School. It was the first time the two met. "Huge amounts of charisma, swagger, cowboy boots, flight jacket, wonderful smile, just charisma - you know, wow," Rove recalled years later. <ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/story/0,13918,1165126,00.html The Brains] The Guardian, March 9, 2004</ref>

By the time fighting ended on [[April 21]], 68 exiles were dead and the rest were captured. Estimates of Cuban forces killed vary with the source, but were generally far higher.

The 1,209 captured exiles were quickly put on trial. A few were executed and the rest sentenced to thirty years in prison for [[treason]]. After 20 months of negotiation with the United States, Cuba released the exiles in exchange for $53 million in food and medicine.

====Virginia Republican Party====

In 1976, Rove became the Finance Director for the Virginia Republican Party, which did not have a single fundraising event on its schedule at the time. Rove moved to Richmond, Virginia. Within a year, Rove had pulled in more than $400,000 through direct mail fundraising.

It is generally assumed by some that during the Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuba's losses were high. Triay (2001 p. 110) mentions 4,000 casualties; Lynch (p. 148) 50X or about 5,000. Other sources indicate over 2,200 casualties. Unofficial reports list that seven Cuban army infantry battalions suffered significant losses during the fighting.

====Marriages====

In July 1976, Rove married Houston socialite Valerie Wainright. In January 1977, he moved to Texas. The couple divorced in January 1980.

In one air attack alone, Cuban forces suffered an estimated 1,800 casualties when a mixture of army troops, militia, and civilians were caught on an open causeway riding in civilian buses towards the battle scene in which several buses were hit by [[napalm]].<ref>http://www.serendipity.li/cia/bay-of-pigs.htm</ref><ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/EJR.htm</ref><ref>http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/articles/bayofpigs.htm</ref>

In January 1986, Rove married Darby Hickson, a graphic designer and former employee of Rove + Co. They have a son, Andrew Madison Rove, born in 1989 <ref name="new-yorker-profile-2003"/>. Darby is a survivor of [[breast cancer]].

The government initially reported their army losses as 87 dead with many more wounded. The number of those killed in action in Cuba's army during the battle eventually ran to 140, and then finally to 161. Thus in the most accepted calculations, a total of around 2,000 (perhaps as many as 5,000, see above) Cuban militia fighting for the Republic of Cuba may have been killed, wounded or missing in action.

====Education and Teaching====

In addition to the University of Utah and the University of Maryland, Rove attended [[George Mason University]] (1973-1975) and the [[University of Texas at Austin]] (1977-). He has no degree. In July 1999, the Washington Post quoted Rove as saying "I lack at this point one math class, which I can take by exam, and my foreign language requirement."

The total casualties for the brigade were 104 members killed, and a few hundred more were wounded. Of those killed, ten died trying to escape Cuba in a boat (Celia), nine asphyxiated in a sealed truck on the way to Havana,<ref>http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/15933592.htm</ref> five were executed after the invasion, five were executed after being captured infiltrating Cuba, five died in training at their base and two died in a Cuban prison camp.

====Residences and voting registration - Texas, DC, and Florida====

Rove left Texas after Bush was elected President in late 2000. He now owns a home in the District of Columbia that is valued at $1.1 million. Rove sold his longtime home in Austin in 2003.

In 1979 the body of Alabama National Guard Captain {Pilot} Thomas Willard Ray who was executed after capture was returned

In September 2005, the Washington Post reported that Rove had agreed to reimburse the District for an estimated $3,400 in back taxes. The taxes were owed because since 2002, when the law changed, Rove was not entitled to a homestead exemption for his DC house because he was voting elsewhere (in Texas).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/02/AR2005090202397.html | title=Rove Not Entitled to D.C. Homestead Deduction | publisher=The Washington Post | date=3 September 2005 | author=Lori Montgomery | page=A02}}</ref>

to his family from Cuba; the CIA eventually ("in the late 90's") admitted to his links to the agency and awarded him their highest award the [[Intelligence Star]].<ref>Thomas, Eric 2007 (accessed 2-22-07) Local Man Forever Tied To Cuban Leader Father Frozen, Displayed By Fidel Castro KGO ABC7/KGO-TV/DT. ABC San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=assignment_7&id=5056129</ref>

==Release of most captive prisoners==

Rove registered to vote in Kerr County, about 80 miles west of Austin in the Texas Hill Country, on May 26, 2004. The residence that Rove claims on Texas voter registration rolls is two tiny rental cottages, the largest being only 814 square feet. The cottages were part of the [http://www.riveroakslodge.com/ River Oaks Lodge] that Mr. Rove and his wife, Darby, once owned on the Guadalupe River near Ingram. They sold the lodge in 2003, after renovating it <ref name="balz-2003-strategist"/>, but kept the two cottages, which the lodge rents to guests. (Darby T. Rove is listed as a director of the new owner of the lodge, Estadio Partners, LLC.)

In May 1961 Castro proposed an exchange of the surviving members of the assault for five hundred bulldozers. The trade soon rose to $28 million [[United States dollars]].<ref name="thousand"/> Negotiations were non-productive until after the [[Cuban missile crisis]]. On December 21, 1962 Castro and James B. Donovan, a U.S. lawyer signed an agreement to exchange the 1,113 prisoners for $53 million U.S. dollars in food and medicine, the money being raised by private donations.<ref>http://onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr60/fcuba1961.htm</ref> On December 29, 1962 Kennedy met with the returning brigade at [[Palm Beach]], [[Florida]].<ref name="thousand"/>

==Aftermath, reactions and re-evaluations==

In early October 2005, a resident of Kerr County filed a complaint with the District Attorney of the county, requesting an investigation into whether Rove and his wife violated Texas state law by illegally registering as voters in Kerr County, since neither had ever lived there. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.citizensforethics.org/press/newsrelease.php?view=85|title=NEW COMPLAINT FILED AGAINST KARL ROVE WITH KERR COUNTY, TX DISTRICT ATTORNEY TO INVESTIGATE ILLEGAL VOTER REGISTRATION|publisher=citizensforethics.org|date=October 6, 2005}}</ref>. Texas law defines a residence, for voting purposes, as "one's home and fixed place of habitation to which one intends to return after any temporary absence."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA091005.1B.rove_residence.cdb6c0f.html | title=Rove story costs S.A. lawyer her state job | publisher=San Antonio Express-News | date=10 September 2005 | author=Zeke MacCormack}}</ref> On November 3, 2005, Rex Emerson, the District Attorney, announced that he had determined there was insufficient evidence to prosecute either Rove or his wife, and that his office would close the case without further action.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://web.dailytimes.com/story.lasso?wcd=17821 | title=Rove OK to vote here | publisher=The Daily Times | date=3 November 2005 | author=Gerard MacCrossan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110302591.html | title=Rove Is Ruled Legal Voter in Texas | publisher=The Washington Post | date=4 November 2005 | page=A12}}</ref>

[[Image:JFK.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]'s Statement on Cuba and Neutrality Laws, April 20, 1961]]

The failed Bay of Pigs invasion severely embarrassed the Kennedy administration, and made Castro wary of future US intervention in Cuba. As a result of the failure, [[Director of Central Intelligence|CIA director]] [[Allen Dulles]], [[Deputy Director of Central Intelligence|deputy CIA director]] [[Charles Cabell]], and Deputy Director of Operations [[Richard Mervin Bissell Jr.|Richard Bissell]] were all forced to resign. All three were held responsible for the planning of the operation at the CIA. Responsibility of the Kennedy Administration and the US State Department for modifications of the plans were not apparent until later.

The Kennedy administration continued covert operations against Castro, later launching [[the Cuban Project]] to "help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime". Tensions would again peak in the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] of 1962.

In addition to the $1.1 million home he owns in the District, Rove and his wife have built a home in Florida, worth more than $1 million, according to Rove's 2005 financial disclosure form.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2005/6/15/204859.shtml | title=

Bush Top Aides Have Investment Wealth | publisher=The Associated Press | date=15 June 2005}}</ref>

The CIA wrote a detailed internal report that laid blame for the failure squarely on internal incompetence. A number of grave errors by the CIA and other American analysts contributed to the debacle:

==The Texas years and notable political campaigns==

*The administration believed that the troops could retreat to the mountains to lead a guerrilla war if they lost in open battle. The mountains were too far to reach on foot, and the troops were deployed in swamp land, where they were easily surrounded.

=== 1977-1991 ===

*They believed that the involvement of the US in the incident could be denied.

*They believed that Cubans would be grateful to be liberated from Fidel Castro and would quickly join the battle. This support failed to materialize; many hundreds of thousands of others were arrested, and some executed, prior to the landings. (see also Priestland 2003; Lynch, 2000).

The CIA's near certainty that the Cuban people would rise up and join them was based on the agency's extremely weak presence on the ground in Cuba. Castro's counterintelligence, trained by Soviet Bloc specialists including [[Enrique Lister]],<ref name="SPlister.htm"/> had infiltrated most resistance groups. Because of this, almost all the information that came from exiles and defectors was "contaminated." CIA operative [[E. Howard Hunt]] had interviewed Cubans in Havana prior to the invasion; in a future interview with [[CNN]], he said, "...all I could find was a lot of enthusiasm for Fidel Castro."<ref>http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/interviews/hunt/</ref> [[Grayston Lynch]] among others, also points to Castro's rounding up of hundreds of thousands of anti-Castro and potentially anti-Castro Cubans across the island prior and during the invasion (e.g. Priestland, 2003) to destroying any chances for a general uprising against the Castro regime. Thus the million voices that had cried "Cuba si, comunismo NO!" on November 28 1959,[http://aguadadepasajeros.bravepages.com/cubahistoria/congreso_catolico_cuba_1959.htm] were gone or silent.

Rove's initial job in Texas was as a legislative aide for Fred Agnich, a Texas state representative, in Agnich's Dallas office. Latter in 1977, Rove got a job

as executive director of the Fund for Limited Government, a political action committee (PAC) in Houston headed by [[James A. Baker]], a Houston lawyer (later President George H.W. Bush's Secretary of State). The PAC eventually became the genesis of the Bush-for-President campaign of 1979-1980.

Many military leaders almost certainly expected the invasion to fail but thought that Kennedy would send in [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] to save the exiles. Kennedy, however, did not want a full scale war and abandoned the exiles.

His work for [[Bill Clements]] during the Texas [[Governor of Texas|gubernatorial]] race of 1978 helped Clements become the first Republican Governor of Texas in over 100 years. Clements was elected to a four-year term, succeeding scandal-plagued Democrat [[Dolph Briscoe]]. Rove was deputy director of the Governor William P. Clements Junior Committee, 1979—1980; and deputy executive assistant Governor of Texas (roughly, deputy chief of staff) in 1980—1981.<ref>[http://www.marquiswhoswho.com/ MarquisWhosWho.com] (commercial site).</ref>

An [[April 29]] [[2000]] ''[[Washington Post]]'' article, "Soviets Knew Date of Cuba Attack", reported that the CIA had information indicating that the [[Soviet Union]] knew the invasion was going to take place and did not inform Kennedy. [[Radio Moscow]] actually broadcast an English-language newscast on [[April 13]], [[1961]] predicting the invasion "in a plot hatched by the CIA" using paid "criminals" within a week. The invasion took place four days later. According to British minister [[David Ormsby-Gore]], British intelligence estimates, which had been made available to the CIA, indicated that the Cuban people were predominantly behind Castro and that there was no likelihood of mass defections or insurrections following the invasion.<ref name="thousand"/> More recent analysis suggest that, probably because of the Castro government's almost complete blackout of actions outside of Havana, the sources such as those used in the Ormsby-Gore intelligence estimate were not aware of the following related material: On April 14, 1961, the guerrillas of Agapito Rivera fought Cuban government forces near Las Cruces, Montembo, Las Villas, several government forces were killed and others wounded.<ref>Corzo, 2003 p. 83</ref> On April 16, Merardo and Jose Leon plus 14 others staged armed rising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas, only four survived<ref>Corzo, 2003 p. 85</ref> Leonel Martinez and 12 others took to the country side (ibid). On the 17th of April 1961 Osvaldo Ramírez then chief of the rural resistance to Castro (see [[War Against the Bandits]]) was captured in Aromas de Velázquez and immediately executed. [http://www.nuevoaccion.com/] The ruthlessness with which this resistance was suppressed is well described in Franqui.<ref>Franqui 1984, pp. 111-115 </ref> On April 3, 1961, a bomb attack on militia barracks in Bayamo killed four militia and eight more are wounded; on April 6, the Hershey Sugar factory in Matanzas is destroyed by sabotage; on April 18, Directorio guerrilla Marcelino Magaňaz died in action in Sierra Maestra.<ref>Corzo, 2003 p. 79-89</ref> On April 19 at least seven Cubans plus two US citizens Angus K. McNair and Howard F. Anderson are executed in Pinar del Rio Province.<ref>Corzo, 2003 p. 90</ref>. However, the general Cuban population was not well informed, except for CIA funded Radio Swan [http://www.firmaspress.com/viaje-al-corazon-de-cuba.pdf] [[Pirate radio in Central America and Caribbean Sea]], since May of 1960 almost all means of public communication were in the government’s hands.<ref>. NYT May 26, 1960 p. 5; [http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Cuba83eng/chap.5.htm]</ref>

In 1981, Rove founded [[direct mail]] consulting firm, ''Karl Rove & Company'', in [[Austin, Texas]]. The firm's first clients included Republican Governor [[Bill Clements]] and

[[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] Congressman [[Phil Gramm]], who later became a

Republican Congressman and [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]. Rove operated his

consulting business until 1999, when he sold the firm to take a full-time position in George

W. Bush's campaign for the Presidency.

The invasion is often criticized as making Castro even more popular, adding nationalistic sentiments to the support for his economic policies. Following the initial B-26 bombings, he declared the revolution "[[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]]". After the invasion, he pursued closer relations with the Soviet Union, partly for protection, which helped pave the way for the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] a year and a half later.

Between 1981 and 1999, Rove worked on hundreds of races. Most were in a supporting role (doing direct mail fundraising). A November 2004 [[Atlantic Monthly]] article <ref name="Karl Rove in a Corner">{{cite news|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200411/green/3|title=Karl Rove in a Corner|author=Green, Joshua|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly|date=November 2004}} </ref> estimated that he was the primary strategist

for 41 races that were statewide or Congressional (in Texas and Alabama), or for a national

office, and that his candidates won in 34 of those.

There are still yearly nation-wide drills in Cuba during the 'Dia de la Defensa' (defense day) to prepare the entire population for an invasion.

Rove also did work during those years for clients other than politicians. From 1991 to 1996, he advised tobacco giant Phillip Morris, ultimately earning $3,000 a month via a consulting contract. In a deposition, Rove testified that he severed the tie in 1996 because he felt awkward "about balancing that responsibility with his role as Bush's top political advisor" at a time when Bush was governor of Texas and Texas was suing the tobacco industry. <ref>Miriam Rozen: [http://www.dallasobserver.com/issues/1999-05-13/news/feature_8.html The Nerd Behind the Throne] ''Dallas Observer'' May 13, 1999</ref>

An appendix to the Enrique Ros book pp. 287-298 gives the names of Bay of Pigs veterans who became officers in the US Army in Vietnam, these names include 6 Colonels, 19 Lt Colonels, 9 Majors, and 29 Captains. As of March 2007, the Communist Party is now the only political party in Cuba, and about 50% of the Brigade have passed on<ref>. Iuspa-Abbott. Paola, 2007 (accessed 3-27-07) Palm Beach County Bay of Pigs veterans remember invasion of Cuba. South Florida Sun-Sentinel Posted March 26 2007 [http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/local/cuba/sfl-pbrigademar26,0,6683790.story?coll=sfla-news-cuba]</ref>

* '''1978 George W. Bush Congressional campaign'''

==Notes==

Rove advised the younger Bush during his unsuccessful Texas congressional campaign in 1978.

<div class="references-small">

[[Image:Bush's Brain.jpg|thumb|A [[2003 in literature|2003]] bestseller, ''Bush's Brain'': one view of Rove's role in Bush's rise to power.]]

<references/>

</div>

==Bibliography==

* '''1980 George H. W. Bush presidential campaign'''

*Anderson, Jon L. 1998 Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. Grove/Atlantic ISBN 0-8021-3558-7

*Corzo, Pedro 2003 Cuba Cronología de la lucha contra el totalitarismo. Ediciones Memorias, Miami. ISBN 1890829242

*Franqui, Carlos 1984 (foreword by G. Cabrera Infante and translated by Alfred MacAdam from Spanish 1981 version) Family portrait with Fidel. 1985 edition Random House First Vintage Books, New York. ISBN 0394726200 pp. 111-128

*Lynch, Grayston L. 2000 Decision for Disaster: Betrayal at the Bay of Pigs. Potomac Books Dulles Virginia ISBN 1-57488-237-6

*Hunt, E. Howard 1973 Give us this day. Arlington House, New Rochelle, N.Y. ISBN-10 0870002287 ISBN-13: 978-0870002281

*Johnson, Haynes 1964 The Bay of Pigs: The Leaders' Story of Brigade 2506. W. W. Norton & Co Inc. New York. 1974 edition ISBN 0-393-04263-4

*Lagas, Jacques 1964 Memorias de un capitán rebelde. Editorial del Pácifico. Santiago, Chile.

*Lazo, Mario 1968, 1970 Dagger in the heart: American policy failures in Cuba. Twin Circle. New York. I968 edition Library of Congress number 6831632, 1970 edition, ASIN B0007DPNJS

*Grayston L. Lynch (see Lynch, Grayston L.)

*de Paz-Sánchez, Manuel 2001 Zona de Guerra, España y la revolución Cubana (1960-1962), Taller de Historia, Tenerife Gran Canaria ISBN 8479263644

*Priestland, Jane (editor) 2003 British Archives on Cuba: Cuba under Castro 1959-1962. Archival Publications International Limited, 2003, London ISBN 1-903008-20-4

*[[Jean Edward Smith]], "Bay of Pigs: The Unanswered Questions," ''The Nation'', (Apr. 13, 1964), p. 360-363.

*Somoza-Debayle, Anastasio and Jack Cox 1980 Nicaragua Betrayed Western Islands Publishers, pp. 169-180 ISBN 088279235

*Ros, Enrique 1994 (1998) Giron la verdadera historia. Ediciones Universales (Colección Cuba y sus jueces) third edition Miami ISBN 0-89729-738-5

*Thomas, Hugh 1998 Cuba or The Pursuit of Freedom. Da Capo Press, New York Updated Ed. ISBN 0-306-80827-7

*Triay, Victor 2001 Andres Bay of Pigs. University Press of Florida, Gainesville ISBN 0-8130-2090-5

*Welch, David A and James G Blight (editors) 1998 Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Frank Cass Publishers, London and Portland Oregon ISBN 0-7146-4883-3 ISBN 0-7146-4435-8

*Vivés, Juan (Pseudonym, of a former veteran and Castro Intelligence Official; Translated to Spanish from 1981 Les Maîtres de Cuba. Opera Mundi, Paris by Zoraida Valcarcel) 1982 Los Amos de Cuba. EMCÉ Editores, Buenos Aires. ISBN 9500400758

*Wyden, Peter 1979 Bay of Pigs Simon. and Schuster New York ISBN 0-671-24006-40

==See also==

In 1977, Rove was the first person hired by [[George H. W. Bush]] for his official (and unsuccessful) [[U.S. presidential election, 1980|1980 presidential campaign]], which ended with Bush being selected as the Vice Presidential nominee by Ronald Reagan in the summer of 1980. Rove was fired in mid-campaign for leaking information to the press. In November 1980, Bush was elected Vice President.

{{portalpar|Cuba|Flag of Cuba.svg}}

*[[Cuba-United States relations]]

* '''1982 William Clements, Jr. gubernatorial campaign'''

*[[Guantánamo Bay (Cuba)]]

*[[Swan Islands, Honduras|Swan Islands]]

In 1982, Clements ran for reelection, but was defeated by Democrat [[Mark White]]. (In 1982, every Republican running for a statewide office in Texas lost.)

*''[[Red Zone Cuba]]'' ([[1966]])

* '''1982 Phil Gramm Congressional campaign'''

In 1982, Phil Gramm was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as an old-style conservative Texas Democrat.

* '''1984 Phil Gramm Senatorial campaign'''

In 1984, Rove helped Gramm, who had become a Republican in 1983, defeat Democrat Lloyd Doggett in the race for U.S. Senate.

* '''1984 Ronald Reagan Presidential campaign'''

Rove handled direct-mail for the Reagan-Bush campaign.

* '''1986 William Clements, Jr. gubernatorial campaign'''

In 1986, Rove helped [[Bill Clements]] become governor a second time. In a strategy memo Rove wrote for his client prior to the race, now among Clements's papers in the Texas A&M University library, Rove quoted Napoleon: "The whole art of war consists in a well-reasoned and extremely circumspect defensive, followed by rapid and audacious attack."

In 1986, just before a crucial debate in campaign, Rove claimed that his office had been bugged by the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]s. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.counterpunch.org/madsen1101.html|title=Exposing Karl Rove|author=Wayne Madsen|publisher=counterpunch.org|date=November 1, 2002}}</ref>. The police and FBI investigated and discovered that bug's battery was so small that it needed to be changed every few hours, and the investigation was dropped. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogcritics.org/archives/2004/09/04/135514.php|title=Bush's Brain|date=September 04, 2004|author=El Bicho|publisher=blogcritics.org}}</ref> Critics suspected Rove had bugged his own office to garner sympathy votes in the close governor's race. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/transcripts_060404_roving.html| title= Roving Reporters|date=June 4, 2004|publisher=onthemedia.org }}</ref>

* '''1988 Texas Supreme Court races'''

In 1988, Rove helped Tom Phillips become the first Republican elected as Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court. Phillips had been appointed to the position in November 1987 by Governor Clements; he would be re-elected in November 1990, November 1996 and November 2002.

Phillips' election in 1988 was part of an aggressive grassroots campaign called "Clean Slate '88", a bi-partisan (and conservative) effort that was successful in getting five of its six candidates elected. (Ordinarily there were three justices on the ballot each year, on a nine-justice court, but, because of resignations, there were six races for the Supreme Court on the ballot in November 1988.)

By 1998, Republicans held all nine seats on the Court.

* '''1990 Texas gubernatorial campaign'''

In 1989, Rove encouraged George W. Bush to run for Texas governor, bringing in experts to tutor him on policy and introducing him to local reporters. Eventually, Bush decided not to run. Rove backed another Republican for governor; his candidate lost in the primaries.

* '''Other 1990 Texas statewide races'''

In 1990, two other Rove candidates won: Rick Perry, the future governor of the state, became agricultural commissioner, and [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]] became treasurer. The November 1990 election was notable because the FBI, earlier that year, had investigated every Democratic officeholder in the state. The FBI investigation nailed then-agricultural commissioner Mike Moeller and senior administrator Pete McRae for soliciting contributions for Jim Hightower, the Democratic candidate to replace Moeller.

* '''1991 Richard Thornburgh Senatorial campaign and lawsuit'''

In 1991, [[Richard L. Thornburgh|Richard Thornburgh]] resigned as Attorney General to run in a special election for a U.S. Senate seat in Pennsylvania (vacated by Senator [[John Heinz]], who was killed in a helicopter crash). After Thornburgh's loss to Democrat [[Harris Wofford]], Rove sued Thornburgh for not paying his Karl Rove + Company bill.

The [[Republican National Committee]], worried that the suit would make it hard to recruit good candidates, urged Rove to back off. When he wouldn't, the RNC hired [[Kenneth Starr]] to write an amicus brief on Thornburgh's behalf. The case went to trial in Austin; Rove won.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bnfp.org/neighborhood/Lemann_Rove_NYM.htm|title=The Controller: Karl Rove is working to get George Bush reelected, but he has bigger plans.|author=Lemann, Nicholas|pubisher=The New Yorker Magazine|date=May 12, 2003}}</ref>

=== 1992 George H. W. Bush presidential campaign ===

"Sources close to the former president George H.W. Bush say Rove was fired from the 1992 Bush presidential campaign after he planted a negative story with columnist [[Robert Novak]] about dissatisfaction with campaign fundraising chief and Bush loyalist [[Robert Mosbacher Jr.]] It was smoked out, and he was summarily ousted" (''Esquire Magazine'', January 2003). Robert Novak provided some evidence of motive in his column describing the firing of Mosbacher by former Senator [[Phil Gramm]]: "Also attending the session was political consultant Karl Rove, who had been shoved aside by Mosbacher." Novak and Rove deny that Rove was the leaker, but Mosbacher maintains that "Rove is the only one with a motive to leak this. We let him go. I still believe he did it." <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/06/politics/06novak.html|title=Rove and Novak, a 20-Year Friendship Born in Texas|date=August 6, 2005|author=Bumiller, Elisabeth|publisher=[[New York Times]]|page=A8}}</ref>

(Sources: "Karl and Bob: a leaky history," ''Houston Chronicle'', Nov. 7, 2003; "Genius," ''Texas Monthly'', March 2003, p. 82; "Why Are These Men Laughing," ''Esquire'', January 2003.)

During testimony before the [[CIA leak grand jury investigation|CIA leak grand jury]], Rove apparently confirmed his prior involvement with Novak in the 1992 campaign leak, according to [[National Journal]] reporter [[Murray Waas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.nationaljournal.com/articles/0525nj1.htm|title=Rove-Novak Call Was Concern To Leak Investigators|date=May 25, 2006|author=Waas, Murray|publisher=[[National Journal]]}}</ref>

=== 1993-2000 ===

'''1993 Kay Bailey Hutchison Senatorial campaign'''

Rove helped [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]] win a special Senate election in June 1993, defeating Democrat [[Bob Krueger]] for the right to complete the last two years of the term of [[Lloyd Bentsen]]. Bentsen had resigned to become Secretary of the Treasury in the Clinton administration.

'''1994 Alabama Supreme Court races'''

In 1994, a group called the Business Council of Alabama hired Rove to help run a slate of Republican candidates for the state supreme court. No Republican had been elected to that court in more than a century. The campaign by the Republicans was unprecedented in the state, which had previously only seen low-key contests. After the election, a court battle over absentee and other ballots followed that lasted more than 11 months. It ended when a federal appeals-court judge ruled that disputed absentee ballots could not be counted, and ordered the secretary of state to certify the Republican candidate for Chief Justice, Perry Hooper, as the winner. An appeal to the Supreme Court by the Democratic candidate was turned down within a few days, making the ruling final; Hooper had won by 262 votes.

Another of the slate, [[Harold See]], ran against Mark Kennedy, an incumbent Democratic justice and the son-in-law of [[George Wallace]]. The race included charges that Kennedy was mingling campaign funds with those of a nonprofit children's foundation he was involved with. A former Rove staffer has also reported that some within the See camp initiated a [[whisper campaign]] that Kennedy was a pedophile.<ref name="Karl Rove in a Corner" /> Kennedy won by less than one percentage point.

'''1994 John Ashcroft Senatorial campaign'''

In 1993, according to the ''[[New York Times]]'', Karl Rove & Company was paid $300,000 in consulting fees by [[John Ashcroft]]'s successful campaign to be elected to the U.S. Senate

in 1994. Ashcroft was a satisfied customer; he paid Rove's company more than $700,000 over the course of three campaigns.

'''1994 George W. Bush gubernatorial campaign'''

In 1993, Rove began advising [[George W. Bush]] in his (successful) campaign to become governor of Texas. Bush announced his candidacy in November 1993. By January 1994, Bush had spent more than $600,000 on the race against incumbent Democrat [[Ann Richards]], with $340,000 of

that paid to Rove's firm.

Rove has been accused of using supposed pollsters to call voters to ask such things as whether people would be "more or less likely to vote for Governor Richards if [they] knew her staff is dominated by lesbians." During the race, a regional chairman of the Bush campaign allowed himself to be quoted criticizing Richards for "appointing avowed homosexual activists" to state jobs. But only circumstantial evidence links Rove to the [[Push poll|push-polling]].

'''1996 Harold See campaign for Associate Chief Justice, Alabama Supreme Court'''

According to someone who worked for him, Rove, dissatisfied with the campaign's progress, had flyers printed up — absent any trace of who was behind them — viciously attacking [[Harold See]] and his family. See won the race. <ref name="Karl Rove in a Corner" />

'''1998 George W. Bush gubernatorial campaign'''

Rove was an adviser for the successful re-election campaign of Governor [[George W. Bush]] in 1998. From July through December 1998, Bush’s re-election committee paid Karl Rove + Co. nearly $2.5 million, and also paid the Rove-owned Praxis List Company $267,000 (for use of mail lists). Rove says his work for the Bush campaign included direct mail, voter contact, phone banks, computer services, and travel expenses. Of the $2.5 million, Rove said, "About 30 percent of that is postage." In all, Bush (primarily through Rove's efforts) raised $17.7 million, with $3.4 million unspent as of March 1999. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texasobserver.org/showArticle.asp?ArticleID=942|date=February 5, 1999|publisher=The Texas Observer|title=Political Intelligence: Bush Goes A-Rove-ing}}</ref>

'''2000 Harold See campaign for Chief Justice'''

For the race to succeed Perry Hooper, who was retiring as Alabama's chief justice, Rove lined up support from a majority of the state's important Republicans behind his candidate, an

associate justice named [[Harold See]]. The See campaign significantly outspent the opposition, but See was badly beaten by [[Roy Moore]], the "Ten Commandments" judge, who succeeded in making the race about religion.

=== 2000 George W. Bush presidential campaign and the sale of Rove + Company ===

In early 1999, Rove sold his 20-year-old direct-mail business, Rove + Co., which provided campaign services to candidates, along with Praxis List Company (in whole or part) to Ted Delisi and Todd Olsen, two young political operatives who had worked on campaigns of some other Rove candidates. Rove helped finance the sale of the company, which had 11 employees. Selling Rove + Company was a condition that George W. Bush had insisted on before Rove took the job of chief strategist for Bush's presidential bid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/Issues/1999-05-13/news/feature_print.html|author=Rozen, Miriam|publisher=The Dallas Observer|date=May 13, 1999|title=The Nerd Behind the Throne}}</ref>

During the bitterly-contested [[U.S. presidential primaries, 2000|2000 Republican primary]], allegations were made that Rove was responsible for a "[[push poll]]" conducted in South Carolina, that used racist innuendo intended to undermine the support of Bush rival [[John McCain]]: "Would you be more likely or less likely to vote for [[John McCain]] for president if you knew he had fathered an illegitimate black child?"[http://www.boston.com/news/politics/president/articles/2004/03/21/the_anatomy_of_a_smear_campaign/]. Although McCain campaign manager Richard Davis said he "had no idea who had made those calls, who paid for them, or how many were made," the authors of the 2003 book and subsequent

[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0403910/ film] ''Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential'' allege that Rove was involved. In the movie, John Weaver, political director for McCain's 2000 campaign bid, says "I believe I know where that decision was made; it was at the top of the [Bush] campaign." Rove has denied any such involvement.

After the presidential elections in November 2000, Karl Rove organized an emergency response of Republican politicians and supporters to go to [[Florida]] to assist the Bush campaign's position during the [[Florida recount]].

==George W. Bush Administration==

George W. Bush was first inaugurated in January 2001, and Rove accepted a position in the Bush administration as Senior Advisor to the President. The President's confidence in Rove has been so strong that during a meeting with [[South Korea]]n president [[Roh Moo-hyun]] on [[14 May]] [[2003]], President George W. Bush brought only Rove and then-[[National Security Advisor]] [[Condoleezza Rice]]. Rove has played a significant role in shaping policy at the White House, which has led some to allege that politics have overly influenced the administration's actions. One oft-cited example is that terror warnings were regularly made at times when John Kerry's ratings rose during the 2004 presidential election, or the 2006 announcement that planned terrorist attacks had been thwarted, which was made at a time of increased pressure for the White House due to the a domestic wire-tapping scandal. Karl Rove gave up his policy role in the administration in April 2006.

===White House Iraq Group===

In 2002 and 2003 Rove chaired meetings of the [[White House Iraq Group]] (WHIG), a secretive internal White House [[working group]] established by August 2002, eight months prior to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. According to CNN and ''Newsweek'', WHIG was “charged with developing a strategy for publicizing the White House's assertion that Saddam Hussein posed a threat to the United States.”[http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/03/05/cia.leak.probe/] WHIG's existence and membership was first identified in a ''Washington Post'' article by [[Barton Gellman]] and [[Walter Pincus]] on [[August 10]] [[2003]]; members of WHIG included George W. Bush’s chief of staff [[Andrew Card]], National Security Advisor [[Condoleezza Rice]], Rice's deputy [[Stephen Hadley]], Vice President Cheney’s chief of staff [[Lewis Libby|Lewis “Scooter” Libby]], legislative liaison [[Nicholas E. Calio]], and communication strategists [[Mary Matalin]], [[Karen Hughes]], and [[James R. Wilkinson]]. Quoting one of WHIG's members without identifying him or her by name, the ''Washington Post'' explained that the task force's mission was to “educate the public” about the threat posed by Hussein and (in the reporters' words) “to set strategy for each stage of the confrontation with Baghdad.” Rove's "strategic communications" task force within WHIG helped write and coordinate speeches by senior Bush administration officials, emphasizing in September 2002 the theme of Iraq's purported nuclear threat.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A39500-2003Aug9&notFound=true]

The White House Iraq Group was “little known” until a subpoena for its notes, email, and attendance records was issued by CIA leak investigator [[Patrick Fitzgerald]] in January 2004, a legal move first reported in the press and acknowledged by the White House on March 5, 2004.[http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/03/05/cia.leak.probe/][http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2002452876_leak26.html]

===Allegations of conflict of interest===

In March 2001, Rove met with executives from [[Intel]], successfully advocating a merger between a Dutch company and an [[Intel]] company supplier. Rove owned $100,000 in Intel stock at the time but had been advised by Fred Fielding, the White House's transition counsel, to defer selling the stock in January to obtain ethics panel approval. Rove offered no advice on the merger which needed to be approved by a joint Pentagon-Treasury Department panel since it would give a foreign company access to military sensitive technology. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A63145-2001Jun13&notFound=true] In June 2001, Rove met with two pharmaceutical industry lobbyists. At the time, Rove held almost $250,000 in drug industry stocks. On [[30 June]] [[2001]], Rove divested his stocks in 23 companies, which included more than $100,000 in each of [[Enron]], [[Boeing]], [[General Electric]], and [[Pfizer]]. On [[30 June]] [[2001]], the White House confirmed reports that Rove had been involved in administration energy policy meetings, while at the same time holding stock in energy companies including [[Enron]].

===Criticized "liberal response" to 9/11===

At a fund-raiser in [[New York City]] for the [[Conservative Party of New York State]] on [[June 23]], [[2005]], Rove said, "Conservatives saw the savagery of 9/11 in the attacks and prepared for war; liberals saw the savagery of the 9/11 attacks and wanted to prepare indictments and offer therapy and understanding for our attackers." Democrats angered by this comment demanded Rove's resignation or an apology, and pointed out that every Democratic Senator voted for military force against [[Al-Qaeda]] in retaliation for the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] in the United States.[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ040.107][http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=1&vote=00281#top]

[[Families Of September 11]], an organization founded in October, 2001 by families of some of those who died in the terrorist attack, requested Rove "stop trying to reap political gain in the tragic misfortune of others."[http://www.familiesofseptember11.org/news.aspx?s=5#1352] In contrast, the Bush administration characterized Rove's comments as "very accurate" and stated that the calls for an apology were "somewhat puzzling", since he was "simply pointing out the different philosophies when it comes to winning the war on terrorism."[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8324598/][http://mediamatters.org/items/200506240003]

===2004 George W. Bush presidential campaign===

President George W. Bush publicly thanked Rove, calling him "the architect" in Bush's [[3 November]] [[2004]] victory speech, after defeating John Kerry in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]].[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/11/20041103-3.html]

During the campaign, critics alleged that Rove had professional ties to the producers of the [[Swift Boat Veterans|Swift Boat Veterans for Truth]] television ads that criticized [[John F. Kerry]]'s Vietnam-era military service and public testimony against American soldiers, although no evidence of Rove's direct involvement was ever produced.[http://graphics7.nytimes.com/images/2004/08/19/politics/campaign/20040820swift_graph.gif]

A few months after the election, [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Maurice Hinchey]] (D-NY) publicly alleged that Rove engineered the [[Killian documents]] controversy during the 2004 campaign, by planting fake anti-Bush documents with [[CBS News]] to deflect attention from Bush's service record during the [[Vietnam War]], but other than Rove's supposed [[cui bono|motive]], no evidence supporting this speculation has ever been publicized. Rove himself has denied any involvement, and Hinchey himself admitted he had no evidence to support this claim.[http://www.recordonline.com/archive/2005/02/22/hinchey2.htm],[http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040922-101433-4296r.htm],[http://www.littlegreenfootballs.com/weblog/?entry=14781_Congressman_Says_Rove_Planted_CBS_Memos&

===Administration response to Hurricane Katrina===

In August 2005, Rove was assigned by the President to oversee the administration's political 'damage control' effort following [[Hurricane Katrina]] in [[Louisiana]]. After Rove's appointment, the administration was criticized for attempting to shift blame away from the federal government for the failures by claiming that state and local officials had not declared a state of emergency at the time [http://www.snopes.com/politics/katrina/nagin.asp].

===Involvement with NSA wiretapping investigation===

According to unnamed Congressional sources, in February 2006, Karl Rove allegedly threatened to "blacklist" any Republican who votes against President Bush on the [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy|NSA wiretapping issue]]. According to the unnamed sources, this blacklist would "would mean a halt in any White House political or financial support of senators running for re-election in November." <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.insightmag.com/Media/MediaManager/Rove2.htm | title=Rove counting heads on the Senate Judiciary Committee | date=6 February 2006 | publisher=News World Communications}}</ref>

== Plame affair ==

{{main|Plame affair}}

On [[29 August]] [[2003]], retired ambassador [[Joseph C. Wilson IV]] claimed that Rove leaked the identity of Wilson's wife, [[Valerie Plame]], as a [[CIA]] operative ([http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2005/07/21/politics/20050722leak_graphic.html timeline]), allegedly in retaliation for Wilson's op-ed in ''The New York Times'' in which he criticized the Bush Administration's citation of the [[yellowcake documents]] among the justifications for the [[War in Iraq]] enumerated in President Bush's 2003 [[State of the Union Address]]. Some "leaks" (unauthorized releases of information) are a violation of federal law. On [[June 13]], [[2006]], prosecutors determined there was no reason to charge Rove with any wrong-doing.[http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/06/13/rove.cia/] Though the Plame investigation continues, Fitzgerald stated previously that "very rarely do you bring a charge in a case that's going to be tried in which you ever end a grand jury investigation. I can tell you that the substantial bulk of the work of this investigation is concluded." [http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=1259935]

Rumors of Rove's possible impending indictment swirled through the Internet multiple times in the Spring of 2006. On [[12 May]] [[2006]], freelance journalist [[Jason Leopold]], writing for [[Truthout]], claimed that Rove had been served with an indictment: "[Fitzgerald] instructed one of the attorneys to tell Rove that he has 24 [business] hours to get his affairs in order." [http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/051206Y.shtml] This was met by a categorical denial from a Rove spokesman, as well as widespread scepticism across numerous blogs due to the lack of corroboration from other sources. Leopold, who has published a book (''News Junkie'') describing his own history of drug addiction and mental illness, has a record of retracted stories. When TruthOut was approached by ''National Review'' columnist Byron York a week after the story broke, they stood by the story, claiming it was a "sealed indictment." York also chronicled a left-wing blog story about Attorney General [[Alberto Gonzales]]'s imminent indictment that never came to pass. [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NjYwZWJmNDkwZTJhODhjNWZjYWM4ZmY4YTM2MmY3MTM=]

==Trivia==

{{Wikiquote}}

[[Image:Karl_Rove_Cartoon.JPG|right|thumb|170px|Karl Rove in the episode "[[Deacon Stan, Jesus Man]]" of the [[animated TV series|animated]] [[television comedy|comedy]] ''[[American Dad]]'']]

* On [[8 December]] [[2004]], Rove was named by [[Barbara Walters]] as the "Most Fascinating Person" of the year.

* [[List of nicknames used by George W. Bush|George W. Bush has referred to Karl Rove]] as "The Boy Genius", "The Architect" and "[[Turd Blossom]]," [http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,107219,00.html] a [[Texas|Texan]] term for a flower which grows from a pile of [[Feces|cow dung]]. [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20050713.wxrove13/BNStory/International/]

* He has also often been referred to as "Bush's Brain" [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3987237.stm].

* Karl Rove is a [[Norwegian-American]]. According to [[Bob Woodward]]'s recent book, Rove is obsessed with the "historical duplicity" of the Swedes, who [[Treaty of Kiel|seized Norway]] back in 1814. According to Woodward, this nationalism manifested itself as hatred for Swedish weapons inspector [[Hans Blix]].

* Rove is also fascinated with [[Mark Hanna]], President [[William McKinley]]'s political adviser.

* Karl Rove's reputation for political skill is such that, among both his supporters and critics the phrase "'''Rovian'''" has come to be used as a synonym for "[[Machiavellian]]". The documentary ''[[Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential|Bush's Brain]]'' “…depicts Rove as the most powerful political consultant in American history and, in essence, a co-president” according to [[USA Today]]. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2004-03-11-southwest-film-fest_x.htm]

*The television show ''[[American Dad]]'' depicted Rove as a shadowy figure clad in a red robe and cowl, a visual allusion to the villainous ''[[Star Wars]]'' character [[Palpatine|Emperor Palpatine]]. Whenever his name is said a wolf howls, when he tries to enter a church, he begins to burn and emits smoke. He has messages delivered to him on scrolls by bats and he later departed the scene by transforming into a colony of bats.

*The Television show ''[[That's My Bush]]'' depicted Rove as a scheming political advisor to President Bush, playing the 'straight man' to Bush's over-the-top dim-wittedness.

* On ''[[The Dead Zone (TV series)|The Dead Zone]]'' the character of Malcolm Janus, a shadowy figure who guides the career of Congressman Greg Stillson, seems to be a fictionalized take on Rove.

* In "Word Salad", an episode of the television legal drama ''[[Boston Legal]]'', in response to being asked if he has read ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'', the character Alan Shore replies, "No, it's enough for me that [[Leonardo da Vinci]] was a brilliant painter and engineer without turning him into the Karl Rove of the 16th Century."

==References==

<references />

* <cite>Boy Genius: Karl Rove, the Brains Behind the Remarkable Political Triumph of George W. Bush</cite>, Lou Dubose, Jan Reid and Carl Cannon, 2003, Paperback, 256 pages, ISBN 1586481924.

* <cite>[[Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential]]</cite>, James C. Moore and Wayne Slater, John Wiley and Sons, 2003, hardcover, 416 pages, ISBN 0471423270, and the film of the same name[http://www.bushsbrain.net]

* Dickerson, John (Nov. 8, 2005). [http://www.slate.com/id/2129655/ "Don't Fire Karl"]. ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''.

==External links==

*[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0417.html#article NY Times headline, April 18, 1961, ''Anti-Castro Units Land in Cuba; Report Fighting at Beachhead; Rusk Says U.S. Won't Intervene'']

{{wikinews|Karl Rove named as a source of Plame leak}}

*[http://www.parascope.com/articles/1296/bayofpigs.htm Detail Information on the Bay of Pigs Invasion] &mdash; Includes maps of the Invasion and Documents.

*[http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/baypigs/pigs.htm History of Cuba] &mdash; Bay of Pigs Invasion.

===Biographical data===

*[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html National Security Archive chronology]

*[http://www.rotten.com/library/bio/usa/karl-rove/ Rotten.com] - 'Karl Rove' (critical biography), [[Rotten.com]]

*[http://www.urrib2000.narod.ru/ArticGiron1-e.html The Sea Fury aircraft at Bay of Pigs]

*[http://www.sourcewatch.org/wiki.phtml?title=Karl_Rove SourceWatch.org] - 'Karl Rove' (wiki profile)

*[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-BayPigsI.html Reference on Bay of Pigs Invasion at Encylopedia.com]

*[http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200411/green TheAtlantic.com] - 'Karl Rove in a Corner: Karl Rove is at his most formidable when running close races, and his skills would be notable even if he used no extreme methods', Joshua Green, ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'' (November, 2004)

*[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-150695778.html?refid=hbw_rd Bay of Pigs betrayal the betrayal of the Cuban people by the CIA, State Department, and staff members of the New York Times ranks as one of America's darkest foreign-policy moments]

*[http://rightweb.irc-online.org/ind/rove/rove.php Right Web profile of Karl Rove]

{{Cuba-United States relations}}

*[http://www.famoustexans.com/karlrove.htm Famous Texans - Karl Rove]

{{Cold War}}

*[http://news.neilrogers.com/news/articles/2004092003.html Rove's history with the draft] (Salt Lake Tribune)

*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/architect/rove/cron.html PBS chronology]

*http://www.counterpunch.org/madsen1101.html

===Legal Links===

* [http://www.bakerlaw.com/files/tbl_s10News/FileUpload44/10159/Amici%20Brief%20032305%20(Final).PDF An amicus brief] filed by 36 news organizations asserting that "there exists ample evidence on the public record to cast serious doubt that a crime has been committed."

===Editorials===

* [http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110006955 ''Wall Street Journal'' editorial] - 'Karl Rove, [[Whistleblower]]'

*[http://www.independent-media.tv/item.cfm?fmedia_id=6694&fcategory_desc=Top%20Stories%20Ignored%20By%20U.S.%20Media Creepier than Nixon Salon]

*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/15/opinion/15krugman.html?hp=&pagewanted=print ''New York Times''] - [[Paul Krugman]] - 'Karl Rove's America,' (July 15, 2005)

* [http://archive.salon.com/opinion/feature/2003/10/15/rove/index_np.html Salon.com] - 'It's time for Karl Rove to go: The president needs to ask for a special prosecutor in the Valerie Plame case', Congressman [[John Conyers|John Conyers Jr.]], [[Salon.com]] (October 15, 2003)

* [http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/07/15/dean.rove/index.html CNN] - 'It Doesn't look good for Rove' contains a legal assessment by [[John Dean]] regarding the state of the Plame scandal.

*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/17/opinion/17rich.html ''New York Times''] - [[Frank Rich]] - 'Follow the Uranium'

*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/16/opinion/16tierney.html ''New York Times''] - [[John Tierney]] - 'Where's the Newt?' where he christens the Plame scandal "[[Nadagate]]" due to his opinion that there is no scandal.

*[http://magmareport.net/front/Karl_Rove_at_American_Enterprise_Institute.rtf Transcript: Karl Rove at American Enterprise Institute], on the [http://magmareport.net Magma Report]

===Media accounts===

*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/18/politics/18rove.html ''New York Times''] - 'Reporter Says He First Learned of C.I.A. Operative From Rove,' Lorne Manly and David Johnston (July 18, 2005)

*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3987237.stm BBC.co.uk] - 'Drawing up Blueprints for Bush Victory', Rachel Clarke, [[BBC]] (November 6, 2004)

*[http://bnfp.org/neighborhood/Lemann_Rove_NYM.htm BNFP.org] - 'The Controller: Karl Rove is working to get George Bush reelected, but he has bigger plans' (profile), [[Nicholas Lemann]] ''[[New Yorker (magazine)|New Yorker]]'' (May 12, 2003)

* [http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000972841 EditorAndPublisher.com] - '[[MSNBC]] Analyst and a [[Newsweek]] Reporter Say Karl Rove Named in Matt Cooper Documents', Greg Mitchell (July 2, 2005)

* [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,160572,00.html FoxNews.com] - 'White House 'Puzzled' Over Rove Flap', [[Fox News]] (June 24, 2005)

* [http://www.pbs.org/frontline/shows/architect/ PBS.org] - 'Karl Rove The Architect' (documentary), [[PBS]] Frontline (April 12, 2005)

* [http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040922-101433-4296r.htm WashingtonTimes.com] - 'Rove rejects charges he was CBS source', Stephen Dinan, Rowan Scarborough, ''[[Washington Times]]'' (July 2, 2005)

* [http://www.nationalreview.com/york/york200507121626.asp ''National Review''] - 'Lawyer: Cooper "Burned" Karl Rove' - [[Byron York]].

* [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0507/14/wbr.01.html Transcript from CNN] interview with [[Joseph Wilson]], where he states that "my wife was not a clandestine officer the day that Bob Novak blew her identity," causing much speculation about his intended meaning from both sides.

* [http://www.washtimes.com/national/20050715-121257-9887r.htm ''Washington Times''] - 'Rove Fight Escalates,' includes quotes from a former CIA agent who claims that Plame's 'nonofficial cover' did not qualify her as 'a covert agent'. This claim is based on a gross misquote of ''USA Today''.

* [http://www.startribune.com/stories/484/5510676.html ''Star Tribune''] - 'The Plame blame: What do we know so far?' contains a recap of what is known to date (July 17, 2005)

* [http://www.nationalreview.com/mccarthy/mccarthy200507180801.asp ''National Review''] - 'Andrew C. McCarthy on Valerie Plame' - Links to an [[amicus brief]] and details Plame's name being outed by the CIA prior to Novak's article.

* [http://www.nationalreview.com/levin/levin200507181123.asp ''National Review''] - [[Mark R. Levin]] - 'Valerie's No Victim.'

* [http://online.wsj.com/article_email/0,,SB112170178721288385-IRjgoNjlah4opyobXqHaq6Hm5,00.html ''Wall Street Journal''] - Staff - 'Memo Underscored Issue of Shielding Plame's Identity' - CIA memo at the center of the leak scandal was marked 'sensitive'

* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/01/AR2005100101317_pf.html ''Washington Post''] - "Role of Rove, Libby in CIA Leak Case Clearer: Bush and Cheney Aides' Testimony Contradicts Earlier White House Statement"

* [http://eee.gop.com/News/Read.aspx?ID=5620 RNC Chairman Ken Mehlman Statement On The Partisan Attack On Karl Rove]

* [http://www.washtimes.com/national/20060613-112055-2777r.htm Prosecutors tell Rove: No charges] By John Solomon, ASSOCIATED PRESS, June 13, 2006

===News compilations===

* [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-leak25aug25,0,61238.story?coll=la-home-headlines A CIA Cover Blown, A White House Exposed], summary from ''Los Angeles Times'' published August 25, 2005.

* [http://mediamatters.org/topics/rove-controversy.html MediaMatters.org] - 'Karl Rove Controversy', [[Media Matters for America]], a [[liberal]]/[[progressivism|progressive]] media watchdog group.

* [http://www.thinkprogress.org/leak-scandal '21 Administration Officials Involved In Plame Leak'], summary compiled by [[Think Progress]], a liberal/progressive watchdog group.

*[http://www.newsfollowup.com/leakgate1.htm Plamegate timeline, AIPAC / Franklin Pentagon mole indictment, Niger yellowcake connections? at NewsFollowUp.com].

===Satire and blogs===

*[http://z.about.com/d/politicalhumor/1/0/w/d/rove_arrested.jpg Satirical news photograph] - "'''Karl Rove is under arrest!!!'''" [http://z.about.com/d/politicalhumor/1/0/w/d/rove_arrested.jpg]

*[http://powerlineblog.com/archives/010989.php Powerline Blog] - 'Closing in on Karl,' about the possible legal implications, written by lawyer [http://powerlineblog.com/aboutus.php#hindrocket John Hinderaker.]

* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/theblog/archive/lawrence-odonnell/rove-blew-cia-agents-cov_3556.html HuffingtonPost.com] - "Rove Blew CIA Agent's Cover", [[Lawrence O'Donnell]], ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' (July 2, 2005)

*[http://thinkprogress.org/2005/07/14/rove-primer/ How To Talk To A Conservative About Karl Rove (If You Must)] Debunks talking points on Rove/Plame.

*[http://KerrysKarlRove.com/ Kerry's Karl Rove] - Live during the 2004 presidential campaign. "If only one candidate has a Karl Rove, it's not a fair presidential race."

*[http://OurKarlRove.com/ Our Karl Rove] - Follow-on to KerrysKarlRove.com, where the anonablogger channels the savvy of Karl Rove to help the opposition party. "If Only One Party Has a Karl Rove, We Risk Living in a One Party America."

*[http://billionairesforbush.com/blog/node/view/511 The Billionaires Support You, Karl]

===Photos===

*[http://www.washingtonlife.com/backissues/archives/03feb/photos/lab04.jpg Darby and Karl Rove]

*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/theblog/archive/rove-cropped-mugshot.jpg]

===Search compilations===

*[http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us552286/us53358/us220517/us263940/us10159508/ LookSmart.com] - 'Karl Rove' (search engine category)

*[http://www.newsmeat.com/washington_political_donations/Karl_Rove.php Newsmeat.com] - 'Campaign Contribution Search' (Karl Rove's individual political campaign donations of $200 or more, since 1977)

*[http://dir.yahoo.com/Government/U_S__Government/Executive_Branch/George_W__Bush_Administration/Rove__Karl___Senior_Advisor_to_the_President/ Yahoo.com] - 'Karl Rove' (search engine category)

*[http://www.fulgeo.com/dawg/karlrove.html Karl Rove Sampler] - 'What we know and when we knew it'

===See also===

*[[Lee Atwater]]

*[[Plameology]]

*[[Whisper campaign]]

*[[Mark Corallo]]

=== U.S. Government links ===

*[http://democrats.senate.gov/leak.html Senator Harry Reid's "Rove Clock" shows number of days, hours, minutes, seconds without Republicans investigating CIA leak]

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===White House media===

* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/life/rooseveltroom.v.html WhiteHouse.gov (video)] - RealVideo of Karl Rove's tour of the [[White House]] Roosevelt Room

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